Editing Coin collecting

{{short description|Collection of minted legal tender}}
{{About|a hobby|the systematic study of currency|Numismatics}}
[[File:Coin collection.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A coin collection, featuring coins loose and in various storage mediums.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Numismatics}}

'''Coin collecting''' is the [[collecting]] of [[coin]]s or other forms of [[Mint (facility)|mint]]ed [[legal tender]].  Coins of interest to collectors include beautiful, rare, and historically significant pieces.  Collectors may be interested, for example, in complete sets of a particular design or denomination, coins that were in circulation for only a brief time, or coins with [[mint error|errors]]. Coin collecting can be differentiated from [[numismatics]], in that the latter is the systematic study of [[currency]] as a whole, though the two disciplines are closely interlinked.

Many factors determine a coin's value including grade, rarity, and popularity.<ref name="CW1">{{cite news |last=Garrett |first=Jeff |url=https://coinweek.com/us-coins/jeff-garrett-pricing-hard-to-price-coins/ |title=Pricing Hard-to-Price Coins |work=Coinweek |date=2023-02-10 |accessdate=2023-03-04 }}</ref> Commercial organizations offer [[coin grading|grading services]] and will grade, authenticate, attribute, and encapsulate most coins.

==History==
[[File:Hans Memling 054 small.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Portrait of a Man with a Roman Medal by Hans Memling|''[[Portrait of a Man with a Roman Medal]]'' by [[Hans Memling]], depicting a Renaissance collector with a [[sestertius]] of [[Nero]]]]
{{See also|List of coin collectors}}
People have [[hoarding|hoarded]] coins for their [[bullion]] value for as long as coins have been minted.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Origins of Coinage:The earliest coin hoard |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/themes/money/the_origins_of_coinage.aspx|work=The British Museum:Explore/Money|publisher=britishmuseum.org |access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref> However, the collection of coins for their [[artistic]] value was a later development. Evidence from the [[archaeological record|archaeological]] and [[historical record]] of [[Ancient Rome]] and medieval [[Mesopotamia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/124774/coin-collecting|title=Coin Collecting|work=Encyclopædia Britannica]|access-date=14 December 2010}} Quote: "The Nestorian scholars and artisans who served the princes of the Jazira (Mesopotamia, now Iraq, Syria, and Turkey) in the 12th and 13th centuries designed a magnificent series of coins with motifs based on ancient Greek and Roman issues. Some of these so accurately render the details of the originals that even the inscriptions are faithfully repeated. Others were modified in intriguing ways. [...] The great variety and the sophisticated use of these images reveal the existence of well-studied collections."</ref> indicates that coins were collected and catalogued by scholars and state treasuries. It also seems probable that individual citizens collected old, exotic or commemorative coins as an affordable, portable form of art.<ref name="Coin Collecting">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Coin Collecting|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/124774/coin-collecting|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref> According to [[Suetonius]] in his ''De vita Caesarum'' (''The Lives of the Twelve Caesars''), written in the first century [[Anno Domini|AD]], the emperor [[Augustus]] sometimes presented old and exotic coins to friends and courtiers during festivals and other special occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6387/6387.txt |title=Tranquillus, C. Suetonius ''The Lives of the Twelve Caesars'', Section LXXV|via=Project Gutenberg|access-date=23 August 2009}}</ref> While the literary sources are scarce, it's evident that collecting of ancient coins persisted in the Western World during the Middle Ages among rulers and high nobility.<ref name=Norwich>{{citation |last= Norwich |first= John Julius |author-link=John Julius Norwich|title =Byzantium: The Apogee | publisher=Penguin|location=London |year=1993 |page=309 |isbn= 978-0-14-011448-5|ref=none}}</ref>

Contemporary coin collecting and appreciation began around the fourteenth century. During the [[Renaissance]], it became a [[fad]] among some members of the privileged classes, especially kings and queens. The Italian scholar and poet [[Petrarch]] is credited with being the pursuit's first and most famous aficionado.  Following his lead, many European kings, princes, and other nobility kept collections of ancient coins. Some notable collectors were [[Pope Boniface VIII]], [[Emperor Maximilian I]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Louis XIV]] of France, Ferdinand I of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferdinand I {{!}} Holy Roman emperor {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-I-Holy-Roman-emperor |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> [[Henry IV of France]] and [[Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg|Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg]], who started the [[Berlin Coin Cabinet]] (German: ''Münzkabinett Berlin''). Perhaps because only the very wealthy could afford the pursuit, in Renaissance times coin collecting became known as the "Hobby of Kings".<ref name="The Coin Collection History">{{cite web |title=The Coin Collection History |url=http://www.coincollectingalbum.com/coin-collecting-history.html |work=coincollectingalbum.com |access-date=26 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912064012/http://www.coincollectingalbum.com/coin-collecting-history.html |archive-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brief History of Coin Collecting |url=http://www.2-clicks-coins.com/article/coin-collecting-history.html |work=2-clicks-coins.com|access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coin Collectors: Emperor Maximilian |url=http://www.zoomcoin.com/rare-coin-article/coin-collectors-emperor-maximilian/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210135835/http://www.zoomcoin.com/rare-coin-article/coin-collectors-emperor-maximilian/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 February 2013 |work=zoomcoin.com |access-date=26 August 2009 }}</ref>

During the 17th and 18th centuries coin collecting remained a pursuit of the well-to-do. But rational, [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] thinking led to a more systematic approach to accumulation and study. Numismatics as an academic discipline emerged in these centuries at the same time as a growing [[middle class]], eager to prove their wealth and sophistication, began to collect coins. During the 19th and 20th centuries, coin collecting increased further in popularity. The market for coins expanded to include not only antique coins, but foreign or otherwise exotic currency. [[Coin shows in the United States|Coin shows]], trade associations, and regulatory bodies emerged during these decades.<ref name="Coin Collecting" /> The first international convention for coin collectors was held 15–18 August 1962, in [[Detroit]], Michigan, and was sponsored by the [[American Numismatic Association]] and the [[Royal Canadian Numismatic Association]]. Attendance was estimated at 40,000.<ref name="The Coin Collection History" /> As one of the oldest and most popular world pastimes, coin collecting is now often referred to as the "King of Hobbies".<ref>{{cite web |title=Coin Collecting|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A672013|publisher=BBC|access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brief History of Coin Collecting |url=http://www.2-clicks-coins.com/article/coin-collecting-history.html |work=2-clicks-coins.com |access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref>

== Motivations ==
[[File:Two 20kr gold coins.png|thumb|Two 20 kronor [[gold]] coins from the [[Scandinavian Monetary Union|Scandinavian]]

[[Scandinavian Monetary Union|Monetary Union]]]]

The motivations for collecting vary. Possibly the most common type of collectors are the hobbyists, who amass a collection primarily for the pleasure of it without the intention of making a profit.

Another frequent reason for purchasing coins is as an investment. As with [[Philatelic investment|stamps]], [[precious metal]]s, or other commodities, coin prices vary based on [[supply and demand]]. Prices drop for coins that are not in long-term demand, and increase along with a coin's perceived or intrinsic [[value (economics)|value]].  Investors buy with the expectation that the value of their purchase will increase over the long term. As with all types of investment, the principle of ''[[caveat emptor]]'' applies, and study is recommended before buying. Likewise, as with most collectibles, a coin collection does not produce income until it is sold, and may even incur costs (for example, the cost of [[safe deposit box]] storage) in the interim.<ref name="Collecting And Investing in Coins">{{cite web |title= Collecting And Investing in Coins|url= http://www.oldandsold.com/articles02/coincollecting15.shtml|work=oldandsold.com |access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref>

[[File:A little collection of precious coins, coin slab, fountain pen, and silver box, photographed in West Bengal, India, December 24, 2023.jpg|thumb|A collection of various collectible coins, including several Indian silver coins and an [[American Innovation dollars|American Innovation dollar]] graded by [[Numismatic Guaranty Company|NGC]], alongside a vintage [[sterling silver]] case.]]
Some people collect coins for patriotic reasons and mints from various countries create coins specifically for patriotic collectors.  One example of a patriotic coin was minted in 1813 by the [[United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata]].  One of the first pieces of legislation the new country enacted (after the revolution that freed it from Spanish rule) was to mint coins to replace the Spanish currency that had been in use.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/first-patriotic-coins-museo-historico-y-numismatico-hector-carlos-janson/GwWB7KYbIQ2wJQ?hl=en | title=First patriotic coins }}</ref> Another example is the U.S. 2022 Purple Heart Commemorative Coin Program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Purple Heart Hall of Honor Commemorative Coins {{!}} U.S. Mint |url=https://www.usmint.gov/learn/coin-and-medal-programs/commemorative-coins/national-purple-heart-hall-of-honor |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=usmint.gov|date=11 November 2021 }}</ref>

==Collector types==
Some coin collectors are generalists and accumulate examples from a broad variety of historical or geographically significant coins,<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Rules of Coin Collecting {{!}} Coin Collection Tips {{!}} American Numismatic Association|url=https://www.money.org/ten-rules|access-date=2021-09-16|website=money.org|language=en}}</ref> but most collectors focus on a narrower, specialist interest. For example, some collectors focus on coins based on a common theme, such as coins from a country (often the collector's own),<ref>{{cite web |title=Coin Collecting Themes-One From Every Country |url= http://www.australian-threepence.com/blog/2009/01/coin-collecting-themes-one-from-every-country.html |work=australian-threepence.com |access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref> a coin each year from a series,<ref>{{cite web |title=7 Popular Coin Collecting Themes |url= http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55473.asp  |first=Gary |last=Eggleston|work=bellaonline.com |access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref> or coins with a common [[mint mark]].<ref name="Coin Collecting Themes">{{cite web |title=Coin Collecting Themes |url=http://coinandstampcollecting.articlehq.net/Coin-Collecting-Themes.html |work=coinandstampcollecting.articlehq.net |access-date=26 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915060757/http://coinandstampcollecting.articlehq.net/Coin-Collecting-Themes.html |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There are also completists who seek an example of every type of coin within a certain category. One of the most famous of this type of collector is [[Louis E. Eliasberg]], the only collector thus far to assemble a complete set of known [[United States coinage|coins of the United States]].<ref name="Eliasberg">{{cite web |last=Hall |first=David |title=The Eliasberg Collection |url=http://www.pcgs.com/News/The-Eliasberg-Collection |accessdate=14 October 2013 |publisher=PCGS – The Professional Coin Grading Service |quote=His goal was to assemble a complete collection of United States regular issue coins, of every date, metal, denomination, and [[mint mark]] known to collectors at the time. He accomplished this monumental feat by 1950, by purchasing the last gold coin he needed (1841 $2 1/2) in 1949 and the last silver coin he needed (1873-CC no arrows dime) in 1950.}}</ref>
Foreign [[coin]] collecting is another type of collection that numismatics enjoy collecting.<ref name="CW1"/>

Coin hoarders are similar to investors in the sense that they accumulate coins for potential long-term profit. However, they typically do not take into account aesthetic considerations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajaero |first=Tony Martins |date=2020-01-30 |title=Coin Dealer Business Plan [Sample Template] |url=https://www.profitableventure.com/coin-dealer-business-plan/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=ProfitableVenture |language=en-US}}</ref> This is most common with coins whose [[bullion|metal value]] exceeds their spending value.<ref name="Coin Hoards">{{cite web |title= Coin Hoards | url=http://www.australian-threepence.com/blog/2009/07/coin-hoards.html |work=australian-threepence.com |access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Modern-day coins across the globe.jpg|thumb|Modern-day coins are a popular and important part of coin collecting.]]
Speculators, be they amateurs or commercial buyers, may purchase coins in bulk or in small batches, and often act with the expectation of delayed profit.<ref name="Collecting And Investing in Coins"/> They may wish to take advantage of a spike in demand for a particular coin (for example, during the annual release of [[Royal Canadian Mint Numismatic Coins (2000s)|Canadian numismatic collectibles]] from the [[Royal Canadian Mint]]).  The speculator might hope to buy the coin in large lots and sell at a profit within weeks or months.<ref name="Collecting And Investing in Coins"/> Speculators may also buy common circulation coins for their intrinsic metal value.  Coins without collectible value may be melted down or distributed as bullion for commercial purposes. Typically they purchase coins that are composed of rare or precious metals, or coins that have a high purity of a specific metal.<ref name="What is a Coin Collector">{{cite web |title=What is a Coin Collector? |url=http://www.2-clicks-coins.com/article/what-is-a-coin-collector.html |work=2-clicks-coins.com |access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref>

A final type of collector is the inheritor, an accidental collector who acquires coins from another person as part of an [[inheritance]]. The inheritor type may not necessarily have an interest in or know anything about [[numismatics]] at the time of the acquisition.<ref name="What is a Coin Collector" />

[[File:PCGS graded coin slab.jpg|thumb|150px|A [[Professional Coin Grading Service|PCGS]] graded silver coin]]

== Grade and value ==
{{See also|Coin grading}}

[[File:Deutsche Mark Anaglyph 1.jpg|thumb|This [[Deutsche Mark]] coin shows blemishes and rim dents that would detract from its grade in appraisal. {{3D glasses}}]]

In coin collecting, the condition of a coin (its [[Coin grading|grade]]) is key to its value; a high-quality example with minimal wear is often worth many times more than a poor example. Collectors have created [[coin grading|systems]] to describe the overall condition of coins. Any damage, such as wear or [[Cleaning (coinage)|cleaning]], can substantially decrease a coin's value.

By the mid 20th century, with the growing market for rare coins, the [[American Numismatic Association]] helps identify most coins in North America, numbering coins from 1 (poor) to 70 (mint state), and setting aside a separate category for [[proof coinage]]. This system is often shunned by coin experts in Europe and elsewhere, who prefer to use adjectival grades.<ref>{{cite web |last=Herbert |first=Alan |date=20 September 1999 |title=European Collectors Stick With Verbal Grading System |url=http://www.pcgs.com/articles/article_view.chtml?artid=1470&universeid=105&type=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614165509/http://www.pcgs.com/articles/article_view.chtml?artid=1470&universeid=105&type=1 |archive-date=14 June 2011 |access-date=26 August 2009 |work=Professional Coin Grading Service |publisher=pcgs.com}}</ref> Nevertheless, most grading systems use similar terminology, and values and remain mutually intelligible.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guth |first=Ron |year=2009 |title=German Coin Grading |url=http://www.germancoins.com/grading.html |access-date=26 August 2009 |work=germancoins.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Grading Standards |url=http://www.fleur-de-coin.com/articles/grade_standards.html |access-date=26 August 2009 |work=fleur-de-coin.com}}</ref>

==Certification services==
[[Third-party grading]] (TPG), aka ''coin certification services'', emerged in the 1980s with the goals of standardizing grading, exposing alterations, and eliminating counterfeits. For tiered fees, certification services grade, authenticate, attribute, and [[Coin capsule|encapsulate]] coins in clear plastic holders.<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Rare Coin Grading |url=http://goldinfo.net/morabgrad1.html |publisher=Austin Gold Information Network |access-date=26 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906031826/http://goldinfo.net/morabgrad1.html |archive-date=6 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="coin-collecting-guide-for-beginners.com">{{cite web |title=Coin Grading Services: Who They Are and What They Do |url=http://www.coin-collecting-guide-for-beginners.com/coin-grading-services.html |work=coin-collecting-guide-for-beginners.com |access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coin Grading Systems – The History of Coin Grading Scales |url=http://coins.about.com/od/coingrading/a/grading_systems.htm |publisher=About.com |access-date=13 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116101910/http://coins.about.com/od/coingrading/a/grading_systems.htm |archive-date=16 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Coin certification has greatly reduced the number of [[counterfeit money|counterfeits]] and grossly over graded coins, and improved buyer confidence. Certification services can sometimes be controversial because grading is subjective; coins may be graded differently by different services or even upon resubmission to the same service. The numeric grade alone does not represent all of a coin's characteristics, such as toning, strike, brightness, color, luster, and attractiveness. Due to potentially large differences in value over slight differences in a coin's condition, some submitters will repeatedly resubmit a coin to a grading service in the hope of receiving a higher grade. Because fees are charged for certification, submitters must funnel money away from purchasing additional coins.<ref name="ngccoin.com">{{cite web |title=NGC |url=http://www.ngccoin.com/ |website=ngccoin.com |publisher=NGC }}</ref><ref name="PCGS Coin Facts">{{cite web|title=PCGS Coin Facts|url=http://www.pcgscoinfacts.com/|website=pcgscoinfacts.com|access-date= 2015-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Travers|first1=Scott|title=THE 10 GREATEST MYTHS OF 'SLABBED' COINS|url=http://www.usgoldexpert.com/articles/the-10-greatest-myths-of-slabbed-coins/|website=usgoldexpert.com|date=10 October 2009|access-date=2015-09-07|author-link=Scott A. Travers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Companion to Rare Coin Collecting – Grading Services
|url=http://www.mycoincollecting.com/rare-coins/companion-rare-coin-collecting-Part4.html  |work=mycoincollecting.com|access-date=26 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PNG, ICTA Announce Results of 2006 Grading Services Survey|url=http://www.pngdealers.org/news-releases/item/59-png-icta-announce-results-of-2006-grading-services-survey|website=pngdealers.org|publisher=Professional Numismatists Guild|access-date=2015-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921201009/http://www.pngdealers.org/news-releases/item/59-png-icta-announce-results-of-2006-grading-services-survey|archive-date=21 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Clubs ==
[[File:Coin collectors and enthusiasts by Yogabrata Chakraborty, 2022.jpg|thumb|Coin collectors and enthusiasts enjoying the taste of numismatic items at an exhibition organized by the Numismatic Society of Calcutta, in Ballygunge, [[Kolkata]], West Bengal.]]
Coin collector clubs offer a variety of benefits to members. They usually serve as a source of information and unification of people interested in coins. Collector clubs are popular both offline and online.

==See also==
{{Portal|Numismatics}}
{{Commons category|Coins}}
* [[Challenge coin]]
* [[Coin]]
* [[Coin catalog]]
* [[Coin grading]]
* [[Coin slab]]
* [[Commemorative coin]]
* [[Exonumia]]
* [[Numismatics]]
* [[Regular issue coinage]]
* [[Seigniorage]]
* [[List of most expensive coins]]

===Examples===
* [[Byron Reed Collection]]
* [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences#Fazlur Rahman Museum on Orientalism, Art and Culture|Collection at Ibn Sina Academy]]
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==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coin collecting}}

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[[Category:Coin collecting| ]]
[[Category:Exonumia]]

[[sv:Myntsamlande]]