Editing Column 88

{{short description|British neo-Nazi paramilitary organisation}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}'''Column 88''' was a [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] [[paramilitary]] organisation based in the [[United Kingdom]]. It was formed in the early 1970s, and disbanded in the early 1980s. The members of Column 88 undertook military training under the supervision of a former [[Royal Marine]] Commando, and also held regular gatherings attended by neo-Nazis from all over Europe. The name is code: the eighth letter of the alphabet 'HH' represents the Nazi greeting '[[Hitler salute|Heil Hitler]]'. Journalist [[Martin Walker (reporter)|Martin Walker]] described Column 88 as a "shadow [[paramilitary]] Nazi group".<ref>Martin Walker, ''The National Front'', Fontana, 1977, {{ISBN|0-00-634824-6}}, p. 186</ref>

==Formation==
A secret [[Nazism|Nazi]] underground group, the origins of Column 88 have been given as early as 1945.<ref name="Org">Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley, ''Encyclopedia of British and Irish political organisations: parties, groups and movements of the 20th century'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000, p. 181</ref> Indeed, [[Gerry Gable]] has claimed that [[Colin Jordan]] was sworn in as a member of this secret society as a nineteen-year-old.<ref>[[Gerry Gable]], 'The Far Right in Contemporary Britain', Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, Michalina Ferguson, ''Neo-Fascism in Europe'', Longman, 1991, p. 247</ref> According to historian Richard Thurlow, Column 88 took their name from a group of [[Austria]]ns who set up an underground group of this name in 1934 when the Austrian government banned the [[Nazi Party]].<ref>Richard Thurlow, ''Fascism in Britain A History, 1918-1985'', Basil Blackwell, 1987, p. 267</ref>

Open activity, however, did not start until 1970 when it took charge of elements of the National Socialist Group, a secret paramilitary grouping associated with the [[British Movement]].<ref name="Org"/> The founders of this more organised group had been followers of Colin Jordan, who had become disillusioned with their former leader after he began to moderate his public utterances in the wake of the [[Race Relations Act 1965|1965]] and [[Race Relations Act 1968|1968 Race Relations Acts]].<ref>Thurlow, ''Fascism in Britain A History, 1918-1985'', p. 277</ref> One of their major critiques of Jordan was his decision two years earlier to disband the [[National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)|National Socialist Movement]] in order to establish the British Movement, an action which they interpreted as a retreat from Nazism.<ref name="Org"/>

According to one report, "Column 88, was connected with the [[Operation_Gladio|Gladio]] networks. These networks were set up after the Second World War, with the support of the US Central Intelligence Agency, by a number of powers, both within and outside NATO as anti-communist resistance bodies".<ref>Luciano Cheles (Editor). ''The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe.'' Longman Publishing Group; 2nd edition, 1995. p.258. {{ISBN|9780582238817}}</ref> According to another report, Major Ian Souter Clarence, a former Special Forces Officer, "helped set up Column 88 in the 1960s as the British section of Gladio".<ref>Martin Durham. ''Women and Fascism''. Taylor & Francis. 1998. p.63.  {{ISBN|978-0415122795}} </ref>

==Leadership==
The group's military commander was Major Ian Souter Clarence,<ref name="Org"/><ref>Gary Murray, ''Enemies of the State'' (Simon & Schuster Ltd) 1994</ref> who had served in the [[Black Watch]] during the [[Second World War]] before becoming active as a supporter of [[Arnold Leese]]. Stories about him stockpiling weapons had been known to [[MI5]] from as early as 1946.<ref>Graham Macklin, ''Very Deeply Dyed in Black - Sir Oswald Mosley and the Resurrection of British Fascism After 1945'', IB Tauris, 2007, p. 174</ref> He organised a number of camps to provide combat training to Column 88 members.<ref name="Harris"/> One such camp, held in November 1975 in conjunction with the [[League of St George]], was reported in the well known UK anti-fascist [[Searchlight magazine|''Searchlight'' magazine]] where those in attendance included Brian Baldwin, a prison officer from [[Manchester]], and Peter Marriner, the head of the British Movement in [[Birmingham]].<ref>[[Ray Hill (British activist)|Ray Hill]] & Andrew Bell, ''The Other Face of Terror - Inside Europe's Neo-Nazi Network'', Grafton Books, 1988, pp. 223-224</ref>
 
The overall leader however was Leslie Eric Lutz Vaughan, a veteran of the [[British National Party (1960)|British National Party]] and its paramilitary wing Spearhead.<ref name="Org"/> Vaughan was, according to [[Ray Hill (British activist)|Ray Hill]], close to [[Anthony Reed Herbert]] in a professional capacity (Herbert being a lawyer and Vaughan a private investigator) and the work Vaughan put Herbert's way ensured that Column 88 played a leading role in Herbert's [[British Democratic Party (1979)|British Democratic Party]].<ref>Hill & Bell, ''The Other Face of Terror'', p. 108-109</ref> Indeed, following a ''[[World in Action]]'' report in 1981 detailing British Democratic Party attempts at gun-running, Vaughan and Column 88 temporarily went into abeyance for fear of becoming implicated.<ref>Hill & Bell, ''The Other Face of Terror'', p. 224</ref> Other leading members included Joe Short, who had been involved in [[David Myatt]]'s National Democratic Freedom Movement,<ref>Barberis, McHugh, Tyldesley, ''Encyclopedia of British and Irish political organizations'', p. 186</ref> Graham Gillmore, a mercenary and NF member,<ref>Gable, 'The Far Right in Contemporary Britain', p. 254</ref> and David Myatt.<ref>Goodrick-Clark, N. (2001) p.223. ''Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity''. New York University Press</ref><ref>Michael, George. (2006) ''The Enemy of My Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right''. University Press of Kansas, p. 142ff.</ref><ref>Jeffrey Kaplan (ed.). ''David Wulstan Myatt''. In: ''Encyclopedia of White Power. A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right''. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA 2000, p. 216ff; p.514f</ref>

==Activities==
Members of other more open [[far-right]] movements were recruited into Column 88's ranks, with membership limited to those seen as the most extreme.<ref name="Org"/> Indeed, [[A.K. Chesterton]], who had established the [[National Front (United Kingdom)|National Front]], wrote in one of his final letters to [[John Tyndall (politician)|John Tyndall]] expressing his concerns that NF members were becoming involved in Column 88.<ref>Thurlow, ''Fascism in Britain A History, 1918-1985'', p. 258</ref>

In the late 1970s, the organisation allegedly carried out several bomb attacks on left-wing British organisations, including the [[Socialist Workers' Party (Britain)|Socialist Workers Party]], the [[Anti-Nazi League]] and the left-wing [[Housmans (bookshop)|Housmans]] bookshop, where the pacifist and anti-racist magazine ''[[Peace News]]'' was published.<ref>"Bomb Explodes At Peace News", ''Irish Times'', July 5th 1978, pg. 7</ref> Many suspected that this group were behind the arson attack that destroyed the [[Albany Theatre|Albany Empire]] in Deptford, south London in July 1978 during the [[Rock Against Racism]] campaign.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Other bomb attacks that it was reported to have carried out included those against targets as diverse as the homes of [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] members and [[transmission tower]]s whilst the group also claimed a series of arson attacks on [[Jewish]]-owned businesses.<ref name="Org"/>

Column 88 first came to public attention in 1975, when the regional British newspaper, the Western Daily Press, published accounts of Column 88 members training, in Savernake Forest, Wiltshire, with elements of the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]].<ref>''Western Daily Press'', 7/4/75, 29/4/75, 30/4/75</ref> This led to a question being asked, by a Member of Parliament, in the House of Commons,<ref>''Hansard'', 29 April 1976</ref> and to other reports in British newspapers, such as The Guardian.<ref name="Harris">Geoffrey Harris, ''The Dark Side of Europe  The Extreme Right Today'', Edinburgh University Press, 1994, p. 123</ref><ref>''The Guardian'', 19 April 1976</ref> The British anti-fascist magazine, ''Searchlight'', also published articles about Column 88 in May 1975, and May 1976.

Infiltration of the [[Army Cadet Force]] was also organised by Column 88.<ref>Paul Wilkinson, ''The New Fascists'', Pan Books, 1983, p. 122</ref> Column 88 was also said to have been involved in the establishment of a number of other far-right groups, including the exclusive [[League of St. George]] and the [[National Party (UK, 1976)|National Party]].<ref name="Org"/> National Party leader [[John Kingsley Read]] claimed that he received funds from Column 88 both for his own party and during his time as chairman of the National Front.<ref>Gable, 'The Far Right in Contemporary Britain', p. 248</ref> In 1983 Column 88 hit the headlines again when the press reported that Clarence had been "safe-housing" three [[Germany|German]] neo-Nazis terrorists Odfried Hepp, Ulrich Tillmann and Walter Kexel, who were wanted for bomb attacks on [[US Army]] bases in Germany.<ref>Macklin, ''Very Deeply Dyed in Black'', p. 175</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/true_spies/2381521.stm The spy left out in the cold], on the site of the BBC
*[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?perpetrator=3452 Incidents attributed to Column 88 by that START terrorism database]
{{UK far right}}

[[Category:Neo-Nazi organizations]]
[[Category:Espionage]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazi organisations in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:20th century in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1970s establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1990s disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Neo-fascist terrorism]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in the United Kingdom]]