Editing Colombes

{{See Wiktionary|the French commune named Colombes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name                   = Colombes
|commune status         = [[Communes of France|Commune]]
|image                  = P1080870 Mairie Colombes.JPG
|caption                = The [[Hôtel de Ville, Colombes|Hôtel de Ville]] (town hall)
|image coat of arms     = Blason ville fr Colombes (Hauts-de-Seine).svg
|map                    = Colombes_map.svg
|map caption            = [[Paris]] and inner ring départements
|coordinates            = {{coord|48.9236|2.2522|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|arrondissement         = Nanterre
|canton                 = [[Canton of Colombes-1|Colombes-1]] and [[Canton of Colombes-2|2]]
|INSEE                  = 92025
|postal code            = 92700
|mayor                  = Patrick Chaimovitch<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=fr}}</ref>
|term                   = 2020&ndash;2026
|intercommunality       = [[Grand Paris]]
|elevation m            =
|elevation min m        = 23
|elevation max m        = 44
|area km2               = 7.81
|population             = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date        = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}

'''Colombes''' ({{IPA|fr|kɔlɔ̃b|-|Fr-Paris--Colombes.ogg}}) is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the northwestern suburbs of [[Paris]], [[France]], {{convert|10.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the [[Kilometre zero|centre of Paris]]. In 2019, Colombes was the [[List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants|53rd largest city in France]].

==Name==
The name Colombes comes from [[Latin]] ''columna'' ([[Old French]] ''colombe''), meaning "column". This is interpreted as referring either to a [[megalith|megalithic]] column used in ancient times by a [[druid|druidic]] cult which stood in Colombes until its destruction during the [[French Revolution]], or to the columns of an [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]] in a ruined [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] [[Roman villa|villa]] that also stood in Colombes.

==History==
During the [[repression of January and February 1894]], the police conducted raids targeting the [[Anarchism|anarchists]] living there, without much success.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=3 January 1894 |title=Les anarchistes |trans-title=The anarchists |work=La Dépêche |pages=2}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2 January 1894 |title=Deux mille perquisitions |journal=L'Estafette |pages=2}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=3 January 1894 |title=Une série générale de perquisitions : résultat négatif des recherches |trans-title=A general series of raids: negative results |work=L'Éclair}}</ref>

On 13 March 1896, 17% of the territory of Colombes was detached and became the commune of [[Bois-Colombes]] ({{Lit|Colombes Woods}}). On 2 May 1910, 19% of the (reduced) territory of Colombes was detached and became the commune of [[La Garenne-Colombes]]. Thus, the commune of Colombes is now only two-thirds the size of its territory before 1896. The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Colombes proper, in its geography at the given years. The [[Hôtel de Ville, Colombes|Hôtel de Ville]] was completed in 1923.<ref>{{Base Mérimée|IA00079345}}</ref>

===Population===

{{Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
| source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|9911|Colombes}}</ref> and INSEE (1968-2017)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-92025#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE</ref>
| graph-pos = bottom
|1793 |1863
|1800 |2430
|1806 |1627
|1821 |1584
|1831 |1643
|1836 |1557
|1841 |1548
|1846 |1658
|1851 |1649
|1856 |1906
|1861 |2805
|1866 |3678
|1872 |5133
|1876 |6640
|1881 |9877
|1886 |14254
|1891 |18918
|1896 |16798
|1901 |23061
|1906 |29143
|1911 |22862
|1921 |32271
|1926 |42590
|1931 |57313
|1936 |61944
|1946 |61047
|1954 |67909
|1962 |76918
|1968 |80357
|1975 |83390
|1982 |78777
|1990 |78513
|1999 |76757
|2007 |82552
|2012 |85357
|2017 |85177
}}

==Geography==
===Climate===

Colombes has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb''). The average annual temperature in Colombes is {{cvt|12.5|C}}. The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|623.0|mm}} with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around {{cvt|20.6|C}}, and lowest in January, at around {{cvt|5.0|C}}. The highest temperature ever recorded in Colombes was {{cvt|40.9|C}} on 6 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was {{cvt|-15.0|C}} on 17 January 1985.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Colombes (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1981−2018)
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|collapsed= Y
|Jan record high C = 16.2
|Feb record high C = 21.0
|Mar record high C = 25.5
|Apr record high C = 31.1
|May record high C = 35.0
|Jun record high C = 37.9
|Jul record high C = 40.0
|Aug record high C = 40.9
|Sep record high C = 34.0
|Oct record high C = 30.9
|Nov record high C = 22.0
|Dec record high C = 17.5
|Jan record low C = -15.0
|Feb record low C = -12.0
|Mar record low C = -7.0
|Apr record low C = -2.0
|May record low C = 1.9
|Jun record low C = 5.4
|Jul record low C = 9.0
|Aug record low C = 7.9
|Sep record low C = 4.7
|Oct record low C = -2.2
|Nov record low C = -6.7
|Dec record low C = -9.1
|Jan high C = 7.6
|Feb high C = 8.8
|Mar high C = 12.7
|Apr high C = 16.2
|May high C = 20.1
|Jun high C = 23.2
|Jul high C = 25.8
|Aug high C = 25.5
|Sep high C = 21.7
|Oct high C = 16.8
|Nov high C = 11.2
|Dec high C = 7.9
|year high C = 16.5
|Jan mean C = 5.0
|Feb mean C = 5.6
|Mar mean C = 8.7
|Apr mean C = 11.5
|May mean C = 15.3
|Jun mean C = 18.3
|Jul mean C = 20.6
|Aug mean C = 20.3
|Sep mean C = 17.0
|Oct mean C = 13.1
|Nov mean C = 8.3
|Dec mean C = 5.5
|year mean C = 12.5
|Jan low C = 2.4
|Feb low C = 2.4
|Mar low C = 4.7
|Apr low C = 6.8
|May low C = 10.5
|Jun low C = 13.4
|Jul low C = 15.4
|Aug low C = 15.2
|Sep low C = 12.2
|Oct low C = 9.3
|Nov low C = 5.5
|Dec low C = 3.1
|year low C = 8.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 49.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 41.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 46.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 46.9
|May precipitation mm = 63.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 51.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 58.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 50.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 48.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 61.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 48.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 57.5
|year precipitation mm = 623.0
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 10.6
|Feb precipitation days = 9.0
|Mar precipitation days = 10.5
|Apr precipitation days = 9.2
|May precipitation days = 10.0
|Jun precipitation days = 8.3
|Jul precipitation days = 8.0
|Aug precipitation days = 7.2
|Sep precipitation days = 8.0
|Oct precipitation days = 9.7
|Nov precipitation days = 9.8
|Dec precipitation days = 10.9
|year precipitation days = 111.2
|source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_92025001.pdf
|title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1981-2010 et records
| publisher = [[Météo-France]]
| access-date = 24 August 2022}}</ref>}}

==Administration==

The city is divided into two cantons: 
* [[Canton of Colombes-1|Colombes-1]] (north)
* [[Canton of Colombes-2|Colombes-2]] (south)

==Transport==
Colombes is served by four stations on the [[Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare]] suburban rail line at [[Colombes station|Colombes]], [[Le Stade station|Le Stade]], [[Gare de La Garenne-Colombes|La Garenne-Colombes]] and [[Les Vallées station|Les Vallées]].

==Education==
The commune has 21 preschools and 19 elementary schools.<ref>"[https://www.colombes.fr/ecole/carte-scolaire-963.html Carte scolaire]." Colombes. Retrieved on 7 September 2016.</ref>

Secondary schools:
* Junior high schools: Robert Paparemborde, Marguerite Duras, Gay Lussac, Moulin Joly, Jean-Baptiste Clément, Lakanal<ref>"[http://www.ac-versailles.fr/public/jcms/p1_174598/pdf-zones-geographiques-des-colleges-carte-des-bassins-et-des-colleges-publics Établissements d'enseignement publics sécondaires (collèges)]{{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}." Académie de Versailles. Retrieved on 7 September 2016.</ref><!--"[http://www.education.gouv.fr/annuaire/92-hauts-de-seine/colombes/college/college-robert-paparemborde.html Collège Robert Paparemborde]." [[French Ministry of Education]]. Retrieved on September 7, 2016.-->
* Senior high schools: [[Lycée Guy de Maupassant]], [[Lycee Polyvalent Claude Garamont]], [[Lycee Polyvalent Anatole de France]]

==Personalities==
*[[Quilapayún]], Chilean music group forced into exile in France after the 1973 Coup. They settled in Colombes.
*[[Jordan Aboudou]], basketball player
*[[Lens Aboudou]], basketball player
*[[Josué Albert]], footballer
*[[Bryan Alceus]], footballer
*[[Mame-Ibra Anne]], athlete
*[[Jean‐Ricner Bellegarde]], footballer
*[[Kelly Berville]], footballer  
*[[Zoumana Camara]], footballer
*[[Pierre Clayette]], artist
*[[Mathieu Cossou]], karateka
*[[Simone Jorry]], deaf / hard-of-hearing rights activist
*[[Marie-Antoinette Katoto]], footballer
*[[Eliaquim Mangala]], footballer
*[[Abdoulaye Méïté]], footballer
*[[Claude Mérelle]], actress
*[[Samuel Nadeau]], basketball player
*[[Alexandre Postel]] (born 1982), writer
*[[Steven Nzonzi]], footballer
*[[Denise Roger]], composer
*[[Kevin Thalien]], basketball player
*[[Élodie Thomis]], footballer 
*[[Axel Tony]], singer
*[[Jonathan Toto]], footballer 
*[[Eddy Viator]], footballer
*[[Rama Yade]], politician, moved into a council flat in Colombes with her mother and three sisters at the age of fourteen.<ref name="independent">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/rama-yade-the-political-star-whos-eclipsing-sarko-1668272.html Rama Yade: The political star who's eclipsing Sarko], ''[[The Independent]]'', 14 April 2009</ref>
*[[Pierpoljak]], reggae singer

==Sport==
The stadium was built in 1907. Officially named the [[Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir]], the Olympic Stadium of Colombes was the site of the opening ceremony and several events of the [[1924 Summer Olympics]]. The arena's capacity was increased to 60,000 for the [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]] [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].  The stadium lost its importance after the restoration in 1972 of Paris' 49,000-seat [[Parc des Princes]].  In the 1990s, three of the four grandstands were torn down due to decay and the stadium's capacity was down to 7,000; later renovations have brought the current capacity to 14,000.

Through November 2017, it had been home to the [[Racing 92]] rugby club, currently playing in France's [[Top 14]], but Racing has since moved to the new [[U Arena]] in [[Nanterre]]. The [[RCF Paris]] football club, which plays in the fourth division, remains at Yves-du-Manoir. The stadium was the field hockey venue at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]].

==Twin towns==
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Frankenthal]], [[Germany]] since 1958
*{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Legnano]], [[Italy]] since 1964<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ilgiorno.it/legnano/attentati-parigi-1.1484729 | title=Attentati terroristici a Parigi: Bandiere a lutto a Legnano | date=14 November 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Colombes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000229162809/http://www.mairie-colombes.fr/ Official website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.multicollection.fr/ Colombes in postal card] (Colombes philatelic society)
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20041210040257/http://stades.mythiques.9online.fr/Colombes.htm History of the Olympic Stadium]
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/europe/story/0,11363,1115657,00.html Article:] ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'' stadium reprieved

{{Paris Metropolitan Area}}
{{Hauts-de-Seine communes}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Communes of Hauts-de-Seine]]
[[Category:Cities in Île-de-France]]