Editing Codex Vaticanus

{{Short description|4th-century Bible manuscript in Greek}}
{{other uses}}
{{New Testament manuscript infobox
| form   = Uncial
| number = '''03'''
| image  = Codex Vaticanus B, 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg
| isize  = 220 px
| caption= Page from ''Codex Vaticanus''; ending of 2 Thes and beginning of Heb
| name   = Vaticanus
| sign   = B
| text   = [[Greek Old Testament]] and Greek [[New Testament]]
| language = [[Koine Greek]]
| script = [[Greek alphabet|Greek]]
| date   = c. 300-350
| found  =
| now at = [[Vatican Library]]
| cite   = C. Vercellonis, J. Cozza, ''Bibliorum Sacrorum Graecus Codex Vaticanus'', Roma 1868.
| size   = {{convert|27|xx|27|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| type   = [[Alexandrian text-type]]
| cat    = I
| hand   =
| note   = very close to {{Papyrus link|66}}, {{Papyrus link|75}}, [[Uncial 0162|0162]]
}}
The '''Codex Vaticanus''' ([[Vatican Library|The Vatican]], [[Vatican Library|Bibl. Vat.]], Vat. gr. 1209), is a manuscript of the Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Old Testament and the majority of the New Testament. It is designated by [[Scribal abbreviation|siglum]] '''B''' or '''03''' in the [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]] numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and as δ 1 in the [[Biblical manuscript#Von Soden|von Soden]] numbering of New Testament manuscripts. It is one of the four [[great uncial codices]].{{r|metz-ehrman|p=68}} Along with [[Codex Alexandrinus]] and [[Codex Sinaiticus]], it is one of the earliest and most complete manuscripts of the Bible. Using the study of comparative writing styles ([[palaeography]]), it has been dated to the 4th century.<ref name="Aland">{{Cite book | first1=Kurt | last1=Aland | author-link1=Kurt Aland | first2=Barbara | last2=Aland | author-link2=Barbara Aland | title=The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism | others=Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.) | page=109 | year=1995 | publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] | location=Grand Rapids, Michigan | isbn=978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref><ref name="INTF">{{Cite web | url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20003 | title=Liste Handschriften | publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research | access-date=16 March 2013 | location=Münster }}</ref>

The manuscript became known to Western scholars as a result of correspondence between textual critic [[Erasmus|Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus]] (known usually as Erasmus) and the prefects of the Vatican Library. Portions of the codex were collated by several scholars, but numerous errors were made during this process. The codex's relationship to the Latin [[Vulgate]] and the value Jerome placed on it is unclear.{{r|Martini}} In the 19th century transcriptions of the full codex were completed.{{r|metz-ehrman|p=68}} It was at that point that scholars became more familiar with the text and how it differed from the more common [[Textus Receptus]] (a critical edition of the Greek New Testament based on earlier editions by Erasmus).{{r|Tregelles108}}

Most current scholars consider Codex Vaticanus to be one of the most important Greek witnesses to the Greek text of the [[New Testament]], followed by [[Codex Sinaiticus]].{{r|Aland}} Until the discovery by [[Constantin von Tischendorf|Tischendorf]] of Sinaiticus, Vaticanus was considered to be unrivalled.<ref name="Scrivener">{{Cite book | first=Frederick Henry Ambrose | last=Scrivener | author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener | title=Six Lectures on the Text of the New Testament and the Ancient Manuscripts | page=26 | year=1875 | publisher=George Bell & Sons | location=Cambridge | isbn=9781409708261 | url=https://archive.org/details/sixlecturesonte00scriuoft/page/n7/mode/2up}}</ref> It was extensively used by textual critics [[Brooke Foss Westcott|Brooke F. Westcott]] and [[Fenton John Anthony Hort|Fenton J. A. Hort]] in their edition of ''[[The New Testament in the Original Greek]]'' in 1881.{{r|Aland}} The most widely sold editions of the Greek New Testament are largely based on the text of the Codex Vaticanus.{{r|Aland|pp=26–30}}

The codex is named after its place of conservation in the [[Vatican Library]], where it has been kept since at least the 15th century.{{r|metz-ehrman|p=67}}

== Description ==
[[File:Codex Vaticanus end or Luke.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ending of [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] and Beginning of [[Gospel of John|John]] on the same page]]
The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book) in [[quarto]] volume, written on 759 leaves of fine and thin [[vellum]] (sized {{×|27|27|cm}}, although originally bigger),{{r|Scrivener}} in [[Uncial script|uncial]] letters, arranged in [[Units of paper quantity#Quire|quires]] of five sheets or ten leaves each, similar to [[Codex Marchalianus]] or [[Codex Rossanensis]]; but unlike [[Codex Sinaiticus]] which has an arrangement of four or three sheets. The number of the quires is often found in the margin.<ref name="scriv-intro">{{Cite book | first=Frederick Henry Ambrose | last=Scrivener | author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener | author2=Edward Miller | title=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament | volume=1 | edition=4 | pages=105–106 | year=1894 | publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]] | location=London | url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924092355100/page/n9/mode/2up}}</ref> Originally it must have been composed of 830 parchment leaves, but it appears that 71 leaves have been lost.<ref name="Kenyon">{{Cite book | first=Frederic George | last=Kenyon | author-link=Frederic G. Kenyon | title=Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts | edition=4th | year=1939 | publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode | location=London | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1094/page/n3/mode/2up}}</ref> The Old Testament currently consists of 617 sheets and the New Testament of 142 sheets. The codex is written in three columns per page, with 40–44 lines per column, and 16–18 letters per line. In the poetical books of the Old Testament (OT) there are only two columns to a page. There are 44 lines in a column in the [[Pentateuch]] (first five books of the OT), Joshua, Judges, Ruth, and 1 Kings 1:1–19:11; in 2 Chronicles 10:16–26:13 there are 40 lines in a column; and in the New Testament always 42.{{r|Metzger|scriv-intro}}
The manuscript is one of the very few New Testament manuscripts to be written with three columns per page. The other two Greek codices written in that way are [[Codex Vaticanus 2061|Uncial 048]] and [[Uncial 053]].

The Greek [[calligraphy|lettering]] in the codex is written continuously in small and neat letters.<ref name="Gregory">{{Cite book | first=Caspar René | last=Gregory | author-link=Caspar René Gregory | title=Textkritik des Neuen Testaments | volume=1 | page=33 | year=1900 | publisher=J.C. Hinrichs | location=Leipzig | url=https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n45/mode/2up }}</ref> All the letters are equally distant from each other; no word is separated from the other, with each line appearing to be one long word.<ref name="hug">{{Cite book | first1=John Leonard | last1=Hug | others=Daniel Guildford Wait (trans.) | title=An Introduction to the Writings of the New Testament | year=1827 | publisher=C. &. J. Rivington | location=London | url=https://archive.org/details/anintroductiont02huggoog/page/n5/mode/2up}}</ref>{{rp|262–263}} Punctuation is rare (accents and breathings have been added by a later hand) except for some blank spaces, [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] on initial [[iota]]s and [[upsilon]]s, abbreviations of the ''[[nomina sacra]]'' (abbreviations of certain words and names considered sacred in Christianity) and markings of [[Old Testament|OT]] citations.{{r|Gregory}} The first letter of a new chapter sometimes protrudes a little from the column.{{r|Gregory}} The OT citations were marked by an inverted ''comma'' or ''diplai'' (>).{{r|Gregory}} There are no enlarged initials; no stops or accents; no divisions into chapters or sections such as are found in later manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Caspar René | last=Gregory | author-link=Caspar René Gregory | title=Canon and Text of the New Testament | page=343 | year=1907 | publisher=Charles Scribner's sons | location=New York | url=https://archive.org/stream/canontextofnewte00greg#page/342/mode/2up}}</ref>

The text of the Gospels is not divided according to the Ammonian Sections with references to the [[Eusebian Canons]], but is divided into peculiar numbered sections: Matthew has 170, Mark 61, Luke 152, and John 80. This system is only found in two other manuscripts: [[Codex Zacynthius]] and [[Minuscule 579]].<ref name="Metzger">{{Cite book | first=Bruce Manning | last=Metzger | author-link=Bruce M. Metzger | title=Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Greek Palaeography | page=74 | year=1991 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York; Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-502924-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/manuscriptsofgre0000metz | url-access=limited}}</ref> There are two system divisions in the Acts and the [[Catholic Epistles]] which differ from the [[Euthalian Apparatus]]. In [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]], these sections are 36 (the same system as [[Codex Sinaiticus]], [[Codex Amiatinus]], and [[Codex Fuldensis]]) and according to the other system 69 sections. The chapters in the Pauline epistles are numbered continuously as the Epistles were regarded as comprising one book.

==Text==

=== Text-type ===
In the Old Testament, the type of text varies, with a received text in Ezekiel and a rejected one in the [[Isaiah|Book of Isaiah]].{{r|Metzger}} In Judges the text differs substantially from that of the majority of manuscripts, but agrees with the [[Old Latin]], [[Coptic versions of the Bible|Sahidic version]] and [[Cyril of Alexandria]]. In Job, it has the additional 400 half-verses from [[Theodotion]], which are not in the Old Latin and Sahidic versions.{{r|Metzger}} The text of the Old Testament was considered by critics, such as Hort and Cornill, to be substantially that which underlies Origen's [[Hexapla]] edition, completed by him at Caesarea and issued as an independent work (apart from the other versions with which Origen associated it) by [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]] and [[Pamphilus of Caesarea|Pamphilus]].{{r|keny-hand|p=83}}

In the New Testament, the Greek text of the codex is considered a representative of the [[Alexandrian text-type]]. It has been found to agree very closely with the text of Bodmer {{Papyrus link|75}} in the Gospels of Luke and John. {{Papyrus link|75}} has been dated to the beginning of the 3rd century, and hence is at least 100 years older than the Codex Vaticanus itself. This is purported to demonstrate (by recourse to a postulated earlier exemplar from which both {{Papyrus link|75}} and B descend) that Vaticanus accurately reproduces an earlier text from these two biblical books, which reinforces the reputation the codex held amongst Biblical scholars. It also strongly suggests that it may have been copied in [[Egypt]].<ref>Calvin L. Porter, ''Papyrus Bodmer XV (P75) and the Text of Codex Vaticanus'', ''[[Journal of Biblical Literature|JBL]]'' 81 (1962), pp. 363–376.</ref> In the Pauline epistles there is a distinctly [[Western text-type|Western]] element.{{r|Metzger}} Textual critic [[Kurt Aland]] placed it in [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts#Category I|Category I]] of his New Testament manuscript classification system.{{r|Aland}} Category 1 manuscripts are described as "of a very special quality, i.e., manuscripts with a very high proportion of the early text, presumably the original text, which has not been preserved in its purity in any one manuscript."{{r|Aland|p=335}}

=== Contents ===
[[File:Codex Vaticanus (1 Esdras 1-55 to 2-5) (The S.S. Teacher's Edition-The Holy Bible).jpg|thumb|right|A section of the codex containing [[1 Esdras]] 2:1–8]]
The codex originally contained a virtually complete copy of the Greek Old Testament (known as the [[Septuagint]] / LXX), lacking only 1-4 [[Maccabees]] and the [[Prayer of Manasseh]]. The original 20 leaves containing [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 1:1–46:28a (31 leaves) and [[Psalms|Psalm]] 105:27–137:6b have been lost. These were replaced by pages transcribed by a later [[scribe|hand]] in the 15th century.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ernst | last=Würthwein | title=Der Text des Alten Testaments | page=84 | year=1988 | publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]] | location=Stuttgart | isbn=3-438-06006-X }}</ref> [[2 Kings]] 2:5–7, 10–13 are also lost due to a tear to one of the pages.{{sfn|Swete|1902|p=104]}} The order of the Old Testament books in the codex is as follows: Genesis to [[2 Chronicles]] as normal; [[1 Esdras]]; [[Book of Ezra|2 Esdras]] ([[Ezra–Nehemiah]]); the [[Psalms]]; [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]]; [[Ecclesiastes]]; [[Song of Songs]]; [[Book of Job|Job]]; [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]]; [[Ben Sira|Ecclesiasticus]]; [[Book of Esther|Esther]]; [[Book of Judith|Judith]]; [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]]; the minor prophets from [[Hosea]] to [[Malachi]] (but in the order: Hosea, Amos, Micah, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi); [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]]; [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]]; [[Book of Baruch|Baruch]]; [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] and the [[Epistle of Jeremiah]]; [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] and [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]. This order differs from that followed in [[Codex Alexandrinus]].{{sfn|Swete|1902|p=105}}

The extant [[New Testament]] portion contains the [[Gospel]]s, [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]], the [[general epistles]], the [[Pauline epistles]], and the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] (up to Hebrews 9:14, καθα[ριει); it is lacking [[1 Timothy|1]] and [[2 Timothy]], [[Epistle to Titus|Titus]], [[Epistle to Philemon|Philemon]], and [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]]. The missing part of Hebrews and Revelation were supplemented by a 15th-century minuscule hand (folios 760–768), and are catalogued separately as minuscule 1957.{{r|Aland}} It is possible some apocryphal books from the New Testament were included at the end (as in codices [[Codex Sinaiticus|Sinaiticus]] and [[Codex Alexandrinus|Alexandrinus]]).{{r|Aland}} It is also possible that [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] was not included.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Alexander | last=Souter | author-link=Alexander Souter | title=The Text and the Canon of the New Testament | page=20 | year=1913 | publisher=Duckworth & Co. | location=London | url=https://archive.org/stream/thetextandcanon00soutuoft#page/20/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="Waltz">{{Cite book | first=Robert | last=Waltz | title=Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism | url=http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uB }}</ref>

=== Non-included verses ===
The text of the New Testament lacks several passages:
*[[Matthew 12:47]]{{r|na26|p=32}}
*[[Matthew 16:2b–3]]{{r|na26|p=44}}
*{{Bibleverse|Matthew|17:21|web}}{{r|na26|p=48}}
*{{Bibleverse|Matthew|18:11|web}}{{r|na26|p=49}}
*{{Bibleverse|Matthew|23:14|web}}{{r|na26|p=65}}
*{{Bibleverse|Mark|7:16|web}}{{r|na26|p=111}}
*{{Bibleverse|Mark|9:44|web}}{{r|na26|p=121}}
*{{Bibleverse|Mark|9:46|web}}{{r|na26|p=121}}
*{{Bibleverse|Mark|11:26|web}}{{r|na26|p=128}}
*{{Bibleverse|Mark|15:28|web}}{{r|na26|p=144}}
[[File:Mark16-B.JPG|thumb|right|160px|The end of [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] in ''Vaticanus'' contains an empty column after Verse 16:8, possibly suggesting that the scribe was aware of the missing ending. It is the only empty New Testament column in the Codex.{{r|payne|p=252}}]]
*[[Mark 16|Mark 16:9–20]] — The Book of Mark ends with verse 16:8.{{r|na26|p=147–149}}
*{{Bibleverse|Luke|17:36|web}}{{r|na26|p=218}} 
*{{bibleverse|Luke|22:43–44|multi=yes}} ([[Christ's agony at Gethsemane]]){{r|na26|p=234}}
*{{Bibleverse|John|5:4|web}}{{r|na26|p=260}} 
*{{bibleverse|John|7:53-8:12|multi=yes}} ([[Jesus and the woman taken in adultery|Pericope Adulterae]]){{r|na26|pp=273–274}}
*[[Acts 8#Verse 37|Acts 8:37]]{{r|na26|p=345}}
*{{Bibleverse|Acts|15:34|web}}{{r|na26|p=367}}
*{{Bibleverse|Acts|24:7|web}}{{r|na26|p=395}}
*{{Bibleverse|Acts|28:29|web}}{{r|na26|p=408}}
*{{Bibleverse|Romans|16:24|web}}{{r|na26|p=440}}<ref name="na26">{{Cite book | editor-first1=Kurt | editor-last1=Aland | editor1-link=Kurt Aland | editor-first2=Matthew | editor-last2=Black | editor2-link=Matthew Black | editor-first3=Carlo Maria | editor-last3=Martini | editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini | editor-first4=Bruce M. | editor-last4=Metzger | editor4-link=Bruce Metzger | editor-first5=Allen | editor-last5=Wikgren | editor5-link=Allen Wikgren | title=Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece | edition=26 | year=1981 | publisher=Deutsche Bibelstiftung | location=Stuttgart | isbn=3-438-051001}} (NA26)</ref>{{rp|440}}
*{{bibleverse|1 Peter|5:3|web}}{{r|na26|p=607, 626}}

; Phrases not in Vaticanus but in later manuscripts include
*[[Matthew 5:44]]
:{{lang|grc|εὐλογεῖτε τοὺς καταρωμένους ὑμᾶς, καλῶς ποιεῖτε τοῖς μισοῦσιν ὑμᾶς}} (''bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you'')
::omit - '''B''' {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] k sy{{sup|s, c}} [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]{{sup|pt}} mae
::incl. - Majority of manuscripts<ref name="ubs3">{{Cite book | editor-first1=Kurt | editor-last1=Aland | editor1-link=Kurt Aland | editor-first2=Matthew | editor-last2=Black | editor2-link=Matthew Black | editor-first3=Carlo Maria | editor-last3=Martini | editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini | editor-first4=Bruce Manning | editor-last4=Metzger | editor4-link=Bruce Metzger | editor-first5=Allen | editor-last5=Wikgren | editor5-link=Allen Wikgren | title=The Greek New Testament | edition=3rd | year=1983 | publisher=United Bible Societies | location=Stuttgart | isbn=9783438051103}} (UBS3)</ref>{{rp|16}}

*[[Matthew 10:37]]
:{{lang|grc|καὶ ὁ φιλῶν υἱὸν ἢ θυγατέρα ὑπὲρ ἐμὲ οὐκ ἔστιν μου ἄξιος}} (''and he who loves son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me'')
::omit - '''B'''* [[Codex Bezae|D]]
::incl. - '''B'''{{sup|c}} Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=26}}

*{{bibleverse|Matthew|15:6}}
:{{lang|grc|ἢ τὴν μητέρα (αὐτοῦ)}} (''or (his) mother'')
::omit - '''B''' {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Vercellensis|a]] [[Codex Palatinus|e]] sy{{sup|c}} [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]]
::incl. - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=41}}

*{{bibleverse|Matthew|20:23}}
:{{lang|grc|καὶ τὸ βάπτισμα ὂ ἐγὼ βαπτίζομαι βαπτισθήσεσθε}} (''and be baptised with the baptism that I am baptised with'')
::omit - '''B''' {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Codex Dublinensis|Z]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Uncial 085|085]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Vetus Latina|it]] [[Syriac Sinaiticus|sy{{sup|s}}]] [[Curetonian Gospels|sy{{sup|c}}]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]]
::incl. - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=56}}

*{{bibleverse|Mark|10:7}}
:{{lang|grc|καὶ προσκολληθήσεται πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ}} (''and be joined to his wife'')
::omit - Sinaiticus [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 892|892]] [[Lectionary 48|'''ℓ''' ''48'']] [[Sinaitic Palimpsest|syr{{sup|s}}]] [[Codex Argenteus|go]]
::incl. - Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3|p=164}}

*{{bibleverse|Mark|10:19}}
:{{lang|grc|μη αποστερησης}}
::omit - '''B'''* [[Codex Cyprius|K]] [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Δ]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Minuscule 28|28]] [[Minuscule 579|579]] [[Minuscule 700|700]] 1010 1079 1242 1546 2148 [[Lectionary 10|'''ℓ''' ''10'']] '''ℓ''' ''950'' '''ℓ''' ''1642'' '''ℓ''' ''1761'' sy{{sup|s}} arm geo
::incl. - '''B'''{{sup|2}} Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3|p=165}}

*{{bibleverse|Luke|9:55–56}}
:{{lang|grc|και ειπεν, Ουκ οιδατε ποιου πνευματος εστε υμεις; ο γαρ υιος του ανθρωπου ουκ ηλθεν ψυχας ανθρωπων απολεσαι αλλα σωσαι}} (''and He said: "You do not know what manner of spirit you are of; for the Son of man came not to destroy men's lives but to save them'')
::omit - '''B''' {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Codex Zacynthius|Ξ]] [[Minuscule 33|33]] [[Minuscule 700|700]] [[Minuscule 892|892]] 1241 syr [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]
::incl. - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=190}}

*{{bibleverse|Luke|11:4}}
:{{lang|grc|αλλα ρυσαι ημας απο του πονηρου}} (''but deliver us from evil'')
::omit - '''B''' {{Papyrus link|75}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Minuscule 700|700]] [[Latin Vulgate|vg]] [[Sinaitic Palimpsest|sy{{sup|s}}]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]] arm geo
::incl. - Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3|p=256}}

*{{bibleverse|Luke|23:34}}
:{{lang|grc|ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγεν· Πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς· οὐ γὰρ οἴδασιν τί ποιοῦσιν}} (''And Jesus said: Father forgive them, they know not what they do.'')
::omit - '''B''' {{Papyrus link|75}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}{{sup|a}} [[Codex Bezae|D]]* [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Uncial 0124|0124]] [[Minuscule 1241|1241]] [[Codex Vercellensis|a]] [[Codex Bezae|d]] syr{{sup|s}} [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]
::incl. - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=239}}

=== Additions ===
[[Gospel of Matthew|Gospel of]] {{bibleverse|Matthew|27:49}}
:{{lang|grc|ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἒνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὖδωρ καὶ αἳμα}} (''and another took a spear, piercing His side, and out came water and blood'' - see {{bibleverse|John|19:34}})
::incl. - '''B''' {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Codex Tischendorfianus IV|Γ]] 1010 1293 vg{{sup|mss}}
::omit - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=84}}

=== Some notable readings ===
: {{bibleverse|Judges|18:30}}
::{{lang|grc|υἱὸς Μανασση}} (''son of Manasse'') - '''B'''
::{{lang|grc|υἱοῦ Μωυσῆ}} (''son of Moses'') - [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]]<ref name="rahlfs">''Septuaginta'', ed. A. Rahlfs, Stuttgart 1979, vol. 1</ref>{{rp|480}}

: [[Matthew 5:22]]
::{{lang|grc|εικη}} (''without cause'')
:::omit - '''B''' {{Papyrus link|67}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} vg{{sup|mss}} eth
:::incl. - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=10}}

: {{bibleverse|Matthew|17:23}}
::{{lang|grc|τη τριημερα}} (''the third day'') - '''B''' (singular reading)
::{{lang|grc|τη τριτη ημερα}} (''the third day'') - Majority of manuscripts<ref>{{Cite book | first=Edward | last=Miller | title=A Guide to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament | page=58 | year=1886 | publisher=George Bell and Sons | location=London | isbn=978-1888328097}}</ref>

: {{bibleverse|Matthew|21:31}}
::{{lang|grc|ὁ ὕστερος}} (''the last'') - '''B''' (singular reading)
::{{lang|grc|ὁ ἔσχατος}} (''the last'') - [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Minuscule 700|700]] [[Vetus Latina|it]]
::{{lang|grc|ὁ πρῶτος}} (''the first'') - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=60}}

: {{bibleverse|Matthew|23:38}}
::{{lang|grc|ερημος}} (''desert'')
:::omit - '''B''' [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Codex Corbeiensis II|ff2]] sy{{sup|s}} [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]
:::incl. - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=67}}

: {{bibleverse|Luke|4:17}}
::{{lang|grc|καὶ ἀνοίξας τὸ βιβλίον}} (''and opened the book'') - '''B''' [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Zacynthius|Ξ]] [[Minuscule 33|33]] [[Minuscule 892|892]] 1195 1241 '''ℓ''' ''547'' syr{{sup|s, h, pal}} [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]
::{{lang|grc|καὶ ἀναπτύξας τὸ βιβλίον}} (''and unrolled the book'') - {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Bezae|D]]{{sup|c}} [[Codex Cyprius|K]] [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Δ]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament)|Π]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Minuscule 28|28]] [[Minuscule 565|565]] [[Minuscule 700|700]] 1009 1010 Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=164}}

: {{bibleverse|Luke|6:2}}
::{{lang|grc|οὐκ ἔξεστιν}} (''not lawful'') - '''B''' {{Papyrus link|4}} [[Codex Nitriensis]] [[Minuscule 700|700]] [[Vetus Latina|lat]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]] arm geo
::{{lang|grc|οὐκ ἔξεστιν ποιεῖν}} (''not lawful to do'') - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=170}}

: {{bibleverse|Luke|10:42}}
::{{lang|grc|ολιγων δε χρεια εστιν η ενος}} (''few things are needful, or only one'') - '''B''' (singular reading; but see below)
::{{lang|grc|ολιγων δε εστιν χρεια η ενος}} (''few things are needful, or only one'') - {{papyrus link|3}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]]{{sup|2}} [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Uncial 070|070]]{{sup|(vid)}} [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Minuscule 33|33]] sy{{sup|h(mg)}} [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]
::{{lang|grc|ενος δε εστιν χρεια}} (''one thing is needful'') - {{papyrus link|45}} {{papyrus link|75}} Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=194}}

: {{bibleverse|John|12:28}}
::{{lang|grc|δοξασον μου το ονομα}} (''glorify my name'') - '''B''' (singular reading)
::{{lang|grc|δοξασον σου τον υιον}} (''glorify Your Son'')- [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Codex Monacensis (X 033)|X]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Minuscule 33|33]] 1241 [[Latin Vulgate|vg]] sy{{sup|h(mg)}} [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]
::{{lang|grc|δοξασον σου το ονομα}} (''glorify Your name'') - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=292}}

: {{bibleverse|John|16:27}}
::{{lang|grc|πατρος}} (''the Father'') - '''B''' {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}{{sup|1}} [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]]* [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] '''ℓ''' ''844'' [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]
::{{lang|grc|θεου}} (''God'') - [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]]{{sup|3}} [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=304}}

: {{bibleverse|Acts|27:16}}
::{{lang|grc|καυδα}} (name of island) - '''B''' {{Papyrus link|74}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}{{sup|2}} 1175 [[Vetus Latina|lat]] [[Latin Vulgate|vg]] sy{{sup|[[Peshitta|p]]}}
::{{lang|grc|Κλαυδα}} (name of island) - {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}* [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]]{{sup|(vid)}} [[Minuscule 33|33]] [[Minuscule 81|81]] 614 945 1505 1739 [[Latin Vulgate|vg]]{{sup|mss}} sy{{sup|h}}
::{{lang|grc|Κλαυδην}} (name of island) - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=403}}<ref group="n">For more textual variants of this verse see: [[Textual variants in the New Testament#Acts of the Apostles|Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles]].</ref>

: {{bibleverse|Romans|15:31}}
::{{lang|grc|δωροφορια}} - '''B''' [[Codex Claromontanus|D]] [[Codex Boernerianus|G{{sup|gr}}]]
::{{lang|grc|διακονια}} - Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3|p=573}}

: {{bibleverse|Ephesians|2:1}}
::{{lang|grc|αμαρτιαις}} (''sins'') - '''B''' (singular reading)
::{{lang|grc|επιθυμιαις}} (''desires'') - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=505}}

: {{bibleverse|Hebrews|1:3}}
::{{lang|grc|φανερων}} (''revealing'') - '''B''' (singular reading)
::{{lang|grc|φερων}} (''upholding'') - Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=563}}

== History ==
=== Provenance ===
The provenance and early history of the codex are uncertain;{{r|Aland}} [[Rome]] ([[Fenton John Anthony Hort|Hort]]), [[southern Italy]], [[Alexandria]] ([[Frederic G. Kenyon|Kenyon]],{{r|keny-hand|p=88}}), and [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] ([[Theodore Cressy Skeat|T. C. Skeat]]; [[F.C. Burkitt|Burkitt]]<ref>{{Cite book | first=P. Morduant | last=Barnard | contributor-first=Francis Crawford | contributor-last=Burkitt | contributor-link=F.C. Burkitt | contribution=Introduction | title=The Biblical Text of Clement of Alexandria in the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles | series=Texts and Studies | volume=5 | page=VIII-XI | year=1899 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge }}</ref>) have been suggested as possible origins. Hort based his argument for Rome mainly on certain spellings of proper names, such as {{lang|grc|Ισακ}} and {{lang|grc|Ιστραηλ}}, which show a Western or Latin influence. A second argument was the chapter division in Acts, similar to the ones in [[Codex Sinaiticus|Sinaiticus]] and Vaticanus, is not found in any other Greek manuscript, but is present in several manuscripts of the Latin [[Vulgate]].<ref name="West-Hort">{{Cite book | first1=Brooke Foss | last1=Westcott | author-link1=Brooke Foss Westcott | first2=Fenton John Anthony | last2=Hort | author-link2=Fenton John Anthony Hort | title=Introduction to the New Testament in the Original Greek: Appendix | year=1882 | publisher=Harper & Bros | location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|264–267}} [[Armitage Robinson|Robinson]] cautiously suggests, however, that the system of chapter divisions was introduced into the Vulgate by [[Jerome]] himself, due to his studies at Caesarea.<ref>{{Cite book | first=J. Armitage | last=Robinson | author-link=Armitage Robinson | title=Euthaliana: Studies of Euthalius Codex H of the Pauline Epistles and the Armenian Version | pages=42, 101 | year=1895 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Wiesbaden}}</ref> Hort also postulated the codex was copied from a manuscript whose line length was 12–14 letters per line, as when the codex's scribe made large omissions, they were typically 12–14 letters long.{{r|West-Hort|pp=233–234}}

Kenyon suggested the manuscript originated in [[Alexandria]]: "It is noteworthy that the section numeration of the Pauline Epistles in B shows that it was copied from a manuscript in which the Epistle to the Hebrews was placed between Galatians and Ephesians—an arrangement which elsewhere occurs only in the Sahidic version."{{r|keny-hand|p=84}} Kenyon also suggested the order of the Pauline epistles indicates a connection with Egypt, and as in [[Codex Alexandrinus]], the titles of some of the books contain letters of a distinctively Coptic character, particularly the Coptic [[Mu (letter)|mu]] (which was also frequently seen at the ends of lines where space has to be economized).{{r|keny-hand|p=84}} According to Metzger, "the similarity of its text in significant portions of both Testaments with the Coptic versions and with Greek papyri, and the style of writing (notably the Coptic forms used in some of the titles) point rather to Egypt and Alexandria".{{r|Metzger}}

It has been postulated the codex was at one time in the possession of Cardinal [[Johannes Bessarion|Bessarion]], because the minuscule supplement has a text similar to one of Bessarion's manuscripts. [[T. C. Skeat]] believed Bessarion's mentor, the patriarchal notary in Constantinople [[John Chortasmenos]], had the book brought to Rome from [[Constantinople]] around the time of the fall of the [[Byzantine Empire]].{{r|elliot-skeat}} Paul Canart argued the decorative initials added to the manuscript in the Middle Ages are reminiscent of Constantinopolitan decoration found in the 10th century, but the poor execution gives the impression they were added in the 11th or 12th century, and likely not before the 12th century in light of the way they appear in connection with notes in a minuscule hand at the beginning of the book of Daniel.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Paul | last=Canart | editor=Patrick Andrist | contribution=Notice paléographique et codicologique | title=Le manuscrit B de la Bible (Vaticanus graecus 1209) | year=2009 | pages=26, 32–38 | publisher=Éditions du Zèbre | location=Lausanne | isbn=978-2-940351-05-3 }}</ref> [[Theodore Cressy Skeat|T. C. Skeat]] first argued that Codex Vaticanus was among the [[Fifty Bibles of Constantine|50 Bibles]] that the Emperor [[Constantine I of the Roman Empire|Constantine I]] ordered [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] to produce.<ref>T. C. Skeat, "The Codex Sinaiticus, the Codex Vaticanus and Constantine", JTS 50 (1999), pp. 583–625.</ref>

The codex is generally assigned to the middle of the fourth century and considered contemporary with or slightly earlier than [[Codex Sinaiticus]], which can be dated with a reasonable degree of confidence between the early fourth century and the early fifth century.<ref>Brent Nongbri," The Date of Codex Sinaiticus," ''Journal of Theological Studies'' 73 (2022) 516-534. https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/flac083</ref>

=== Scribes and correctors ===
[[File:2IWANNOU-B.JPG|thumb|right|''2 Epistle of John'' in the codex]]
According to Tischendorf the manuscript was written by three scribes (A, B, C), two of whom appear to have written the Old Testament and one the entire New Testament.<ref>Constantin von Tischendorf, ''[[Editio octava critica maior]]'', ed. C. R. Gregory (Lipsiae 1884), p. 360.</ref> Tischendorf's view was accepted by [[Frederic G. Kenyon]], but contested by [[T. C. Skeat]], who examined the codex more thoroughly. Skeat and other paleographers contested Tischendorf's theory of a third (C) scribe, instead asserting two scribes worked on the Old Testament (A and B) and one of them (B) wrote the New Testament.{{r|Aland}}

Scribe A wrote:
: Genesis – 1 Kings (pages 41–334)
: Psalms – Tobias (pages 625–944)
Scribe B wrote:
: 1 Kings – 2 Esdra (pages 335–624)
: Hosea – Daniel (pages 945–1234)
: New Testament.<ref name="Skeat">{{Cite book | first1=H. J. M. | last1=Milne | first2=Theodore Cressy | last2=Skeat | author-link2=T. C. Skeat | title=Scribes and Correctors of the Codex Sinaiticus | year=1938 | publisher=Trustees of the British Museum | location=London | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4dbAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

Two correctors have been suggested as working on the manuscript, one (B{{sup|2}}) was contemporary with the scribes, the other (B{{sup|3}}) worked in about the 10th or 11th century. The theory of a first corrector, B{{sup|1}}, proposed by Tischendorf was rejected by later scholars.{{r|Aland}}{{r|Metzger}} According to Tischendorf, one of the scribes is identical to (and may have been) one of the scribes of [[Codex Sinaiticus]] (scribe D),<ref>Constantin von Tischendorf, ''Editio octava critica maior'', ed. C. R. Gregory (Lipsiae 1884), pp. 346, 360.</ref>{{r|NTV|p=XXI-XXIII}}<ref>{{Cite book | first=James Rendel | last=Harris | title=Stichometry | page=73 | publisher=C. J. Clay and Sons | location=London | url=https://archive.org/stream/stichometry00harruoft}}</ref> but there is insufficient evidence for his assertion.{{r|Kenyon}} Skeat agreed that the writing style is very similar to that of Codex Sinaiticus, but there is not enough evidence to accept the scribes were identical: "the identity of the scribal tradition stands beyond dispute".{{r|Skeat}}

The original writing was retraced by a later scribe (usually dated to the 10th or 11th century), and the beauty of the original script was spoiled.{{r|Metzger}} Accents, breathing marks, and punctuation were added by a later hand.{{r|Metzger}} There are no enlarged initials, no divisions into chapters or sections such as are found in later manuscripts, but a different system of division peculiar to this manuscript.{{r|Kenyon}} There are plenty [[Iotacism|itacistic]] faults, especially the interchange of ει for ι and αι for ε. The exchange of ο for ω is less frequent.<ref>C. R. Gregory, "Canon and Text of the New Testament" (1907), pp. 343–344.</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Wieland Willker | title=Dittographies and other corrections | access-date= 2011-01-25 | work=Codex Vaticanus Graece 1209, B/03 | year=2008 | url=http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/dittographies.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531105201/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/dittographies.html | archive-date=2011-05-31 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

The manuscript contains unusual small horizontally aligned double dots in the column margins and are scattered throughout the New Testament.<ref group="n">[http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/umlauts.txt List of umlauts in the New Testament of the Codex Vaticanus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726091645/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/umlauts.txt |date=2009-07-26 }}</ref> These so-called '''''distigmai''''' (singular '''''distigme''''', {{langx|grc|διστίγμη}}) were formerly called "[[Umlaut (diacritic)|umlauts]]"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Snapp Jr |first1=James |title=Distigmai (Umlauts) - Solving the Mystery |url=https://www.thetextofthegospels.com/2022/08/distigmai-umlauts-solving-mystery.html |website=The Text of the Gospels |access-date=13 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> (owing to their shape, different from the vertically aligned double-dot [[Aristarchian symbols|Aristarchian]] [[obelism]]s). There are 795 of these clearly seen in the text, and perhaps another 40 that are undetermined. The date of these markings are disputed among scholars. Two such distigmai can be seen in the left margin of the first column (top image). Tischendorf reflected upon their meaning, but without any resolution.<ref name="NTV">{{cite book | first=Constantin von | last=Tischendorf | author-link=Constantin von Tischendorf | title=Novum Testamentum Vaticanum | page=XXI | year=1867 | publisher=[[Giesecke & Devrient]] | place=Lipsiae | url=https://archive.org/stream/novumtestamentum00tisc#page/n3/mode/2up}}</ref> He pointed on several places where these distigmai were used: at the ending of the Gospel of Mark, 1 Thess 2:14; 5:28; Heb 4:16; 8:1.{{r|NTV}} The meaning of these distigmai was recognized in 1995 by [[Philip Payne]]. Payne discovered the first distigme while studying the section 1 Cor 14.34–35 of the codex.<ref>{{Cite journal | first1=Philip B. | last1=Payne | first2=Paul | last2=Canart | title=The Text-Critical Function of the Umlauts in Vaticanus, with Special Attention to 1 Corinthians 14.34–35: A Response to J. Edward Miller | journal=Journal for the Study of the New Testament | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=105–112 | year=2004 | doi=10.1177/0142064X0402700108 | s2cid=170111716 }}</ref> He suggested that distigmai indicate lines where another textual variant was known to the person who wrote the umlauts. Therefore, the distigmai mark places of textual uncertainty.<ref>G. S. Dykes, ''Using the "Umlauts" of Codex Vaticanus to Dig Deeper'', 2006. See: [http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/umlauts.html Codex Vaticanus Graece. The Umlauts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826085959/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/umlauts.html |date=2009-08-26 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first1=Philip B. | last1=Payne | first2=Paul | last2=Canart | title=The Originality of Text-Critical Symbols in Codex Vaticanus | series=Novum Testamentum | volume=42 | issue=2 | pages=105–113 | year=2000 | url=http://www.linguistsoftware.com/Payne2000NovT-Vaticanus_umlauts_1Cor14_34-35.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508215218/http://www.linguistsoftware.com/Payne2000NovT-Vaticanus_umlauts_1Cor14_34-35.pdf |archive-date=2010-05-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The same distigmai were observed in [[Codex Fuldensis]], especially in the section containing 1 Cor 14:34–35. The distigme of two codices indicate a variant of the Western manuscripts, which placed 1 Cor 14:34–35 after 1 Cor 14:40 (manuscripts: [[Codex Claromontanus|Claromontanus]], [[Codex Augiensis|Augiensis]], [[Codex Boernerianus|Boernerianus]], [[Minuscule 88|88]], it{{sup|d, g}}, and some manuscripts of Vulgate).<ref>Curt Niccum, ''The voice of the MSS on the Silence of the Women: ...'', NTS 43 (1997), pp. 242–255.</ref><ref name="payne">{{Cite book | first=Philip B. | last=Payne | title=Fuldensis, Sigla for Variants in Vaticanus and 1 Cor 14.34-5 | volume=41 | year=1995 }}</ref>{{rp|251–262}}

On [[:File:Codex Vaticanus B, 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg|page 1512, next to Hebrews 1:3]], the text contains a marginal note, ''"Fool and knave, leave the old reading and do not change it!" – "{{lang|grc|ἀμαθέστατε καὶ κακέ, ἄφες τὸν παλαιόν, μὴ μεταποίει}}"'' which may suggest unauthorised correcting was a recognized problem in [[scriptorium]]s.<ref name="marginal_note">Codex Vaticanus Graece 1209, B/03, {{cite web | author=Wieland Willker | title=A critical note | url=http://www.user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/note1512.html | access-date=2008-02-12 | publisher=University of Bremen | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915143328/http://www.user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/note1512.html | archive-date=2008-09-15 }}</ref>

== In the Vatican Library ==

[[File:Rau, William Herman - n. 1999 - In The Great Hall, Vatican Library, Rome, Italy.jpg|thumb|right|The Great Hall, Vatican Library, photographed by [[William H. Rau]]]]
The manuscript is believed to have been housed in Caesarea in the 6th century, together with [[Codex Sinaiticus]], as they have the same unique division of chapters in Acts. It came to Italy, probably from Constantinople, after the [[Council of Florence]] (1438–1445).<ref name="elliot-skeat">{{Cite book | first=Theodore Cressy | last=Skeat | editor=J. K. Elliot | contribution=The Codex Vaticanus in the 15th Century | title=The Collected Biblical Writings of T. C. Skeat | page=131 | year=2004 | publisher=Brill | isbn=90-04-13920-6 |  url=https://books.google.com/books?id=td_OLXo4RvkC&pg=3 }}</ref>

The manuscript has been housed in the [[Vatican Library]] (founded by [[Pope Nicholas V]] in 1448) for as long as it has been known, possibly appearing in the library's earliest catalog of 1475 (with shelf number 1209), but definitely appearing in the 1481 catalog. In the catalog from 1481 it was described as a "Biblia in tribus columnis ex membranis in rubeo" (three-column vellum Bible).<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&q=%22Biblia+in+tribus+columnis+ex+membranis+in+rubeo%22&pg=PA375 | title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church$ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Cross, Frank Leslie and Elizabeth A. Livingstone | year=2005 | location=Oxford, England | pages=375| isbn=9780192802903 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=CODEX VATICANUS | encyclopedia=Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia | publisher=Claremont Colleges | access-date=January 10, 2016 | author=ATIYA, AZIZ S. | editor=Saad, Saad Michael | url=http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/ref/collection/cce/id/491}}</ref><ref name="keny-hand">{{cite book | first=Frederic George | last=Kenyon | title=Handbook to the textual criticism of the New Testament | year=1912 | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=9780837093949 | url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktotextua00kenyrich }}</ref>{{rp|77}}

=== Collations ===
In the 16th century, Western scholars became aware of the manuscript as a consequence of the correspondence between [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]] and the prefects of the Vatican Library, successively [[Paulus Bombasius]], and [[Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda]]. In 1521, Bombasius was consulted by Erasmus as to whether the Codex Vaticanus contained the [[Comma Johanneum]], and Bombasius supplied a transcript of 1 John 4:1–3 and 1 John 5:7–11 to show that it did not.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grenz |first1=Jesse R. |title=The Scribes and Correctors of Codex Vaticanus |date=October 2021 |publisher=Faculty of Divinity of the University of Cambridge |location=England |pages=2–3 |url=https://api.repository.cam.ac.uk/server/api/core/bitstreams/2ad5217b-7aac-40ae-bebf-de044061dcbb/content |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> Sepúlveda in 1533 cross-checked all places where Erasmus's New Testament (the [[Textus Receptus]]) differed from the Vulgate, and supplied Erasmus with 365 readings where the Codex Vaticanus supported the latter, although the list of these 365 readings has been lost.<ref group="n">We know nothing about these 365 readings except one. Erasmus in his ''Adnotationes'' on Acts 27:16 wrote that according to the Codex from the Library Pontifici, the name of the island is καυδα (Cauda), not κλαυδα (Clauda) as in his ''[[Novum Instrumentum omne|Novum Testamentum]]'' (''Tamet si quidam admonent in codice Graeco pontificiae bibliothecae scriptum haberi, καυδα, id est, cauda''). See: Erasmus Desiderius, ''Erasmus' Annotations on the New Testament: Acts – Romans – I and II Corinthians'', ed. A. Reeve and M. A. Sceech, (Brill: Leiden 1990), p. 931. [[Andrew Birch]] was the first, who identified this note with 365 readings of Sepulveda.</ref> Consequently, the Codex Vaticanus acquired the reputation of being an old Greek manuscript that agreed with the Vulgate rather than with the Textus Receptus. Not until much later would scholars realise it conformed to a text that differed from both the Vulgate and the Textus Receptus – a text that could also be found in other known early Greek manuscripts, such as the [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|Codex Regius]] (L), housed in the French Royal Library (now {{Lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]|italic=no}}).<ref name=Tregelles108>[[Samuel Prideaux Tregelles|S. P. Tregelles]], ''An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures'', London 1856, p. 108.</ref>

[[Giulio Bartolocci]], librarian of the Vatican, produced a collation in 1669 which was not published; it was never used until a copy of it  was found in the Royal Library at Paris by [[Johann Martin Augustin Scholz|Scholz]] in 1819. This collation was imperfect and revised in 1862.{{r|keny-hand|p=78}} Another collation was made in 1720 for [[Richard Bentley|Bentley]] by Mico, then revised by Rulotta, which was not published until 1799.{{r|keny-hand|p=78}} Bentley was stirred by [[John Mill (theologian)|Mill's]] claim of 30,000 variants in the New Testament and he wanted to reconstruct the text of the New Testament in its early form. He felt that among the manuscripts of the New Testament, Codex Alexandrinus was "the oldest and best in the world".<ref>R.C. Jebb, ''Richard Bentley'' (New York 1966), p. 487.</ref> Bentley understood the necessity to use manuscripts if he were to reconstruct an older form than that apparent in Codex Alexandrinus. He assumed that by supplementing this manuscript with readings from other Greek manuscripts, and from the Latin Vulgate, he could triangulate back to a single recension which he presumed existed at the time of the [[First Council of Nicaea]]. He therefore required a collation from Vaticanus. The text of the collation was irreconcilable with Codex Alexandrinus and he abandoned the project.<ref>{{Cite book | first=William L. | last=Petersen | editor1=Barbara Aland | editor2=Joel Delobel | chapter=What Text can New Testament Textual Criticism Ultimately Reach | title=New Testament Textual Criticism, Exegesis and Church History: A Discussion of Methods | page=137 | year=1994 | publisher=Kok Pharos | location=Kampen | isbn=90-390-0105-7}}</ref>

A further collation was made by scholar [[Andrew Birch]], who, in 1798, in Copenhagen, edited some textual variants of the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles,<ref>Andreas Birch, ''Variae Lectiones ad Textum Actorum Apostolorum, Epistolarum Catholicarum et Pauli'' (Copenhagen 1798).</ref> in 1800 for the Book of Revelation,<ref>Andreas Birch, ''Variae lectiones ad Apocalypsin'' (Copenhagen 1800).</ref> in 1801 for the Gospels.<ref>Andreas Birch, ''Variae Lectiones ad Textum IV Evangeliorum'' (Copenhagen 1801).</ref> They were incomplete and included together with the textual variants from the other manuscripts.{{r|keny-hand|p=83}} Many of them were false. Andrew Birch reproached [[John Mill (theologian)|Mill]] and Wettstein, that they ''falso citatur Vaticanus'' (cite Vaticanus incorrectly), and gave as an example Luke 2:38 – Ισραηλ [Israel] instead of Ιερουσαλημ [Jerusalem].<ref>Andreas Birch, ''Variae Lectiones ad Textum IV Evangeliorum'' (Copenhagen 1801), p. XXVII.</ref> The reading Ισραηλ could be found in the codex [[Minuscule 130|130]], housed at the Vatican Library, under shelf number Vat. gr. 359.{{r|ubs3|p=210}}

Before the 19th century, no scholar was allowed to study or edit the Codex Vaticanus, and scholars did not ascribe any value to it; in fact, it was suspected to have been interpolated by the Latin textual tradition.<ref name=Martini>[[Carlo Maria Martini]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=5pZyQmwXhdsC&pg=PA155 ''La Parola di Dio Alle Origini della Chiesa''], (Rome: Bibl. Inst. Pr. 1980), p. 287.</ref> [[John Mill (theologian)|John Mill]] wrote in his ''Prolegomena'' (1707): "in Occidentalium gratiam a Latino scriba exaratum" (''written by a Latin scribe for the western world''). He did not believe there was value to having a collation for the manuscript.{{r|Martini}} [[Johann Jakob Wettstein|Wettstein]] would have liked to know the readings of the codex, but not because he thought that they could have been of any help to him for difficult textual decisions. According to him, this codex had no authority whatsoever (''sed ut vel hoc constaret, Codicem nullus esse auctoris'').<ref name="wettstein">{{Cite book | first=Johann Jakob | last=Wettstein | title=Novum Testamentum Graecum: Tomus I | year=1751 | publisher=Ex Officina Dommeriana | location=Amstelodami }}</ref>{{rp|24}} In 1751 Wettstein produced the first list of the New Testament manuscripts, Codex Vaticanus received symbol B (because of its age) and took second position on this list (Alexandrinus received A, Ephraemi – C, Bezae – D, etc.){{r|wettstein|p=22}} until the discovery of Codex Sinaiticus (designated by א).<ref>Constantin von Tischendorf, ''Novum Testamentum Graece: Editio Octava Critica Maior'' (Leipzig: 1869), p. 345.</ref>

[[Johann Jakob Griesbach|Griesbach]] produced a list of nine manuscripts which were to be assigned to the Alexandrian text: [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]], [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]], [[Codex Cyprius|K]], [[Codex Basilensis A. N. IV. 2|1]], [[Minuscule 13|13]], [[Minuscule 33|33]], [[Minuscule 69|69]], [[Minuscule 106|106]], and [[Minuscule 118|118]].<ref>J. J. Griesbach, ''Novum Testamentum Graecum'', vol. I (Halle, 1777), prolegomena.</ref> Codex Vaticanus was not in this list. In the second (1796) edition of his Greek NT, Griesbach added Codex Vaticanus as a witness to the Alexandrian text in Mark, Luke, and John. He still believed the first half of Matthew represented the Western text-type.<ref>J. J. Griesbach, ''Novum Testamentum Graecum'', 2 editio (Halae, 1796), prolegomena, p. LXXXI. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=BLk9AAAAIAAJ&q=graece Edition from 1809 (London)]</ref>

=== Editions of text of the codex ===
[[File:Tischendorf - stehend.jpg|thumb|right|In 1843 Tischendorf was permitted to make a facsimile of a few verses.]]
In 1799, as a result of the [[Treaty of Tolentino]], the manuscript was sent to [[Paris]] as a victory trophy for [[Napoleon]], but in 1815 it was returned to the [[Vatican Library]].<ref>{{Cite journal | first=Phillip | last=Cuccia | title=Controlling the Archives: The Requisition, Removal, and Return of the Vatican Archives during the Age of Napoleon | pages=66–74 | journal=Napoleonica. La Revue | year=2013 | issue=2 | url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-napoleonica-la-revue-2013-2-page-66.htm}}</ref> During that time, German scholar [[Johann Leonhard Hug]] (1765–1846) saw it in Paris. Together with other worthy treasures of the Vatican, Hug examined it, but he did not perceive the need of a new and full collation.<ref>{{Cite book | first=J. L. | last=Hug | title=De antiquitate Codicis Vaticani commentatio | year=1810 | place=Freiburg: Herder |language=la | url=https://archive.org/stream/deantiquitateco00huggoog#page/n4/mode/2up| access-date=2010-12-08}}</ref>{{r|hug|p=165}}

Cardinal [[Angelo Mai]] prepared the first typographical facsimile edition between 1828 and 1838, which did not appear until 1857, three years after his death, and which was considered unsatisfactory.<ref name=Nestle>[[Eberhard Nestle]] and William Edie, "Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the Greek New Testament", London, Edinburgh, Oxford, New York, 1901, p. 60.</ref> It was issued in 5 volumes (1–4 volumes for the Old Testament, 5 volume for the New Testament). All lacunae of the codex were supplemented. Lacunae in the Acts and Pauline epistles were supplemented from the codex [[Minuscule 625|Vaticanus 1761]], the whole text of Revelation from [[Uncial 046|Vaticanus 2066]], and the text of Mark 16:8–20 from [[Minuscule 151|Vaticanus Palatinus 220]]. Verses not included by codex as [[Matthew 12:47]]; Mark 15:28; Luke 22:43–44; 23:17.34; John 5:3.4; 7:53–8:11; 1 Peter 5:3; 1 John 5:7 were supplemented from popular Greek printed editions.<ref>Constantin von Tischendorf, ''[[Editio Octava Critica Maior]]'' (Lipsiae, 1884), vol. III, p. 364.</ref> The number of errors was extraordinarily high, and also no attention was paid to distinguish readings of the first hand versus correctors. There was no detailed examination of the manuscript's characteristics. As a consequence, this edition was deemed inadequate for critical purposes.<ref name="Elliott">J. K. Elliott, ''A Bibliography of Greek New Testament Manuscripts'' (Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 34.</ref> An improved edition was published in 1859, which became the source of Bultmann's 1860 NT.{{r|Kenyon}}

In 1843 [[Constantin von Tischendorf|Tischendorf]] was permitted to make a facsimile of a few verses,<ref group="n">Besides the twenty-five readings Tischendorf observed himself, [[Angelo Mai|Cardinal Mai]] supplied him with thirty-four more his NT of 1849. His seventh edition of the text of New Testament (1859) was enriched by 230 other readings furnished by Albert Dressel in 1855.</ref> in 1844 [[Eduard de Muralt]] saw it,<ref>E. de Muralt, ''Novum Testamentum Graecum ad fidem codicis principis vaticani'', Hamburg 1848, p. XXXV.</ref> and in 1845 [[Samuel Prideaux Tregelles|S. P. Tregelles]] was allowed to observe several points which Muralt had overlooked. He often saw the codex, but "it was under such restrictions that it was impossible to do more than examine particular readings".<ref>S. P. Tregelles, ''An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament'', London 1856, p. 162.</ref>
<blockquote>
"They would not let me open it without searching my pockets, and depriving me of pen, ink, and paper; and at the same time two prelati kept me in constant conversation in Latin, and if I looked at a passage too long, they would snatch the book out of my hand".<ref>Samuel P. Tregelles, [https://archive.org/details/alectureonhisto00treggoog "A Lecture on the Historic Evidence of the Authorship and Transmission of the Books of the New Testament"], London 1852, pp. 83–85.</ref>
</blockquote>
[[File:Angelo Mai - Imagines philologorum.jpg|left|thumb|170px|Angelo Mai prepared first facsimile edition of the New Testament text of the codex]]
Tregelles left Rome after five months without accomplishing his purpose. During a large part of the 19th century, the authorities of the Vatican Library obstructed scholars who wished to study the codex in detail. [[Henry Alford (theologian)|Henry Alford]] in 1849 wrote: "It has never been published in facsimile (!) nor even thoroughly collated (!!)."<ref>H. Alford, ''The Greek Testament. The Four Gospels'', London 1849, p. 76.</ref> Scrivener in 1861 commented:
<blockquote>
"Codex Vaticanus 1209 is probably the oldest large vellum manuscript in existence, and is the glory of the great Vatican Library in Rome. To these legitimate sources of deep interest must be added the almost romantic curiosity which has been excited by the jealous watchfulness of its official guardians, with whom an honest zeal for its safe preservation seems to have now degenerated into a species of capricious wilfulness, and who have shewn a strange incapacity for making themselves the proper use of a treasure they scarcely permit others more than to gaze upon".{{r|scriv-intro|p=95}} It (...) "is so jealously guarded by the Papal authorities that ordinary visitors see nothing of it but the red Morocco binding".{{r|Scrivener}}
</blockquote>

Thomas Law Montefiore (1862):
<blockquote>
"The history of the Codex Vaticanus B, No. 1209, is the history in miniature of Romish jealousy and exclusiveness."<ref>T.L. Montefiore, ''Catechesis Evangelica; bring Questions and Answers based on the "Textus Receptus"'', (London, 1862), p. 272.</ref>
</blockquote>
[[John William Burgon|Burgon]] was permitted to examine the codex for an hour and a half in 1860, consulting 16 different passages.{{r|scriv-intro|p=114}} Burgon was a defender of the [[Byzantine text-type|Traditional Text]] and for him Codex Vaticanus, as well as codices Sinaiticus and Bezae, were the most corrupt documents extant. He felt that each of these three codices "clearly exhibits a fabricated text – is the result of arbitrary and reckless recension."<ref name="Burgon">{{Cite book | first=John William | last=Burgon | author-link=John Burgon | title=The Revision Revised | year=1883 | publisher=John Murray | location=London | url=https://archive.org/details/revisionrevised0000john/page/n7/mode/2up}}</ref>{{rp|9}} The two most widely respected of these three codices, א and B, he likens to the "two false witnesses" of Matthew 26:60.{{r|Burgon|p=48}}

[[File:Codex Vaticanus Matthew 1,22-2,18.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Vaticanus in facsimile edition (1868), page with text of Matthew 1:22–2:18]]
In 1861, Henry Alford collated and verified doubtful passages (in several imperfect collations), which he published in facsimile editions complete with errors. Until he began his work he met unexpected hindrances. He received a special order from Cardinal Antonelli "per verificare", to verify passages, but this license was interpreted by the librarian to mean that he was to see the book, but not to use it. In 1862, secretary of Alford, Mr. Cure, continued Alford's work.<ref>H. Alford, ''Life by my Widow'', pp. 310, 315.</ref> For some reason which does not clearly appear, the authorities of the Vatican Library put continual obstacles in the way of all who wished to study it in detail, one of which was the Vatican Library was only opened for three hours a day.{{r|Kenyon|Scrivener}} In 1867 Tischendorf published the text of the New Testament of the codex on the basis of Mai's edition.{{r|NTV}} It was the "most perfect edition of the manuscript which had yet appeared".{{r|Kenyon}}

In 1868–1881 [[Carlo Vercellone|C. Vercellone]], [[Giuseppe Cozza-Luzi]], and G. Sergio published an edition of the entire codex in 6 volumes (New Testament in volume V; Prolegomena in volume VI). A typographical facsimile appeared between 1868 and 1872.{{r|Elliott}} In 1889–1890 a photographic facsimile of the entire manuscript was made and published by Cozza-Luzi, in three volumes.{{r|Nestle}} Another facsimile of the New Testament text was published in 1904–1907 in Milan.<ref>''Bibliorum Scriptorum Graecorum Codex Vaticanus 1209'' (Milan, 1904–1907).</ref> As a result, the codex became widely available.<ref name="metz-ehrman">{{Cite book | first1=Bruce Manning | last1=Metzger | author-link1=Bruce M. Metzger | first2=Bart D. | last2=Ehrman | author-link2=Bart D. Ehrman | title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration | edition=4th | year=2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=0-19-516667-1}}</ref>{{rp|68}}

In 1999, the Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato in Rome (the Italian State Printing House and Mint) published a limited edition, full-color, exact scale facsimile of Codex Vaticanus. The facsimile reproduces the very form of the pages of the original manuscript, complete with the distinctive individual shape of each page, including holes in the vellum. It has an additional ''Prolegomena'' volume with gold and silver impressions of 74 pages.<ref>[http://www.linguistsoftware.com/codexvat.htm Codex Vaticanus B Greek Old & New Testaments Magnificent Color Facsimile], Roma: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1999.</ref>

{{As of|2015}}, a digitised copy of the codex is available online from the Vatican Library.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.gr.1209 | title=DigiVatLib | website=digi.vatlib.it | access-date=3 April 2018 }}</ref>

== Importance ==
[[File:Codex Vaticanus, XXI Targi Wydawców Katolickich 2015-05-03 0019.JPG|thumb|Exhibition in Warsaw (2015)]]
Codex Vaticanus is considered as one of the most important manuscripts for the text of the [[Septuagint]] and Greek [[New Testament]]. It is a leading example of the [[Alexandrian text-type]]. It was used by [[Brooke Foss Westcott|Westcott]] and [[Fenton John Anthony Hort|Hort]] in their edition, ''[[The New Testament in the Original Greek]]'' (1881), and it was the basis for their text.{{r|West-Hort|p=34}} All critical editions of the New Testament published after Westcott and Hort were closer in the Gospels to the Codex Vaticanus text than to the Sinaiticus, with only the exception of [[Hermann von Soden]]'s editions which are closer to Sinaiticus. All editions of Nestle-Aland remain close in textual character to the text of Westcott-Hort.{{r|Aland|pp=26–30}}

According to the commonly accepted opinion of the textual critics, it is the most important witness of the text of the Gospels, in the Acts and Catholic epistles, with a stature equal to Codex Sinaiticus,<ref>{{Cite book | first=W. L. | last=Richards | title=The Classification of the Greek Manuscripts of the Johannine Epistles | page=141 | year=1977 | publisher=Scholars Press | location=Missoula | isbn=0-89130-140-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0000rich | url-access=registration}}</ref> although in the Pauline epistles it includes Western readings and the value of the text is somewhat less than the Codex Sinaiticus.{{r|Waltz|Metzger}} The manuscript is not complete. Aland notes: "B is by far the most significant of the uncials".{{r|Aland}}

== See also ==
* [[List of New Testament uncials]]
* [[Biblical manuscript]]
* [[Textual criticism]]
* [[Minuscule 2427]]
* [[Differences between codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus]]
* [[Fifty Bibles of Constantine]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="n"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Cited books ==
*{{cite book | first=Bruce Manning | last=Metzger | author-link=Bruce M. Metzger | title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament | year=2001 | publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]] | location=Stuttgart | isbn=3-438-06010-8}}
*{{cite book | first=Henry Barclay | last=Swete | author-link=Henry Barclay Swete | title=An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek | year=1902 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | url=https://archive.org/details/IntroductionToTheOTInGreek}}

== Further reading ==
=== Facsimile editions of the codex ===
*{{cite book | first=Constantin von | last=Tischendorf | author-link=Constantin von Tischendorf | title=Novum Testamentum Vaticanum | year=1867 | publisher=[[Giesecke & Devrient]] | place=Lipsiae | url=https://archive.org/stream/novumtestamentum00tisc#page/n3/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book | first=Carlo & [[Giuseppe Cozza-Luzi]] | last=Vercellonis | title=Bibliorum Sacrorum Graecus Codex Vaticanus | year=1868 | publisher=Vatican | location=Rome | url=https://archive.org/details/CodexVaticanusbFacSimile}}
*{{cite book | title=Bibliorum Scriptorum Graecorum Codex Vaticanus 1209 | year=1904–1907 | publisher=Unknown | location=Milan }}
*{{cite book | title=Bibliorum Sacrorum Graecorum Codex Vaticanus B | year=1999 | publisher=Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato | location=Rome }}

=== Textual character of the codex ===
*{{cite book | first=Herman C. | last=Hoskier | author-link=Herman C. Hoskier | title=Codex B and Its Allies, a Study and an Indictment | year=1914 | publisher=Bernard Quaritch | location=London }}
*{{cite book | first=Sakae | last=Kubo | title=P{{sup|72}} and the Codex Vaticanus | series=Studies and Documents | volume=27 | year=1965 | publisher=University of Utah Press | location=Salt Lake City | url=https://archive.org/details/p72codexvaticanu0000kubo/page/n5/mode/2up | url-access=limited}}
*{{cite book | first=C. M. | last=Martini | title=Il problema della recensionalità del Codice B alla luce del papiro Bodmer XIV (P{{sup|75}} | publisher=Rome | series=Analecta biblica | year=1966 }}
*{{Cite book | first=James W. | last=Voelz | title=The Greek of Codex Vaticanus in the Second Gospel and Marcan Greek | series=Novum Testamentum | volume=47 | issue=3 | pages=209–249 | year=2005 | publisher=Brill | location=Leiden}}

=== Distigmai ===
*{{Cite journal| first=J. Edward | last=Miller | title=Some Observations on the Text-Critical Function of the Umlauts in Vaticanus, with Special Attention to 1. Corinthians 14.34–35 | journal=Journal for the Study of the New Testament | volume=26 | issue=2 | pages=217–236 | year=2003 | doi=10.1177/0142064X0302600205 }}
*{{Cite journal | last=Amphoux | first=Christian–B. | title=Codex Vaticanus B: Les points diacritiques des marges de Marc | journal=[[The Journal of Theological Studies]] | volume=58 | pages=440–466 | year=2007 | issue=2 | doi=10.1093/jts/flm024 | url=http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/Amphoux.pdf | access-date=2010-02-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730142052/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/Amphoux.pdf | archive-date=2009-07-30 | url-status=dead }}

=== Other ===
*{{Cite book | first=Burnett Hillman | last=Streeter | author-link=Burnett Hillman Streeter | title=The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins | year=1924 | publisher=MacMillan and Co. | location=Oxford}}
*{{cite book | first=Janko | last=Sagi | title=Problema historiae codicis B | year=1972 | publisher=Divius Thomas}}

For more bibliographies see: J. K. Elliott, ''A Bibliography of Greek New Testament Manuscripts'' (Cambridge University Press: 1989), pp.&nbsp;34–36.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Codex Vaticanus}}
* {{Rahlfs catalogue|author=Felix Albrecht|date=30 June 2023}}

''' Digitised copy '''
* {{cite web |url=http://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.gr.1209 |title=Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 |publisher=Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana}}

''' Typographical facsimile (1868) '''
* {{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912002742/http://csntm.org/Manuscript/View/GA_03 |publisher=Center for the Study of NT Manuscripts |title=Codex Vaticanus}}

''' Documenta Catholica Omnia '''
* {{cite web |url=http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/1001/1005/local_general_index.html |title=Recensio Codice Vaticano – Documenta Catholica Omnia |year=2006}}
* {{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/OldTestamentGreeklxxTextCodexVaticanus |title=Old Testament Greek (LXX) Text Codex Vaticanus |publisher=Cambridge University Press 8vols, Brooke McLean 1906–1935}}

''' Articles '''
* {{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uB | title=An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism | access-date=2010-12-25 | author=Waltz, Robert | encyclopedia=A Site Inspired By: The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism | year=2007}}
* {{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915143323/http://www.user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Vaticanus/index.html |publisher=Universität Bremen |title=Detailed description of "Codex Vaticanus" with many images and discussion of the "umlauts"}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.efg-hohenstaufenstr.de/downloads/texte/codex_vaticanus.html |title=Der "Codex Vaticanus" – ("B") |publisher=EFG Berlin Hohenstaufenstr |year=2006 |lang=de}}

{{good article}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:4th-century biblical manuscripts]]
[[Category:Great uncial codices|Vaticanus]]
[[Category:Greek New Testament uncials|Vaticanus]]
[[Category:Illuminated biblical manuscripts]]
[[Category:Manuscripts in the Vatican Library]]
[[Category:Septuagint manuscripts]]