Editing Codex Seraphinianus

{{Short description|Illustrated encyclopedia by Luigi Serafini}}
{{Infobox book
| image             = codex-seraphinianus-2vol.jpg
| caption           = The original two-volume work
| author            = [[Luigi Serafini (artist)|Luigi Serafini]]
| country           = Italy
| subject           = Flora, Fauna, Anatomy, Fashion and Foods
| language          = Imaginary
| publisher         = Franco Maria Ricci
| pub_date          = 1981
| pages             = 127 (Vol. I); 127 (Vol. II)
| isbn              = 88-216-0026-2
| isbn_note         = <br> {{ISBN|88-216-0027-0}}<br> {{ISBN|88-216-2027-1}}
| dewey             = 039 (Encyclopedias in other languages)
}}
The '''''Codex Seraphinianus''''',<ref>as it were "the book (or manuscript) of Serafini";
the Latin noun ''[[codex]]'' referred to a book with pages (as opposed to a scroll), and is often applied in modern usage to a [[manuscript]] with pages, especially an [[antiquarian]] one. ''Seraphinianus'' is a [[Latinisation of names|Latinisation]] of the author's surname, Serafini (which in Italian, refers to the [[seraph]]s).</ref> originally published in 1981, is an illustrated [[encyclopedia]] of an imaginary world, created by Italian artist, architect and industrial designer [[Luigi Serafini (artist)|Luigi Serafini]] between 1976 and 1978.<ref>{{cite news |author=Corrias, Pino |url=http://download.repubblica.it/pdf/domenica/2006/05022006.pdf |title=L'enciclopedia dell'altro mondo |newspaper=La Repubblica |date=February 5, 2006 |page= 39 }}</ref> It has approximately 360 pages (depending on edition) and is written in an [[fictional language|imaginary language]].<ref name=ttot>{{cite book |title=The Tears of Things: Melancholy and Physical Objects |year=2006 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=0-8166-4631-7 |author=Peter Schwenger |chapter=Museal |pages=119–124}}</ref>

Originally published in Italy, it has been released in several countries.<ref name=ttot />

==Description==

The ''Codex'' is an encyclopedia in [[manuscript]] with copious hand-drawn, colored-pencil illustrations of bizarre and fantastical [[flora]], [[fauna]], anatomies, fashions, and foods.<ref name=enfic>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages |title=Codex Seraphinianus |author=Tim Conley |author2=Stephen Cain |author2-link=Stephen Cain (poet) |year=2006 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=0-313-33188-X |pages=30–31}}</ref> It has been compared to the still undeciphered [[Voynich manuscript]],<ref name=hidden>{{cite book |last=Berloquin |first=Pierre |title=Hidden Codes & Grand Designs: Secret Languages from Ancient Times to Modern Day |publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]] |year=2008 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hiddencodesgrand0000berl/page/300 300–302] |chapter=Chapter 10: The Cipher Gallery |isbn=978-1-4027-2833-4 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hiddencodesgrand0000berl/page/300 }}</ref> the story "[[Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius]]" by [[Jorge Luis Borges]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Codex Seraphinianus |url=http://fictive.arts.uci.edu/codex_seraphinianus |author=Antoinette LaFarge |publisher=[[University of California, Irvine]] |access-date=2012-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120012304/http://fictive.arts.uci.edu/codex_seraphinianus |archive-date=2011-11-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the artwork of [[M. C. Escher#Works|M. C. Escher]]<ref name=searles /> and [[Hieronymus Bosch]].<ref name=ttot /><ref name=enfic />

The illustrations are often [[Surrealism|surreal]]<ref name=enfic /><ref name=searles /><ref name=wildb /> [[parody|parodies]] of things in the real world, such as a bleeding fruit, a plant that grows into roughly the shape of a chair and is subsequently made into one, and a [[Sexual intercourse|copulating couple]] who metamorphose into an [[alligator]]. Others depict odd, apparently senseless machines, often with delicate appearances and bound by tiny filaments. Some illustrations are recognizable as maps or human faces, while others (especially in the "physics" chapter) are mostly or totally abstract.<ref name=ttot /> Nearly all of the illustrations are brightly coloured and highly detailed.

==Writing system==

The false writing system appears modeled on Western writing systems, with left-to-right writing in rows and an alphabet with [[majuscule letter|uppercase]] and [[minuscule letter|lowercase]] letters, some of which double as numerals. Some letters appear only at the beginning or end of words, similar to [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] writing systems. The [[curvilinear]] letters are rope- or thread-like, with loops and even knots,<ref name=hidden /> and are somewhat reminiscent of [[Sinhala script]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Lost Classics |year=2003 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=0-7475-6175-3 |author=Christian Bök |author-link=Christian Bök |editor=Michael Ondaatje |editor-link=Michael Ondaatje |chapter=Codex Seraphinianus}}</ref>

In a talk at the [[Oxford University Society of Bibliophiles]] on 11 May 2009, Serafini stated that there is no meaning behind the ''Codex''<nowiki/>'s script, which is [[asemic writing|asemic]]; that his experience in writing it was similar to [[automatic writing]]; and that what he wanted his alphabet to convey was the sensation children feel with books they cannot yet understand, although they see that the writing makes sense for adults.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/6460/1/etd.pdf |author=Jeff Stanley |title=To Read Images Not Words: Computer-Aided Analysis of the Handwriting in the Codex Seraphinianus (MSc dissertation) |location=North Carolina State University at Raleigh |year=2010 |pages=8–9 |access-date=9 April 2012 }}</ref> However, the book's page-numbering system was decoded by Allan C. Wechsler<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/rec.arts.books/iZjm-ndNW30/HTyQcXdb5SUJ|title=rec.arts.books: Codex Seraphinianus|access-date=2014-07-20}}</ref> and Bulgarian linguist Ivan Derzhanski,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.math.bas.bg/~iad/serafin.html|title=Codex Seraphinianus: Some Observations|author=Ivan A. Derzhanski|date=2004-09-29|publisher=Math.bas.bg|access-date=2014-07-20}}</ref> as being a variation of [[Positional notation#Base of the numeral system|base 21]].<ref name=hidden />

==Contents==

The book is in eleven chapters, in two sections. The first section appears to describe the natural world of flora, fauna and physics. The second deals with various aspects of human life, including garments, history, cuisine and architecture. Each chapter seems to address a general encyclopedic topic, as follows:

# Types of flora: strange flowers, trees that uproot themselves and migrate, etc.
# Fauna (animals), including surreal variations of the [[horse]], [[hippopotamus]], [[rhinoceros]] and [[bird]]s
# An apparently separate [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdom]] of odd [[bipedal]] creatures
# [[Physics]] and [[chemistry]] (generally considered the most abstract, enigmatic chapter)
# Bizarre machines and vehicles
# The humanities: biology, sexuality, [[Indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] peoples, including some examples with plant life and tools (e.g. pens, wrenches) grafted onto the human body
# History: people (some only vaguely human) of unknown significance, with their times of birth and death; scenes of historical and possibly religious significance; burial and funeral customs
# The Codex's writing system (which is to say, the – or probably, a – writing system of the world (if a world it is) from which the codex originates, or which it documents), including punctuation marks, the text being written, and experiments performed upon the text
# Food, dining practices, garments
# Bizarre games, including cards, board games and athletic sports
# [[Architecture]]

After the last chapter is a table of contents or index, followed by an apparent [[afterword]] whose writing is more casually rendered.<ref name=ttot />

Two plates in the sixth chapter contain lines of French text, a quote from [[Marcel Proust]]'s "[[In Search of Lost Time|À la recherche du temps perdu: Albertine disparue]]" (''In Search of Lost Time: Albertine Gone''). The words scattered on the floor of the illustration are from the same book.

==Editions==
[[File:Codex-seraphinianus-abbeville.jpg|thumb|300px|Cover of Abbeville edition]]
The original edition was issued in two volumes:
* Luigi Serafini, ''Codex Seraphinianus'', Milano: Franco Maria Ricci [I segni dell'uomo, 27–28], 1981, 127+127 pp., 108+128 plates, {{ISBN|88-216-0026-2}} + {{ISBN|88-216-0027-0}}.

Two years later, a single-volume edition was issued in the United States, in Germany and in the Netherlands:
* 1st American edition, New York: Abbeville Press, 1983, 370 pp., {{ISBN|0-89659-428-9}};
* Munich: [[Prestel]], 1983, 370 pp., {{ISBN|3-7913-0651-0}};
* Amsterdam: Meulenhoff/Landshoff, 1983, {{ISBN|90-290-8402-2}}.

The 1980s editions were out of print for several years before Franco Maria Ricci published an augmented, single-volume edition in 1993:

* French augmented edition, with a preface by [[Italo Calvino]], transl. by Yves Hersant and Geneviève Lambert, Milano: Franco Maria Ricci [Les signes de l'homme, 18], 1993, 392 pp., {{ISBN|88-216-2027-1}};
* Spanish augmented edition, with a preface by [[Italo Calvino]], transl. by C. Alonso, Milano: Franco Maria Ricci [Los signos del hombre, 15], 1993, 392 pp., {{ISBN|88-216-6027-3}}.

In 2006, Rizzoli published an expanded, but less expensive, edition in Italy. It features additional illustrations and a preface by the author:

* Milano: Rizzoli, 2006, 384 pp., {{ISBN|88-17-01389-7}};
* Milano: Rizzoli, 2008, 384 pp.

In 2013, Rizzoli published a second revised edition, as well as limited, signed, and numbered "deluxe" edition. They printed 300 copies in Italian and 300 in English:

* Milano: Rizzoli, 2013, 396 pp., {{ISBN|0-8478-4213-4}}

In 2016, a 2017 ''Codex Seraphinianus'' wall calendar was published by Universe Publishing.

* Universe Publishing, 2016, 24 pp., {{ISBN|978-0789332158}}

Rizzoli published a 40th anniversary edition of  ''Codex Seraphinianus'' with some additional material in 2021.  
* Milano: Rizzoli, 2021, 416pp., {{ISBN|0-8478-7104-5}}

==Reception==

[[Baird Searles]], in ''[[Asimov's Science Fiction]]'' (April 1984), says "the book lies in the uneasy boundary between [[surrealism]] and fantasy, given an odd literary status by its masquerade as a book of fact".<ref name=searles>[[Baird Searles]] (April 1984). [[Asimov's Science Fiction]].</ref>

[[Douglas Hofstadter]], in ''[[Metamagical Themas]]'', finds many of the illustrations "grotesque and disturbing" and others "extremely beautiful and visionary". He says the book "seems [to some people] to glorify [[entropy]], chaos, and incomprehensibility".<ref>{{cite book |author=Douglas R. Hofstadter |author-link=Douglas R. Hofstadter |title=[[Metamagical Themas|Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern]] |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |year=1985 |page=229}}</ref>

American journalist [[Jim Dwyer (journalist)|Jim Dwyer]] finds that the work is an early critique of the [[Information Age]].<ref name=wildb>{{cite book |title=Where The Wild Books Are: A Field Guide to Ecofiction |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Nevada Press]] |isbn=978-0-87417-811-1 |author=Jim Dwyer |author-link=Jim Dwyer (journalist) |page=91}}</ref>

==See also==
* The [[Voynich manuscript]], an illustrated codex hand-written in an unknown writing system from the early 15th century
* ''[[A Book from the Sky]]'', a similar book by Chinese artist [[Xu Bing]], consisting of new, meaningless Chinese characters, printed from hand-carved blocks
* ''[[Fantastic Planet]]'', a French film consisting of similar abstract imagery
* ''[[After Man]]'' and ''[[Man After Man]]'' by [[Dougal Dixon]], books illustrating speculated future zoology and anthropology, respectively.
* [[Atlas des Géographes d'Orbæ|The Atlas des Géographes d'Orbæ]], a French young adult fiction series by François Place, blending storytelling with richly illustrated maps to depict an imaginative world.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070518070830/http://www.fantasticmetropolis.com/i/codex/ Another Green World: The ''Codex Seraphinianus''], by [[John Coulthart]]
* [http://faculty.msvu.ca/pschwenger/codex.htm Peter Schwenger's ''Codex Seraphinianus, Hallucinatory Encyclopedia'']
* [http://chancepress.wordpress.com/serafini/ "The Worlds of Luigi Serafini"] by Jordan Hurder
* [http://www.sfsite.com/fsf/2005/cur0504.htm Curiosities - ''Codex Seraphinianus'' by Bud Webster at F&SF]
* [http://codexseraphinianus.weebly.com/ "''Codex Seraphinianus'' Resource and Analysis Site"] by Kane X. Faucher
* {{Cite journal |url=https://www.thebeliever.net/the-codex-seraphinianus/ |title=''The Codex Seraphinianus'': How mysterious is a mysterious text if the author is still alive (and emailing)? |journal=[[The Believer (magazine)|The Believer]]|author=Justin Taylor |date=May 2007|volume=5|issue=4}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.abebooks.com/books/RareBooks/serafini-fantasy-art-weird/Codex-Seraphinianus.shtml |title=''Codex Seraphinianus'' - The World's Weirdest Book |publisher=[[AbeBooks]] |author=Richard Davies|date=3 June 2021 }}
* [http://dangerousminds.net/comments/codex_seraphinianus_a_new_edition_of_the_strangest_book_in_the_world "''Codex Seraphinianus'': A New Edition of the Strangest Book In the World" on Dangerous Minds]
* [https://www.wired.com/2013/10/codex-seraphinianus-interview/ Look Inside the Extremely Rare ''Codex Seraphinianus'', the Weirdest Encyclopedia Ever]. [[Wired (website)|''Wired'']]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1981 books]]
[[Category:Artists' books]]
[[Category:Manuscripts written in undeciphered writing systems]]
[[Category:Fantastic art]]
[[Category:False documents]]
[[Category:Encyclopedias of fictional worlds]]
[[Category:Surrealist works]]
[[Category:Fictional languages]]