Editing Cockle (bivalve)

{{Short description|Family of edible marine bivalve molluscs}}
{{use dmy dates |date=August 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Triassic|recent|Late [[Triassic]] – Present<ref name="SCHNEIDER 1995 pp. 321–346">{{cite journal | last=Schneider | first=Jay A. | title=Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n. | journal=Zoologica Scripta | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | volume=24 | issue=4 | year=1995 | issn=0300-3256 | doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.1995.tb00478.x | pages=321–346| s2cid=86183611 }}</ref>}}
| image = Coques.jpg
| image_caption = Live specimens of  ''[[Cerastoderma edule]]'' from [[France]]
| taxon = Cardiidae
| authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1809
| display_parents = 2
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision =
*[[Cardiinae]]
*[[Clinocardiinae]]
*[[Fraginae]]
*[[Laevicardiinae]]
*[[Lahilliinae]]
*[[Lymnocardiinae]]
*[[Orthocardiinae]]
*[[Protocardiinae]]
*[[Trachycardiinae]]
*[[Tridacninae]]
| synonyms = Lymnocardiidae
}}

A '''cockle''' is an edible marine [[Bivalvia|bivalve mollusc]]. Although many small edible bivalves are loosely called cockles, [[wikt:stricto sensu#Phrase|true]] cockles are species in the family '''Cardiidae'''.<ref name="WoRMS">[https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=229 >MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2022-02-09]</ref>

True cockles live in sandy, sheltered beaches throughout the world. The distinctive rounded shells are bilaterally symmetrical, and are [[Heart (symbol)|heart]]-shaped when viewed from the end. Numerous radial, evenly spaced ribs are a feature of the shell in most but not all [[genus|genera]] (for an exception, see the genus ''[[Laevicardium]]'', the egg cockles, which have very smooth shells).

The shell of a cockle is able to close completely (i.e., there is no "gap" at any point around the edge).  Though the shell of a cockle may superficially resemble that of a [[scallop]] because of the ribs, cockles can be distinguished from scallops morphologically in that cockle shells lack "auricles" (triangular ear-shaped protrusions near the hinge line) and scallop shells lack a [[pallial sinus]].  Behaviorally, cockles live buried in sediment, whereas scallops either are free-living and will swim into the water column to avoid a predator, or in some cases live attached  by a [[byssus]] to a [[substrate (biology)|substrate]].

The [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] has three apertures (inhalant, exhalant, and pedal) for siphoning water and for the foot to protrude.  Cockles typically burrow using the foot, and feed by filtering [[plankton]] from the surrounding water. Cockles are capable of "jumping" by bending and straightening the foot. As is the case in many bivalves, cockles display [[gonochorism]] (the sex of an individual varies according to conditions),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reservebaiedesaintbrieuc.com/IMG/pdf/publication/etudes_scientifiques/Synthesis_Europeen_cockle.pdf |title=Synthesis on biology of Common European Cockle (Cerastoderma edule |publisher=Reservebaiedesaintbrieuc.com |access-date=2012-10-13 }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and some species reach maturity rapidly.

The common name "cockle" is also given by seafood sellers to a number of other small, edible marine bivalves which have a somewhat similar shape and sculpture, but are in other families such as the [[Veneridae]] (Venus clams) and the [[ark clam]]s ([[Arcidae]]). Cockles in the family Cardiidae are sometimes referred to as "true cockles" to distinguish them from these other species.

==Species==
There are more than 205 living species of cockles, with many more fossil forms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shells.tricity.wsu.edu/ArcherdShellCollection/Bivalvia/Cardiidae.html |title=Cardiidae (Cockles) |publisher=Shells.tricity.wsu.edu |access-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304223538/http://shells.tricity.wsu.edu/ArcherdShellCollection/Bivalvia/Cardiidae.html |archive-date=2012-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[common cockle]] (''Cerastoderma edule'') is widely distributed around the coastlines of [[Northern Europe]], with a range extending west to [[Ireland]], the [[Barents Sea]] in the north, [[Norway]] in the east, and as far south as [[Senegal]].

The [[dog cockle]], ''Glycymeris glycymeris'', has a similar range and habitat to the common cockle, but is not at all closely related, being in the family [[Glycymerididae]]. The dog cockle is edible, but due to its toughness when cooked it is generally not eaten, although a process is being developed to solve this problem.<ref>{{cite web|author={\phi_s} |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/r63k184f35lanf19/ |title=European Food Research and Technology, Volume 210, Number 1 |publisher=SpringerLink |access-date=2012-10-13}}</ref>

The blood cockle, ''[[Tegillarca granosa]]'' (not related to the true cockles, instead in the ark clam family, [[Arcidae]]), is extensively cultured from southern [[Korea]] to [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB718E/AB718E01.htm |title=Status of mollusc culture in selected Asian countries |publisher=Fao.org |access-date=2012-10-13}}</ref>

==Genera==
Living genera within the family Cardiidae include:
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* ''[[Acanthocardia]]'' <small>Gray, 1851</small>
* ''[[Acrosterigma]]'' <small>Dall, 1900</small>
* ''[[Adacna]]'' <small>Eichwald, 1838</small>
* ''[[Afrocardium]]'' <small>Tomlin, 1931</small>
* ''[[Americardia]]'' <small>Stewart, 1930</small>
* ''[[Apiocardia]]'' <small>Olsson, 1961</small>
* ''[[Bucardium]]'' <small>Gray, 1853</small>
* ''[[Cardium (bivalve)|Cardium]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
* ''[[Cerastoderma]]'' <small>Poli, 1795</small>
* ''[[Ciliatocardium]]'' <small>Kafanov, 1974</small>
* ''[[Clinocardium]]'' <small>Keen, 1936</small>
* ''[[Corculum]]'' <small>Röding, 1798</small>
* ''[[Ctenocardia]]'' <small>H. Adams & A. Adams, 1857</small>
* ''[[Dallocardia]]'' <small>Stewart, 1930</small>
* ''[[Didacna]]'' <small>Eichwald, 1838</small>
* ''[[Dinocardium]]'' <small>Dall, 1900</small>
* ''[[Discors (bivalve)|Discors]]'' <small>Deshayes, 1858</small>
* ''[[Europicardium]]'' <small>Popov, 1977</small>
* ''[[Fragum]]'' <small>Röding, 1798</small>
* ''[[Freneixicardia]]'' <small>J. A. Schneider, 2002</small>
* ''[[Frigidocardium]]'' <small>Habe, 1951</small>
* ''[[Fulvia (bivalve)|Fulvia]]'' <small>Gray, 1853</small>
* ''[[Glans (bivalve)|Glans]]'' <small>Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811</small>
* ''[[Goethemia]]'' <small>Lambiotte, 1979</small>
* ''[[Hippopus]]'' <small>Lamarck, 1799</small>
* ''[[Hypanis (bivalve)|Hypanis]]'' <small>Pander in Menetries, 1832</small>
* ''[[Keenaea]]'' <small>Habe, 1951</small>
* ''[[Keenocardium]]'' <small>Kafanov, 1974</small>
* ''[[Laevicardium]]'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''[[Lophocardiium]]'' <small>P. Fischer, 1887</small>
* ''[[Lunulicardia]]'' <small>Gray, 1853</small>
* ''[[Lyrocardium]]'' <small>Meek, 1876</small>
* ''[[Maoricardium]]'' <small>Marwick, 1944</small>
* ''[[Microcardium]]'' <small>Keen, 1937</small>
* ''[[Microfragum]]'' <small>Habe, 1951</small>
* ''[[Monodacna]]'' <small>Eichwald, 1838</small>
* ''[[Nemocardium]]'' <small>Meek, 1876</small>
* ''[[Papillicardium]]'' <small>Sacco, 1899</small>
* ''[[Papyridea]]'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''[[Parvicardium]]'' <small>Monterosato, 1884</small>
* ''[[Pratulum]]'' <small>Iredale, 1924</small>
* ''[[Procardium]]'' <small>ter Poorten & La Perna, 2017</small>
* ''[[Pseudofulvia]]'' <small>Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007</small>
* ''[[Ringicardium]]''
* ''[[Serripes]]'' <small>Gould, 1841</small>
* ''[[Trachycardium]]'' <small>Mörch, 1853</small>
* ''[[Tridacna]]''  <small>Bruguière, 1797</small>, the "giant clams"
* ''[[Trigoniocardium]]''
* ''[[Vasticardium]]'' <small>Iredale, 1927</small>
* ''[[Vepricardium]]'' <small>Iredale, 1929</small>
{{Div col end}}
===Extinct genera===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* † ''[[Acobaecardium]]'' <small>Paramonova, 1986</small> 
* † ''[[Agnocardia]]'' <small>Stewart, 1930</small> 
* † ''[[Aktschagylocardium]]'' <small>Danukalova, 1996</small> 
* † ''[[Andrusovicardium]]'' <small>Paramonova, 1986</small>
* † ''[[Anechinocardium]]'' <small>Hickman, 2015</small> 
* † ''[[Apscheronia]]'' <small>Andrusov, 1903</small> 
* † ''[[Arcicardium]]'' <small>P. Fischer, 1887</small> 
* † ''[[Arpadicardium]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1947</small> 
* † ''[[Austrocardium]]'' <small>Freneix & Grant-Mackie, 1978</small>
* † ''[[Avicardium]]'' <small>V. P. Kolesnikov, 1950</small> 
* † ''[[Avicularium (bivalve)|Avicularium]]'' <small>Gray, 1853</small> 
* † ''[[Aviculocardium]]'' <small>Bagdasarian, 1978</small>
* † ''[[Bosphoricardium]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1947</small> 
* † ''[[Budmania]]'' <small>Brusina, 1897</small>
* † ''[[Byssocardium]]'' <small>Tournouër, 1882</small> 
* † ''[[Caladacna]]'' <small>Andrusov, 1917</small> 
* † ''[[Caspicardium]]'' <small>Astaf'yeva, 1955</small> 
* † ''[[Chartoconcha]]'' <small>Andrusov, 1907</small> 
* † ''[[Chokrakia]]'' <small>S. V. Popov, 2001</small> 
* † ''[[Dacicardium]]'' <small>Papaianopol, 1975</small> 
* † ''[[Didacnoides]]'' <small>Astaf'yeva, 1960</small> 
* † ''[[Didacnomya]]'' <small>Andrusov, 1923</small> (uncertain, unassessed)
* † ''[[Digressodacna]]'' <small>Davitashvili & Kitovani, 1964</small> 
* † ''[[Diversicostata]]'' <small>Vassoevich & Eberzin, 1930</small> 
* † ''[[Ecericardium]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1947</small> 
* † ''[[Eoprosodacna]]'' <small>Davitashvili, 1934</small> 
* † ''[[Ethmocardium]]'' <small>White, 1880</small>
* † ''[[Euxinicardium]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1947</small> 
* † ''[[Gilletella]]'' <small>Marinescu, 1973</small> 
* † ''[[Goniocardium]]'' <small>Vasseur, 1880</small> 
* † ''[[Granocardium]]'' <small>Gabb, 1869</small> 
* † ''[[Habecardium]]'' <small>Glibert & van de Poel, 1970</small>
* † ''[[Hedecardium]]'' <small>Marwick, 1944</small>
* † ''[[Hellenicardium]]'' <small>S. V. Popov & Nevesskaja, 2000</small>
* † ''[[Horiodacna]]'' <small>Stefanescu, 1896</small> 
* † ''[[Integricardium]]'' <small>Rollier, 1912</small> 
* † ''[[Korobkoviella]]'' <small>Merklin, 1974</small> 
* † ''[[Kubanocardium]]'' <small>Muskhelishvili, 1965</small> 
* † ''[[Lahillia]]'' <small>Cossmann, 1899</small> 
* † ''[[Limnodacna]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1936</small> 
* † ''[[Limnopagetia]]'' <small>Schlickum, 1963</small>
* † ''[[Limnopappia]]'' <small>Schlickum, 1962</small> 
* † ''[[Loxocardium]]'' <small>Cossmann, 1886</small> 
* † ''[[Luxuridacna]]'' <small>Papaianopol, 1980</small> 
* † ''[[Lymnocardium]]'' <small>Stoliczka, 1870</small> 
* † ''[[Merklinicardium]]'' <small>S. V. Popov, 1982</small>  (uncertain, unassessed)
* † ''[[Metadacna]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1959</small> 
* † ''[[Miricardium]]'' <small>Paramonova, 1986</small> 
* † ''[[Moquicardium]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1947</small> 
* † ''[[Myocardia]]'' <small>Vest, 1861</small>  (uncertain, unassessed)
* † ''[[Nargicardium]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1947</small>
* † ''[[Obsoletiformes]]'' <small>Kojumdgieva, 1969</small>
* † ''[[Omanidacna]]'' <small>Harzhauser & Mandic, 2008</small> 
* † ''[[Oraphocardium]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1949</small> 
* † ''[[Orthocardium]]'' <small>Tremlett, 1950</small> 
* † ''[[Oxydacna]]'' <small>Davitashvili, 1930</small> 
* † ''[[Pachydacna]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1955</small> 
* † ''[[Pannonicardium]]'' <small>Stevanović, 1951</small> 
* † ''[[Panticapaea]]'' <small>Andrusov, 1923</small> 
* † ''[[Papyrocardium]]'' <small>Gabuniya, 1953</small>  (uncertain, unassessed)
* † ''[[Paradacna]]'' <small>Andrusov, 1909</small> 
* † ''[[Parapscheronia]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1955</small> 
* † ''[[Parvidacna]]'' <small>Stevanović, 1950</small> 
* † ''[[Phyllocardium]]'' <small>P. Fischer, 1887</small> 
* † ''[[Plagiocardium]]'' <small>Cossmann, 1886</small> 
* † ''[[Plagiodacna]]'' <small>Andrusov, 1903</small> 
* † ''[[Plagiodacnopsis]]'' <small>Andrusov, 1923</small> 
* † ''[[Planacardium]]'' <small>Paramonova, 1971</small> 
* † ''[[Plicatiformes]]'' <small>Kojumdgieva, 1969</small> 
* † ''[[Pontalmyra]]'' <small>Stefanescu, 1896</small> 
* † ''[[Prionopleura]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1949</small>
* † ''[[Prophyllicardium]]'' <small>Jekelius, 1944</small>  (uncertain, unassessed)
* † ''[[Prosochiasta]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1959</small> 
* † ''[[Prosodacna]]'' <small>Tournouër, 1882</small> 
* † ''[[Prosodacnomya]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1959</small> 
* † ''[[Protocardia]]'' <small>Beyrich, 1845</small> 
* † ''[[Protoplagiodacna]]'' <small>Stevanović, 1978</small>
* † ''[[Pseudocatillus]]'' <small>Andrusov, 1903</small> 
* † ''[[Pteradacna]]'' <small>Andrusov, 1907</small> 
* † ''[[Raricardium]]'' <small>Paramonova, 1986</small> 
* † ''[[Replidacna]]'' <small>Jekelius, 1944</small> 
* † ''[[Schedocardia]]'' <small>Stewart, 1930</small> 
* † ''[[Schirvanicardium]]'' <small>Andreescu, 1974</small> 
* † ''[[Stylodacna]]'' <small>Stefanescu, 1896</small> 
* † ''[[Submonodacna]]'' <small>Livental, 1931</small> 
* † ''[[Tauricardium]]'' <small>Eberzin, 1947</small> 
* † ''[[Tschaudia]]'' <small>Davitashvili & Kitovani, 1964</small>
* † ''[[Turcmena]]'' <small>G. I. Popov, 1956</small> 
* † ''[[Uniocardium]]'' <small>Capellini, 1880</small>  (uncertain, unassessed)
* † ''[[Yokoyamaina]]'' <small>Hayami, 1958</small> 
* † ''[[Zamphiridacna]]'' <small>Motaş, 1974</small>
{{Div col end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Acrosterigma cignorum 003.jpg|{{center|''Acrosterigma cignorum''}}
Ctenocardia fornicata 002.jpg|{{center|''Ctenocardia fornicata''}}
Ctenocardia virgo 003.jpg|{{center|''Ctenocardia virgo''}}
Trachycardium maculosum 002.jpg|{{center|''Trachycardium maculosum''}}
Fossil Shells in Cardium Formation.jpg|Fossil Cardiidae shells ([[Late Cretaceous]], [[Alberta]], Canada)
Vasticardium berschaueri 001.jpg|''Vasticardium berschaueri''
</gallery>

==In cuisine and culture==
Cockles are a popular type of edible [[shellfish]] in both Eastern and Western [[cooking]]. They are collected by raking them from the sands at low tide. However, collecting cockles is hard work and, as seen from the [[2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster|Morecambe Bay disaster]], in which 23 people died, can be dangerous if local tidal conditions are not carefully watched.

In England and Wales, {{asof|2011|lc=y}}, people are permitted to collect 5&nbsp;kg of cockles for personal use. Those wishing to collect more than this are deemed to be engaging in commercial fishing and are required to obtain a permit from the Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-15536698 |title=Cocklers barred from Ribble estuary after coastguard checks |date=2011-11-01 |work=BBC News |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref>

Cockles are a [[street food]] in Cambodia where it is usually steamed or boiled and served with a dipping sauce consisting of crushed peppercorns, salt and lime juice.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Kraig | first1=B. | last2=Sen | first2=C.T. | title=Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-59884-955-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA454 | access-date=May 23, 2016 | page=454}}</ref>

Cockles are sold freshly cooked as a snack in the [[United Kingdom]], particularly in those parts of the British coastline where cockles are abundant.  Boiled, then seasoned with [[malt vinegar]] and white [[Black pepper|pepper]], they can be bought from seafood stalls, which also often have for sale [[mussel]]s, [[whelk]]s, [[Jellied eels|jellied eel]]s, [[crab]]s and [[shrimp]].  Cockles are also available pickled in jars, and more recently, have been sold in sealed packets (with vinegar) containing a plastic two-pronged fork.  A meal of cockles fried with [[bacon]], served with [[laverbread]], is known as a traditional [[Full breakfast#Wales|Welsh breakfast]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wales.com/en/content/cms/english/about_wales/food/food.aspx |title=Wales.com – Food |access-date=24 November 2021 |author=Welsh Government|publisher=[[Government of Wales]]|quote=Laverbread, not actually bread at all but seaweed, is rolled in oatmeal, fried into crisp patties and served with eggs, bacon and fresh cockles for a traditional Welsh breakfast.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601015050/http://www.wales.com/en/content/cms/English/About_Wales/Food/Food.aspx|archive-date=1 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Swansea breakfast recipe - a treat with the taste of the coast |url=https://www.visitwales.com/things-do/food-and-drink/welsh-food-and-recipes/swansea-breakfast-recipe |website=VisitWales |access-date=24 November 2021 |quote= Swansea breakfast recipe - a treat with the taste of the coast: There's nothing like the smell of cockles and laverbread sizzling away in a pan to bring the essence of the Welsh coast directly to you, wherever you might be.|language=en}}</ref>

Boiled cockles (sometimes grilled) are sold at many [[hawker centre]]s in Southeast Asia, and are used in ''[[laksa]], [[char kway teow]]'' and [[steamboat (food)|steamboat]]. They are called ''kerang'' in [[Malay language|Malay]] and ''see hum'' in [[Cantonese]].

In Japan, the Japanese egg cockle (''Laevicardium laevigatum'') is used to create torigai sushi.

A study conducted in England in the early 1980s showed a correlation between the consumption of cockles, presumed to be incorrectly processed, and an elevated local occurrence of [[hepatitis]].<ref>
{{cite journal
 |vauthors=O'Mahony MC, Gooch CD, Smyth DA, Thrussell AJ, Bartlett CL, Noah ND
 | year = 1983
 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6131222&dopt=Abstract
 | title = Epidemic hepatitis A from cockles
 | journal = Drug Metabolism and Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals
 | volume = 3
 | issue = 6
 | pages = 479–86
 | publisher = NIH
 | pmid = 1222
 | access-date = 2006-03-25}}
</ref>

Cockles are an effective bait for a wide variety of sea fishes. The folk song "[[Molly Malone]]" is also known as "Cockles and Mussels" because the title character's sale of the two foods is referred to in the song's refrain. The shells of cockles are mentioned in the English nursery rhyme "[[Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary]]". Cockles are also eaten by the indigenous peoples of North America.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvuChpvgVZAC&pg=PA33 |title=Great Blue Heron |first=Robert William |last=Butler |year=1997 |isbn=9780774806343 |publisher=UBC Press }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200">
File:Cockle.jpg|Empty cockle shell on the beach
File:Morecambe-bay-cockle-picking.jpg|Bags of cockles picked from [[Morecambe Bay]]
</gallery>

==Alternative meanings==
The common [[English language|English]] phrase "[[wikt:warm the cockles of one's heart|it warms the cockles of my heart]]" is used to mean that a feeling of deep-seated contentment has been generated.

Differing derivations of this phrase have been proposed, either directly from the perceived heart-shape of a cockleshell, or indirectly (the [[scientific name]] for the type genus of the family is ''Cardium'', from the Latin for heart), or from the Latin diminutive of the word heart, corculum.<!-- ref Oxford English Dictionary --> Another proposed derivation is from the Latin for the ventricles of the heart, ''cochleae cordis'', where the second word is an inflected form of ''cor'', heart, while ''cochlea'' is the Latin for snail.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bieler |first1=Rüdiger |last2=Carter |first2=Joseph G. |last3=Coan |first3=Eugene Victor |title=Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families |year=2010 |location=Classification of Bivalve families |journal=Malacologia |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=113–133 |doi=10.4002/040.052.0201|s2cid=86546840 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/386428 }}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuVaNQEACAAJ| isbn=9780936494432 | title=Bivalve Seashells of Tropical West America: Marine Bivalve Mollusks from Baja California to Northern Perú | year=2012 | publisher=Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History }}

==External links==
{{Commonscatinline}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cockle|volume=6|page=627|first=Joseph Thomas |last=Cunningham|short=1}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060829041051/http://shells.tricity.wsu.edu/ArcherdShellCollection/Bivalvia/Cardiidae.html Family: Cardiidae (Cockles)]
* [http://www.healthaliciousness.com/nutritionfacts/nutrition-comparison.php?o=35028&t=&h=&s=100&e=100&r=100 Nutrition Facts for Cockles]
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.013 |year=2015 |last1=Herrera |first1=Nathanael D. |last2=Ter Poorten |first2=Jan Johan |last3=Bieler |first3=Rüdiger |last4=Mikkelsen |first4=Paula M. |last5=Strong |first5=Ellen E. |last6=Jablonski |first6=David |last7=Steppan |first7=Scott J. |title=Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography amid shifting continents in the cockles and giant clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=93 |pages=94–106 |pmid=26234273 |bibcode=2015MolPE..93...94H }}
* [https://www.academia.edu/3102839/Outline_of_a_systematic_index_Recent_Cardiidae_Lamarck_1809_ Poorten, J.J. ter, 2005. Outline of a systematic index - Recent Cardiidae (Lamarck, 1809). VISAYA net. (Updated 2009 for WoRMS)]

{{commercial molluscs}}
{{Edible molluscs}}
{{Street food}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q860002}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cockle (Bivalve)}}
[[Category:Cardiidae| ]]
[[Category:Commercial molluscs]]
[[Category:Seafood in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Street food]]
[[Category:Welsh cuisine]]
[[Category:British seafood dishes]]