Editing Cocoa panyols

{{Short description|Ethnic group in Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group   = Cocoa Panyols
|population =
|image =
|rels=[[Christianity]] (mostly [[Roman Catholicism]])
|popplace = [[Trinidad and Tobago]]{{·}}[[Venezuela]]{{·}}[[Colombia]]{{·}}[[United States]]{{·}}[[Canada]]{{·}}[[United Kingdom]]
|languages = [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian English]]{{·}}[[Trinidadian Creole]]{{·}}[[Tobagonian Creole]]{{·}}[[Trinidadian Spanish]]{{·}}[[Spanglish]]
|related = [[Moreno Venezuelans]]{{·}}[[Pardo]]{{·}}[[Spaniards|Spanish]]{{·}}[[Indigenous peoples of South America|South American Amerindian]]{{·}}[[Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean|Trinidadian and Tobagonian Amerindian]]{{·}}[[Afro-Latin American]]{{·}}[[Afro-Venezuelans]]{{·}}[[Afro-Colombians]]{{·}}[[Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]
|footnotes =
}}

[[File:Cocoa Production, Trinidad & Tobago.jpg|thumb|250px|Cocoa Drying House (model), Trinidad]]
[[File:Cocoa Panyols, Trinidad & Tobago.jpg|thumb|250px|Cocoa Panyols (Chart),Trinidad]]

The '''Panyols''' are a [[pardo]] or [[Moreno Venezuelans|moreno]] (tri-racial) ethnic group in [[Trinidad and Tobago]] of Afro-European-Indigenous descent, primarily of mixed [[Indigenous peoples of South America|South American Amerindian]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean|Trinidad and Tobago Amerindian]], [[Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Afro-Trinidadian]], [[Afro-Venezuelans]] and [[Spaniards|Spanish]] descent. The name is a derivation of the word 'español', as well as the community's settlement in what became predominantly [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] cultivated regions of Trinidad. Also referred to as '''Pagnols''' or '''Payols''', the panyol communities draw cultural influence from both sides of the [[Gulf of Paria]], and are predominantly found within the [[Northern Range]] rainforest mountains and valleys of Trinidad, with South American cultural influences most predominantly derived from regions around the [[Orinoco]], and [[Caura River (Venezuela)|Caura River]], Venezuela.

== Panyols and Cocoa Panyols self references ==

The Venezuelan and Colombian peasant cocoa-farm workers of the [[Venezuelans|Venezuelan]] ancestry of Panyol landowners were referred to as '''Cocoa Panyols''' (or '''Cocoa Payols'''). The present-day Panyols of [[Trinidad and Tobago]] are descendants of those Venezuelan, Colombian, and Spanish Settlers, whose ancestors originated from [[Canary Islands]], and [[Gulf of Paria]] and neighboring region ethnic indigenous Amerindians communities on both sides of the Gulf of Paria, its Peninsulas, and into the [[Northern Range]] Rain Forest Mountains Valleys, of Trinidad. They traveled over the Chaguaramas [[Peninsula]] and Mountains of Diego Martin into the Rain Forest of the Northern Mountain Range of Trinidad and formed Villages high and deep in various parts of the Mountains to the [[Caura River (Trinidad and Tobago)|Caura region, and via Caura River]] Trinidad, in past history and later generations during the [[Cedula of Population|Cédula de Población]].[[File:Cocoa Panyol, Trinidad & Tobago.jpg|thumb|250px|Donkey with panniers (model), Trinidad]]

== A mixture of Amerindian, European, and African ancestry ==

The Panyol identity is a result of encounters between Europeans, Africans and Indigenous Amerindians in Trinidad. Families of African and Amerindian descent are recorded as far back as 1841<ref name="Trinbagopan">{{Cite web|url=http://www.trinbagopan.com/Townsandvillages/Diegomartin.html|title=TRINBAGOPAN.COM - DIEGO MARTIN|website=www.trinbagopan.com|access-date=2016-08-19}}</ref> within the Cocoa Estates Community. The Panyols were part of the Cedula of Populations, and included workers attracted from Venezuela after the 1838 Abolition of Slavery, for labour within the cocoa industry. [[Migrant worker|Migrants]] from Venezuela settled and intermarried, in particular in Diego Martin with Africans of Sierra Leonese descent, and with that community formed an integral part of the Estate Lands settlers in that Region. Among the larger families of their descendants today are the Emmanuel, Herrera, Lara, Tardieu, George, Felix, Hospedales and Thomas families of Maraval, [[Paramin]] and Diego Martin. They became an integral part of the Cocoa Farms Estate owners and settled many of the lands and regions in Maraval, Paramin, Lopinot, St. Ann's, and Diego Martin. The name 'panyol' comes from the ''[[French-based creole languages|patois]]'' word for [[Spanish people|Spanish]], ''espagnol'', and the Spanish word ''español'', and reflects the historical association between the group and the cultivation of [[Cacao bean|cacao]] in [[Trinidad]].

== Panyol Regions ==

Panyols were most prevalent in the forested mountain regions of the Northern Range including (Caura, [[Lopinot]], [[Arima]], [[Santa Cruz, Trinidad and Tobago|Santa Cruz]] and Maraval), and the [[Central Range (Trinidad and Tobago)|Central Range]] (especially the Montserrat and Tortuga districts). Also, large communities of panyols resided in the areas of Moruga, such as La Lune. The relocation of the village of Caura for the planned Caura Dam (which was never constructed) led to a major disruption of panyol communities. 
 
Many families relocated to the Lopinot Valley, but others moved into urban areas and were absorbed into the mainstream of Trinidadian life.  Some panyols merged into the [[Béké|French Creole]], [[Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Afro-Trinidadian]], East Indian communities and [[Dougla]] communities through intermarriage.  In the Paramin region of Maraval, in the Northern Range, there was significant integration into the French Patois-speaking communities, giving rise to the [[Parang music|Parang]] tradition in [[Paramin]] and the blending of Venezuelan and French Creole cultures.

== Cocoa Estate Panyols descendant Families ==

The community in Trinidad originated in the late seventeenth century (see [[History of Trinidad and Tobago]]).  After the Island fell under [[United Kingdom|British]] control in 1797, Spanish-speaking [[Venezuelan people|Venezuelan]]s continued to settle in Trinidad, usually in connection with the [[Venezuelan War of Independence|independence  wars]] and revolutions which followed. The rise of cocoa cultivation in Trinidad was largely achieved through the importation of Venezuelan peasant farmers. These farmers were employed to clear the forest and establish cocoa seedlings. After five to seven years, they were paid for each mature cocoa tree on the plot of land. Then, they moved on to a new plot of land, repeating this process. They are also credited with establishing [[Parang music|parang]] in Trinidad.

The present descendants of Panyol in Trinidad are born of the communities thereof, and a few that intermarried with the indigenous lines of the surrounding regions, on both sides of the Caura River, and a relatively small community of interrelated families over generations with those of the larger Cocoa Estate and Venezuelan Free Community prior to and after 1838 in Diego Martin, Maraval and Paramin.

Some intermarried with the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] as well of [[Port of Spain|Port-of-Spain]] and St. Ann's and settled lands in the St. Ann's Hills. They played an important role in the development of the cocoa industry in Trinidad and Tobago, running the Cocoa Estates, and are not to be confused with the free community of mixed-heritage born during slavery, or the Native Indian Groups in the lower regions that suffered through so much beneath the Mountains, and families of intermarriages with that community on both sides over generations.

The Panyols are primarily of ancestry from [[Colombia]]n, [[Venezuela]]n, and [[Spaniards|Spaniard]] ancestors from Spain and thus referred to as the Hispanic and Spanish.

==Notable Cocoa Panyols==
*[[Lionel Belasco]]
*[[Bermudez Biscuit Company|Angel Bermudez]]
*[[Bermudez Biscuit Company| Jose Rafael Bermudez]]
* [[:es:Aristides Calvani|Aristides Calvani]] 
* [[Brian Lara]] 
* [[:en:Sharlene Flores|Sharlene Flores]] 
* [[Lucila Palacios]] 
*[[Matthew Martinez]] 
* [[:en:Daisy Voisin|Daisy Voisin]] 
* [[Anthony Carmona]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/Biographies/BiographiesAC/tabid/100/Default.aspx?PageContentID=1151 |title=Biographies A-C |website=www.nalis.gov.tt |access-date=2016-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012004/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/Biographies/BiographiesAC/tabid/100/Default.aspx?PageContentID=1151 |archive-date=2016-03-05 }}</ref>
*[[Carl Herrera]]
*[[Edmundo Ros]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* ''The Cocoa Panyols of Trinidad : An Oral Record'' – Sylvia Moodie-Kublalsingh {{ISBN|1-85043-660-6}}

{{Ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{Latin American diaspora}}
{{Spanish diaspora}}
{{Colombian diaspora}}
{{Venezuelan diaspora}}

[[Category:Cocoa panyols| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Hispanic and Latino]]
[[Category:Colombian diaspora]]
[[Category:Venezuelan diaspora]]