Editing Collared pratincole

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Collared pratincole (Glareola pratincola).jpg
| image_caption = Adult
| image2 = Collared pratincole (Glareola pratincola) juvenile Hasarlic.jpg
| image2_caption = Juvenile
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2017 |title=''Glareola pratincola'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T22694127A120026910 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22694127A120026910.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Glareola
| species = pratincola
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)
| synonyms = ''Hirundo pratincola'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1766}}
| range_map = GlareolaPratincolaIUCNver2018 2.png
| range_map_caption = Range of ''G. pratincola''{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#FF00FF|Vagrant (seasonality uncertain)|outline=gray}} 
}}

The '''collared pratincole''' ('''''Glareola pratincola'''''), also known as the '''common pratincole''' or '''red-winged pratincole''', is a [[wader]] in the [[pratincole]] family, Glareolidae. As with other pratincoles, it is native to the [[Old World]].<ref name="sinc">{{cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=Ian|last2=Ryan |first2=Peter |title=Birds of Africa south of the Sahara |date=2010 |publisher=Struik Nature |location=Cape Town |isbn=9781770076235 |page=156|edition=2nd}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The collared pratincole was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1766 in the [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|twelfth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the swallows and swifts in the genus ''[[Hirundo]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Hirundo pratincola''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title=Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=12th | volume=1, Part 1 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii  | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | page=345 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946541 }}</ref> The collared pratincole is now placed in the genus ''[[Glareola]]'' that was introduced by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in 1760.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | language=French, Latin | at=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010447 Vol. 1, p. 48], [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36294427 Vol. 5, p. 141] | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=August 2022 | title=Sandpipers, snipes, Crab-plover, coursers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=28 August 2022 }}</ref> The genus name is a diminutive of [[Latin]] ''glarea'', "gravel", referring to a typical nesting habitat for pratincoles. The species name ''pratincola'' means an inhabitant of meadows, from  [[Latin]] ''pratum, prati'',  "meadow" and ''incola'',  "inhabitant",  from ''incolere'', "to inhabit".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n174/mode/1up 174], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n315/mode/1up 315–6]}}</ref>

Two [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''Glareola pratincola pratincola'', <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)</small> – [[southern Europe]] & [[North Africa]] to south [[Pakistan]]
* ''Glareola pratincola fuelleborni'', <small>[[Oscar Neumann|Neumann]], 1910</small> – [[sub-Saharan Africa]] from Senegal to central Ethiopia and south Somalia south to east South Africa (includes ''erlangeri'' and ''riparia'')

==Description==
This pratincole is {{convert|24|–|28|cm|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|60|–|70|cm|abbr=on}} wingspan. It has short legs, long pointed wings, a long forked tail, and a short bill, which is an adaptation to aerial feeding. The back and head are brown, and the wings are brown with darker flight feathers. The belly is white. The underwings are chestnut, but look dark below.

Very good views are needed to distinguish this species from other pratincoles, such as the [[black-winged pratincole]] and the [[oriental pratincole]], which may occur in its range. The latter species also has a chestnut underwing, but is shorter-tailed.

==Distribution and habitat==
The collared pratincole is a bird of open country, and is often seen near water in the evening, hawking for insects. It is found in the warmer parts of [[Europe]], southwest [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. It is [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering in tropical Africa, and is rare north of the breeding range. It has been recorded as a vagrant in [[Brazil]] and [[Barbados]].<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021"/>

==Behaviour==
===Feeding===
Pratincoles are unusual among [[wader]]s in that they typically hunt their [[insect]] prey on the wing like [[hirundinidae|swallows]], although they can also feed on the ground.

===Breeding===
[[File:Glaréole à collier - Glareola pratincola, crop.JPG|thumb|In flight, showing dark rufous underwing coverts and deeply forked tail]]
[[File:Glareola pratincola-hêk.jpg|thumb|Clutch in nest]]
[[File:Glareola pratincola - Collared Pratincole 01.webm| right|thumb|In Turkey]]
The nesting is colonial. The nest is a shallow scrape on open ground often near water. 
The clutch is 2–4 eggs which have a cream background with black or dark brown blotches, spots or streaks. On average the eggs measure {{cvt|32|x|24|mm}} and weigh {{cvt|10|g}}. Beginning after the last egg is laid, they are incubated by both parents and hatch synchronously after 17-19 days. The young are [[precocial]] and [[nidifugous]]. They leave the nest after 2–3 days and are then cared for by both parents who feed them with regurgitated food for the first week. The young fledge when they are 25–30 days of age.{{sfn|Cramp|1983|pp=105–106}}

==Status and conservation==
The collared pratincole is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{ cite book | editor1-last=Cramp | editor1-first=Stanley | editor1-link=Stanley Cramp | year=1983 | chapter=''Glareola pratincola'' Collared pratincole  | title=Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic | volume=III: Waders to Gulls | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-857506-1 | pages=99–107 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Glareola pratincola}}
{{Wikispecies|Glareola pratincola}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|collared-pratincole-glareola-pratincola}}
* [http://www.oiseaux.net/birds/photos/collared.pratincole.html Collared pratincole photos] at [http://www.oiseaux.net Oiseaux.net]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141202070426/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/166_Glareola_pratincola.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 1.4 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze] (Spanish)
* [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/304.pdf Collard pratincole species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds].
* {{Avibase|name=Glareola pratincola}}
* {{VIREO|Collared+pratincole}}
* {{IUCN_Map|22694127/166268593|Glareola pratincola}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Glareola|pratincola|Collared pratincole}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q330310}}

[[Category:Glareola|collared pratincole]]
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Categoru:Wintering birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1766|collared pratincole]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|collared pratincole]]