Editing Comfort object

{{short description|Item used to provide psychological comfort}}
{{Lead too short|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

A '''comfort object''', more formally a '''transitional object''' or '''attachment object''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X20301354 |title=The origins and development of attachment object behavior |date=2021 |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ162717 |title=Providing Attachment Objects to Facilitate Learning and Reduce Distress: Effects of Mothers and Security Blankets |date=1977 |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref> is an item used to provide [[psychology|psychological]] comfort, especially in unusual or unique situations, or at bedtime for [[children]]. Among toddlers, a comfort object often takes the form of a [[blanket]] (called a '''security blanket''') or a [[Stuffed toy|stuffed animal]], [[doll]] or other toy, and may be referred to by a nickname such as blankie.

Comfort objects are said to enable children to gain independence and research indicates that these objects have positive effects on children by reducing [[anxiety]] in later life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zion.Tankard |date=2019-02-06 |title=Comfort Objects and Attachment Parenting |url=https://llli.org/comfort-objects-and-attachment-parenting/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=La Leche League International |language=en-US}}</ref>

== In child psychology ==
[[File:Objet transitionnel.svg|thumb|250px|Legend: (a) mother, (b) child, (1) illusion, (2) transitional object]]

In human [[childhood development]], the term ''transitional object'' is normally used. It is something, usually a physical object, which takes the place of the [[Maternal bond|mother-child bond]]. Common examples include dolls, [[teddy bear]]s or blankets.

[[Donald Woods Winnicott]] introduced the concepts of ''transitional objects'' and ''transitional experience'' in reference to a particular developmental sequence. With "transition" Winnicott means an intermediate developmental phase between the psychic and external reality. In this "transitional space" we can find the "transitional object".

When the young child begins to separate the "me" from the "not-me" and evolves from complete dependence to a stage of relative independence, it uses transitional objects. Infants see themselves and the mother as a whole. In this phase the mother "brings the world" to the infant without delay which gives it a "moment of illusion", a belief that its own wish creates the object of its desire which brings with it a sense of satisfaction. Winnicott calls this [[Donald Winnicott#Subjective omnipotence|subjective omnipotence]]. Alongside the subjective omnipotence of a child, lies an [[Donald Winnicott#Objective reality|objective reality]], which constitutes the child's awareness of separateness between itself and desired objects. While the subjective omnipotence experience is one in which the child feels that its desires create satisfaction, the objective reality experience is one in which the child independently seeks out objects of desire.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}

Later on the child comes to realize that the mother is a separate entity, which tells the child that they have lost something. The child realizes that they are dependent on others, thus losing the idea that they are independent. This realization creates a difficult period and brings [[frustration]] and [[anxiety]] with it. The mother cannot always be there to "bring the world" to the baby, a realization which has a powerful, somewhat painful, but ultimately constructive impact on the child. Through fantasizing about the object of its wishes the child will find comfort. A transitional object can be used in this process. The transitional object is often the first "not me" possession that really belongs to the child. This could be a real object like a blanket or a teddy bear, but other "objects", such as a melody or a word, can fulfill this role as well. This object represents all components of "mothering", and it means that the child itself is able to create what it needs as well. It enables the child to have a fantasized bond with the mother when she gradually separates for increasingly longer periods of time. The transitional object is important at the time of going to sleep and as a defense against anxiety. In a study conducted in Brazil, children who used transitional objects were able to calm down and go to sleep more easily than children who did not use transitional objects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vercelli |first1=Ligia de Carvalho Abões |last2=Negrão |first2=Tatiane Peres Alves |date=2019-09-30 |title=Um olhar sobre o período de adaptação de crianças pequenas a um centro de educação infantil e o uso de objetos transicionais |url=https://periodicos.uninove.br/eccos/article/view/13320 |journal=EccoS – Revista Científica |language=pt |issue=50 |pages=13320 |doi=10.5585/eccos.n50.13320 |s2cid=214054742 |issn=1983-9278|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In a later stage of the development, the child no longer needs the transitional object. It is able to make a distinction between "me" and "not-me", keeping inside and outside apart and yet interrelated. This development leads to the use of illusion, symbols and objects later on in life.

[[File:Kid, teddy bear, hobby horse, bed Fortepan 14743.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Some bedtime comfort objects for the typical child in 1943]]

Winnicott related the concept of transitional object to a more general one, transitional phenomena, which he considered to be the basis of science, religion and all of culture. Transitional objects and phenomena, he said, are neither subjective nor objective but partake of both. In ''Mental Space'', Robert Young has provided an exposition of these concepts and has generalized their role into psychic phenomena in adult life.<ref>Young, R. M. (1994). Mental Space. London: Process Press. ch. 8</ref><ref>Young, R. M. (1989). "Transitional phenomena: production and consumption", in B. Richards, ed., Crises of the Self: Further Essays on Psychoanalysis and Politics. London: Free Association Books, pp. 57–72.</ref>

Research with children on this subject was performed at the [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]] by Richard H. Passman and his associates. Among other findings, they showed that security blankets are appropriately named – they actually do give security to those children attached to them. Along with other positive benefits, having a security blanket available can help children adapt to new situations, aid in their learning, and adjust to physicians' and clinical psychologists' evaluations.  Passman's research also points out that there is nothing abnormal about being attached to them.  In the United States, about 60% of children have at least some [[Attachment theory|attachment]] to a security object.
A bedtime toy is often used by children while going to sleep. It is typically a [[plush toy]] or something of that nature that [[child]]ren can cuddle up with while going to sleep. It is sometimes combined with a [[nightlight]].  Bedtime toys are typically of an animal, such as the common [[teddy bear]], or any other creature, such as a mythical creature or fictional character. The toy is often used for physical comfort, and most commonly psychological comfort for children with [[Separation anxiety disorder|separation anxiety]] and [[nyctophobia|a strong fear of the night]].

== Therapeutic use ==
[[Emergency vehicle]]s and police [[patrol car]]s are sometimes equipped with [[stuffed toy]]s, to be given to victims involved in car accidents or traumatic shock situations in order to provide them comfort.

Often charities will provide comfort objects such as blankets and quilts to survivors of disasters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crafthope.com/2011/05/security-blankets-for-tornado-survivors/ |title=Project 13 :: Security blankets for tornado survivors |access-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813114500/http://crafthope.com/2011/05/security-blankets-for-tornado-survivors/ |archive-date=13 August 2011  }}</ref>

After the [[September 11 attacks]], writes [[Marita Sturken]] in ''Tourists of History'', "the [[Oklahoma City National Memorial]] sent six hundred teddy bears and then the state of Oklahoma sent sixty thousand stuffed animals to New York, which were distributed to children in schools affected by 9/11, family support organizations, and New York fire stations."<ref>The recent history of such comfort objects, particularly teddy bears, as well a critique of their comfort-providing function can be found in Marita Sturken, ''Tourists of History: Memory, Kitsch, and Consumption from Oklahoma City to Ground Zero'' (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007), here p. 7.</ref>

=== Transitional Wearable Companion ===
Transitional Wearable Companion is an experimental, interactive, wearable, [[Zoomorphism|zoomorphic]] toy (e.g., ''[https://www.plusme-h2020.eu/ PlusMe]'') developed as a social motivator, during the therapy sessions of children with [[Autism spectrum|Autism Spectrum]] Disorders (ASD).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Özcan|first1=Beste|last2=Caligiore|first2=Daniele|last3=Sperati|first3=Valerio|last4=Moretta|first4=Tania|last5=Baldassarre|first5=Gianluca|date=2016-08-01|title=Transitional Wearable Companions: A Novel Concept of Soft Interactive Social Robots to Improve Social Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-016-0373-8|journal=International Journal of Social Robotics|language=en|volume=8|issue=4|pages=471–481|doi=10.1007/s12369-016-0373-8|s2cid=5713971|issn=1875-4805|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sperati|first1=Valerio|last2=Özcan|first2=Beste|last3=Romano|first3=Laura|last4=Scaffaro|first4=Simone|last5=Moretta|first5=Tania|last6=Turturo|first6=Giada|last7=Aliberti|first7=Maria Nicoletta|last8=Guidetti|first8=Vincenzo|last9=Baldassarre|first9=Gianluca|date=2019|title=Acceptability of the Transitional Wearable Companion "+me" in Typical Children: A Pilot Study|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|language=English|volume=10|page=125|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00125|issn=1664-1078|pmc=6375895|pmid=30800083|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sperati|first1=Valerio|last2=Özcan|first2=Beste|last3=Romano|first3=Laura|last4=Moretta|first4=Tania|last5=Scaffaro|first5=Simone|last6=Faedda|first6=Noemi|last7=Turturo|first7=Giada|last8=Fioriello|first8=Francesca|last9=Pelosi|first9=Simone|last10=Giovannone|first10=Federica|last11=Sogos|first11=Carla|date=2020|title=Acceptability of the Transitional Wearable Companion "+me" in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comparative Pilot Study|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|language=English|volume=11|page=951|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00951|issn=1664-1078|pmc=7270338|pmid=32547445|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Use by adults ==
Adults may also use comfort objects. Many adults consider the comfort that security blankets provide as essential to their mental and emotional well-being.<ref>[http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2010/10/13/do-you-still-have-a-security-blanket/ Do You Still Have a Security Blanket?] Dr. John Grohol, PsychCentral, 13 October 2010</ref> Additionally, according to a 2011 survey by [[Travelodge]], about 35 percent of British adults sleep with a [[teddy bear]].<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2012/02/21/35-percent-of-British-adults-sleep-with-bear/UPI-49791329806031/ 35 percent of British adults sleep with bear] United Press International, 21 February 2012</ref> In a 2008 study, the Sony [[AIBO]] robotic pet was found to decrease loneliness among elderly in nursing homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/study-dogs-robots-cheer-elderly|title=Study: Dogs, Robots Cheer Elderly|date=3 March 2008|publisher=Fox News|access-date=17 July 2009}}</ref>

The notion of a "comfort object" may be expanded to include representations of one's family, home, and culture. It is significant to the person and gives psychological strength and assistance by representing their emotional attachments. The object helps with one's [[capacity to be alone]].  These objects can include photographs, memorabilia, music records, and even artwork made with family members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fdu.edu/newspubs/magazine/09ws/objects.html|title=Objects of Affection: And the Students Who Won't Leave Home Without Them|website=www.fdu.edu|access-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> With the increase in movement away from home, and sometimes constant movement from one place to another for job opportunities or immigration, it is very common for people to carry these items with them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/parenting/sc-fam-no-goodbye-comfort-objects-1017-story.html|title=Is it OK to hold on to your childhood comfort object?|last=Ben-Moche|first=Erin|work=chicagotribune.com|access-date=16 November 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> People may look to these objects for emotional support during transitional periods, such as assimilating to a new area, or when experiencing [[Psychological trauma|trauma]] or a significant [[Grief|loss]].<ref name=":0" />

== Cross-cultural uses ==
Researchers have observed that the incidence of [[Attachment theory|attachment]] behavior toward inanimate objects differs depending on the culture in which the infant was raised. It is suggested that infants' attachment to inanimate objects would be less frequent in societies in which in an infant may spend most of the day in close contact with their mother.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Attachment and loss|last=Bowlby|first=John|date=1969|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465097166|location=New York|language=en|oclc=24186|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/separationanxiet00john}}</ref> In particular, in Western countries object attachments were indeed found to be common,<ref name="Fortuna">{{Cite journal|last1=Fortuna|first1=Keren|last2=Baor|first2=Liora|last3=Israel|first3=Salomon|last4=Abadi|first4=Adi|last5=Knafo|first5=Ariel|date=22 May 2014|title=Attachment to inanimate objects and early childcare: A twin study|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|pages=486|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00486|issn=1664-1078|pmc=4033092|pmid=24904499|doi-access=free}}</ref> with rates reaching as high as 60%.<ref name="Fortuna"/> In a study conducted by Michael Hong, it was found that around 50% of American children and only around 20% of Korean children developed an attachment to a blanket or an equivalent type of primary transitional objects.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Hong|first1=K. Michael|last2=Townes|first2=Brenda D.|date=1 December 1976|title=Infants' Attachment to Inanimate Objects: A Cross-Cultural Study|url=http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0002-7138(09)62260-3/abstract|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=49–61|doi=10.1016/S0002-7138(09)62260-3|pmid=1254847|issn=0890-8567|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A similar study by Renata Gaddini found that around 30% of urban Italian children and only 5% of rural Italian children developed attachments to comfort objects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gaddini|first1=Renata|last2=Gaddini|first2=Eugenio|date=1 April 1970|url=http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0002-7138(09)61842-2/abstract|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=347–365|doi=10.1016/S0002-7138(09)61842-2|pmid=5482392|issn=0002-7138|title=Transitional Objects and the Process of Individuation: A Study in Three Different Social Groups|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The interpretation of multiple studies suggests that child-rearing practices influence both the incidence of infants' attachment to inanimate objects and perhaps the choice of attachment objects.<ref name=":1" />

==Common objects==
Common comfort objects used by humans include: [[pacifier]]s; [[weighted blanket]]s; [[worry beads]]; and [[good luck charm]]s.
In Japan, pillows are commonly used by Japanese youth as "security objects".<ref>{{cite book |last=Galbraith |first=Patrick W. |title=[[The Otaku Encyclopedia|The Otaku Encyclopedia: An Insider's Guide to the Subculture of Cool Japan]] |year=2009| publisher=Kodansha International |location=Tokyo |isbn=9784770031013}}</ref> Using crib cards (notes) during exams can be considered a comfort object for students.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burns |first=Kathleen C. |date=January 2014 |title=Security Blanket or Crutch? Crib Card Usage Depends on Students' Abilities |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0098628313514181 |journal=Teaching of Psychology |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1177/0098628313514181 |s2cid=145513269 |issn=0098-6283|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The term ''security blanket'' was popularized in the ''[[Peanuts]]'' [[comic strip]] created by [[Charles M. Schulz]], who gave such a blanket to his character [[Linus van Pelt]]. Linus called it his "security and happiness blanket", in ''Good Grief, More Peanuts'' printed in 1956.<ref name="Security blanket">{{cite web|url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/security-blanket.html|title=Security blanket|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref> However, the concept of a comfort blanket existed prior to ''Peanuts''. In a November 1954 ''Review Report'' article, writer "Bev" wrote about her daughter: "Security blanket. My younger child is one year old. When she finds a fuzzy blanket or a fleecy coat, she presses her cheek against it and sucks her thumb." Since 1920, blankets which clipped onto sleeping infants to prevent them from rolling out of bed and keep the body covered were dubbed "security blanket fasteners".<ref name="Security blanket" />

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Comfort behavior in animals]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Abram, J. (1996). ''The Language of Winnicott: A Dictionary of Winnicott's Use of Words''. London: Karnac Books.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Dell'Orto | first1 = S | year = 2003 | title = W. D. Winnicott and the transitional object in infancy | journal = Pediatric Medicine Chirurgic | volume = 25 | issue = 2| pages = 106–112 | pmid = 12916436 }}
* Mitchell, S. A., Black, M. J. (1995). ''Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought''. New York: Basic Books.
* O'Halloran, Barbara Collopy (2002). ''Creature Comforts: People and Their Security Objects''. Photographed by Betty Udesen. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN|9780618118649}}.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Passman | first1 = R. H. | year = 1977 | title = Providing attachment objects to facilitate learning and reduce distress: The effects of mothers and security blankets | journal = Developmental Psychology | volume = 13 | pages = 25–28 | doi = 10.1037/0012-1649.13.1.25 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Passman | first1 = R. H. | last2 = Halonen | first2 = J. S. | year = 1979 | title = A developmental survey of young children's attachments to inanimate objects | journal = Journal of Genetic Psychology | volume = 134 | issue = 2| pages = 165–178 | doi = 10.1080/00221325.1979.10534051 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Passman | first1 = R. H. | last2 = Lautmann | first2 = L. A. | year = 1982 | title = Fathers', mothers', and security objects' effects on the responsiveness of young children during projective testing | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 50 | pages = 310–312 | doi = 10.1037/0022-006x.50.2.310 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Passman | first1 = R. H. | year = 1987 | title = Attachments to inanimate objects: Are children who have security blankets insecure? | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 55 | issue = 6| pages = 825–830 | doi = 10.1037/0022-006x.55.6.825 | pmid = 3320118 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Winnicott | first1 = D. W. | year = 1953 | title = Transitional objects and transitional phenomena – a study of the first not-me possession | journal = International Journal of Psycho-Analysis | volume = 34 | issue = 2| pages = 89–97 | pmid = 13061115 }}
* Winnicott, D. W. (1971). ''Playing and Reality''.  London: Routledge.
* Young, R. M. (1989). "[http://ww.psychoanalysis-and-therapy.com/human_nature/papers/paper27.doc Transitional phenomena: production and consumption]", in B. Richards, ed., ''Crises of the Self: Further Essays on Psychoanalysis and Politics''. London: Free Association Books. pp.&nbsp;57–72.
* Young, R. M. (1994).  Mental Space.  London: Process Press.

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Comfort object}}

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[[Category:Childhood]]
[[Category:Child development]]
[[Category:Object relations theory]]