Editing Common collared lizard

{{Short description|Species of reptile}}
{{Redirect|Mountain Boomer|the aplodontiid rodent also known by that name|Mountain Beaver}}
{{speciesbox
| name          = Common collared lizard
| image         = Common Collared Lizard.jpg
| image_caption = A male common collared lizard in <br>[[Taum Sauk Mountain State Park]], Missouri
| image2         = Crotaphytus collaris-female basking.jpg
| image2_caption = Female in [[Petrified Forest National Park]], [[Arizona]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Hammerson, G.A. |author-link=species:Geoffrey A. Hammerson |author2=Lavin, P. |author2-link=species:Pablo Antonio Lavin-Murcio |author3=Vazquez Díaz, J. |author3-link=species:Joel Vázquez-Díaz |author4=Quintero Díaz, G. |author4-link=species:Gustavo Ernesto Quintero-Díaz |author5=Gadsden, H. |author5-link=species:Hector Gadsden-Esparza |date=2007 |title=''Crotaphytus collaris'' |volume=2007 |page=e.T64007A12734318 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64007A12734318.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Crotaphytus
| species = collaris
| authority = ([[Thomas Say|Say]], 1823)
| synonyms = *''Agama collaris'' <small>Say, 1823</small>
*''Crotaphytus collaris'' <br><small>&mdash; [[John Edwards Holbrook|Holbrook]], 1842</small>
*''Leiosaurus collaris'' <br><small>&mdash; [[Auguste Duméril|A.H.A. Duméril]], 1856</small>
*''Crotaphytus collaris'' <br><small>&mdash; [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1885</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=RDB>{{cite web
 |title        = ''Crotaphytus collaris'' (Say, 1823)
 |work         = The Reptile Database
 |url          = http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Crotaphytus&species=collaris&search_param=%28%28taxon%3D%27Crotaphytidae%27%29%29
 |accessdate   = 2012-02-16
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20141008064859/http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Crotaphytus&species=collaris&search_param=%28%28taxon%3D%27Crotaphytidae%27%29%29
 |archive-date = 2014-10-08
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Collared Lizard near Hatch Point.jpg|thumb|A male common collared lizard (''Crotaphytus collaris'') near Hatch Point, Utah]]
The '''common collared lizard''' ('''''Crotaphytus collaris'''''), also [[Common name|commonly]] called '''eastern collared lizard''',<ref name=":0">[[Robert C. Stebbins|Stebbins RC]] (2003). ''A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition''. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. xiii + 533 pp. {{ISBN|0-395-98272-3}}. (''Crotaphytus collaris'', pp. 271-272 + Plate 27 + Map 85).</ref> '''Oklahoma collared lizard''', '''mountain boomer''', '''yellow-headed collared lizard''', and '''collared lizard''', is a North American [[species]] of [[lizard]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Crotaphytidae]]. The common name "collared lizard" comes from the lizard's distinct coloration, which includes bands of black around the neck and shoulders that look like a collar. Males can be very colorful, with blue green bodies, yellow stripes on the tail and back, and yellow orange throats. There are five recognized [[subspecies]].
[[File:Black-spotted_collared_lizard.jpg|thumb|Black-spotted collared lizard (''Crotaphytus collaris melanomaculatus'') at Phoenix Zoo.]]

== Etymology ==
The [[Subspecies|subspecific name]], ''baileyi'', is in honor of American mammalogist [[Vernon Orlando Bailey]].<ref>[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Crotaphytus collaris baileyi'', p. 14).</ref>

==Subspecies==
Five subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the [[nominotypical subspecies]].<ref name="RDB" />
*''[[Crotaphytus collaris auriceps]]'' {{small|[[Henry Sheldon Fitch|Fitch]] & [[Wilmer W. Tanner|W. Tanner]], 1951}} – yellow-headed collared lizard
*''[[Crotaphytus collaris baileyi]]'' {{small|[[Leonhard Stejneger|Stejneger]], 1890}} – western collared lizard
*''Crotaphytus collaris collaris'' {{small|([[Thomas Say|Say]], 1823)}} – eastern collared lizard
*''[[Crotaphytus collaris fuscus]]'' {{small|[[species:William Ingram|W. Ingram]] & W. Tanner, 1971}} – Chihuahuan collared lizard
*''[[Crotaphytus collaris melanomaculatus]]'' {{small|[[species:Ralph William Axtell|Axtell]] & [[Robert G. Webb|Webb]], 1995}} – black-spotted collared lizard

''[[Nota bene]]'': A [[Trinomen|trinomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a [[genus]] other than ''Crotaphytus''.

==Description==
''C. collaris'' can grow up to {{convert|8|-|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} in total length (including the tail), with a large head and powerful jaws. Males have a blue-green body with a light brown head. Females have a light brown head and body.
''C. collaris'' exhibit a wide range of physical characteristics, particularly in coloration and spotting patterns, and this phenotypic variability may be attributed to a combination of differences in population, social organizations, or habitat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baird|first1=Troy A.|last2=Fox|first2=Stanely [sic] F.|last3=McCoy|first3=J. Kelly|date=September 1997|title=Population differences in the roles of size and coloration in intra– and intersexual selection in the collared lizard, Crotaphytus collaris: influence of habitat and social organization|url=https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/8/5/506/200829|journal=Behavioral Ecology|volume=8|issue=5|pages=506–517|doi=10.1093/beheco/8.5.506|doi-access=free}}</ref> They are a [[Sexual dimorphism#Ornamentation and coloration|sexually dichromatic]] lizard species with the adult males being more vivid and colorful than the females. Male dorsal and head color tend to range from green to tan and yellow to orange respectively, while females, overall, possess more muted body pigmentations, varying from brown to gray. However, when reproductively active during breeding seasons, females undergo a rapid color change, in which faint orange spots on their heads increase in brightness; this orange spotting reaches a maximum during egg maturation but gradually fades again after expulsion from the female's oviduct as she lays her eggs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ferguson|first=Gary W.|date=1976|title=Color Change and Reproductive Cycling in Female Collared Lizards (''Crotaphytus collaris'')|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1443364|journal=Copeia|volume=1976|issue=3|pages=491–494|doi=10.2307/1443364|issn=0045-8511|jstor=1443364|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Both males and females have two distinct black bands around their neck, providing additional context to their name, the common collared lizards.

Similar to adult females, juveniles also exhibit dull body colorations compared to adult males, but a key distinction is that the young have pronounced, dark brown markings that eventually fade as they grow and mature.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Fitch|first1=Henry S.|author-link=Henry Sheldon Fitch|last2=Tanner|first2=Wilmer W.|author2-link=Wilmer W. Tanner|date=1951|title=Remarks concerning the Systematics of the Collared Lizard, (''Crotaphytus collaris''), with a Description of a New Subspecies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3626220|journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science|volume=54|issue=4|pages=548–559|doi=10.2307/3626220|issn=0022-8443|jstor=3626220|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Consequently, juvenile collared lizards lose this sharp cross-band pattern, and their features drastically change to resemble those of either adult males or females.<ref name=":1" />

Moderate in size, ''C. collaris'' have disproportionately large heads and long hind limbs. It can reach a length of 14 inches, including the tail, with males being larger than females. Hence, they are sexually dimorphic, and adult males exhibit larger and more muscular heads than females, which tend to vary in size. Used as a weapon during male combat, the head dimensions play a key role in determining dominance, territoriality, fitness, as well as mating success. In general, bigger heads are associated with greater jaw strength and thus, bite force.

== Bipedal locomotion ==
''C. collaris'' are able to run on their hind legs and can sprint at speeds of up to 24 kilometers per hour. This behavior is usually observed when trying to escape predators.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Husak|first1=Jerry F.|last2=Fox|first2=Stanley F.|date=2006|title=Field Use of Maximal Sprint Speed by Collared Lizards (''Crotaphytus collaris''): Compensation and Sexual Selection|journal=Evolution|volume=60|issue=9|pages=1888–1895|doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00532.x|jstor=4095428|pmid=17089973|s2cid=2024684|issn=0014-3820|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Like many other lizards, including the [[frilled lizard]] and [[Basiliscus basiliscus|basilisk]], the collared lizard can run on its hind legs, and is a relatively fast sprinter. Record speeds have been around {{convert|16|mph|km/h}}, much slower than the world record for lizards ({{convert|21.5|mph|km/h|abbr=on|disp=or}}) attained by the larger-bodied [[Costa Rica]]n [[Ctenosaura|spiny-tailed iguana]], ''[[Ctenosaura similis]]''.

==Geographic range and habitat==
''C. collaris'' is chiefly found in dry, open regions of [[Mexico]] and the south-central [[United States]] including [[Arizona]], [[Arkansas]], [[Colorado]], [[Kansas]], [[Missouri]], [[New Mexico]], [[Oklahoma]], and [[Texas]]. The full extent of its [[habitat]] in the United States ranges from the [[Ozark Mountains]] to Western Arizona.    

''C. collaris'' is distributed across the Southwestern United States and extend to Northern Mexico as well. Individuals occupy a range of different habitats from rocky desert landscapes to grasslands, but they often prefer to inhabit mountainous regions with high environmental temperatures for optimal thermoregulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Angert|first1=Amy L.|last2=Hutchison|first2=Delbert|last3=Glossip|first3=Danielle|last4=Losos|first4=Jonathan B.|date=2002|title=Microhabitat Use and Thermal Biology of the Collared Lizard (''Crotaphytus collaris collaris'') and the Fence Lizard (''Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus'') in Missouri Glades|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1565797|journal=Journal of Herpetology|volume=36|issue=1|pages=23–29|doi=10.2307/1565797|jstor=1565797|issn=0022-1511|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In addition, the hilly topography allows these keen and highly alert lizards to stay hidden between rocks, despite their flamboyant features, and look out for potential predators or territory intruders from the top of elevated platforms.

== Diet ==
As obligate carnivores, they consume insects and small vertebrates as their main diet.<ref name=":6" /> While they may occasionally ingest plant materials, it is not preferred. They feed on a variety of large insects, including crickets, grasshoppers, spiders, moths, beetles, and cicadas, along with other small lizards and even snakes.<ref name=":2" /> As plants do not provide enough nutrients for constant body weight maintenance, ''C. collaris'' cannot survive solely on an herbivorous diet.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Ruppert|first=Ron M.|date=1980-01-01|title=Comparative assimilation efficiencies of two lizards|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300962980800284|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology|language=en|volume=67|issue=3|pages=491–496|doi=10.1016/S0300-9629(80)80028-4|issn=0300-9629|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Their stomachs are too small to accommodate the amount of flowers, shrubs, herbs, etc. that would be needed to maintain a constant body weight.<ref name=":6" /> Thus, they are considered obligate carnivores, requiring nutrients from arthropods or other small reptiles. 

Diet can also vary depending on age, sex, as well as seasonal changes. In the case of younger lizards, they consume the same kinds of foods, specifically insect species, that adults do, but since younger lizards and adults differ in body size and weight, the amount of food intake tends to vary.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Best|first1=Troy L.|last2=Pfaffenberger|first2=Gary S.|date=1987|title=Age and Sexual Variation in the Diet of Collared Lizards (''Crotaphytus collaris'')|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3671473|journal=The Southwestern Naturalist|volume=32|issue=4|pages=415–426|doi=10.2307/3671473|jstor=3671473|issn=0038-4909|url-access=subscription}}</ref> On the other hand, male and female adults are similar in terms of their sizes and the amounts of food ingested but exhibit drastic differences in the kinds of foods that they eat.<ref name=":2" /> From an evolutionary standpoint, these sexual differences in diet may act to reduce intra-species competition for resources, whereby females and males do not need to fight for the same type of food.<ref name=":2" /> Moreover, changes in season can drastically affect their diets as well.

==Cultural impact==
The collared lizard is the [[state reptile]] of [[Oklahoma]], where it is known as the '''mountain boomer'''. The origin of the name "mountain boomer" is  not clear, but it may be traceable to settlers traveling west during the [[Gold Rush]]. One theory is that settlers mistook the sound of wind in canyons for the call of an animal in an area where the collared lizard was abundant. In reality, collared lizards are silent.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} 

==Behavior==

Collared lizards are diurnal;<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Macedonia|first1=Joseph M.|last2=Brandt|first2=Yoni|last3=Clark|first3=David L.|date=2002-09-01|title=Sexual dichromatism and differential conspicuousness in two populations of the common collared lizard (''Crotaphytus collaris'') from Utah and New Mexico, USA|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=77|issue=1|pages=67–85|doi=10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00092.x|s2cid=30673864 |issn=0024-4066|doi-access=free}}</ref> they are active during the day, and spend most of their time basking on top of elevated rocks or boulders. As a highly territorial species,<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Baird|first1=Troy A.|last2=Acree|first2=Mark A.|last3=Sloan|first3=Chris L.|date=1996|title=Age and Gender-Related Differences in the Social Behavior and Mating Success of Free-Living Collared Lizards, ''Crotaphytus collaris''|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1446849|journal=Copeia|volume=1996|issue=2|pages=336–347|doi=10.2307/1446849|jstor=1446849|issn=0045-8511|url-access=subscription}}</ref> they remain hyper-vigilant, scanning for predators or intruders, ready to sprint or fight when necessary. Generally, males are more active than females, as the former engage in more chase, fight, display, and courtship behaviors while the latter exhibit basking and foraging behaviors. The collared lizard in the wild has been the subject of a number of studies of [[sexual selection]]; in captivity if two males are placed in the same cage they will fight to the death. Females, on the other hand, do not demonstrate aggressive behaviors as frequently as males, experiencing less intra-species competition with other females.<ref name=":7" /> 

=== Social behavior ===
In an effort to monopolize as many female mates as they can, male ''C. collaris'' viciously defend their exclusive territories through aggression, patrolling activities, and displays.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Baird|first1=Troy A.|last2=Sloan|first2=Chris L.|last3=Timanus|first3=Dusti K.|date=2001|title=Intra- and Inter-seasonal Variation in the Socio-Spatial Behavior of Adult Male Collared Lizards, ''Crotaphytus collaris'' (Reptilia, Crotaphytidae)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2001.00628.x|journal=Ethology|language=en|volume=107|issue=1|pages=15–32|doi=10.1046/j.1439-0310.2001.00628.x|issn=1439-0310|url-access=subscription}}</ref> These territories provide ample resources and shelter the harem of females claimed and protected by the male territory owners. However, when agonistic interactions between male rivals escalate to violent fights, both lizards must expend substantial amounts of energy and risk getting seriously injured.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Baird|first1=Troy A.|last2=Curtis|first2=Jennifer L.|date=2010-07-01|title=Context-dependent acquisition of territories by male collared lizards: the role of mortality|journal=Behavioral Ecology|volume=21|issue=4|pages=753–758|doi=10.1093/beheco/arq049|issn=1045-2249|doi-access=free}}</ref> Thus, though males do actively exclude other males from territories, they do so without resorting to physical and unfavorable conflict. Instead, they partake in social displays, either at a distance or proximally from their competitors to advertise their superiority. Surprisingly, both types of social encounters, in which males perform push ups and compressions and elevations of the trunk with the dewlap extended,<ref name=":7" /> rarely lead to arduous and violent fights; rather, distant displays barely evoke a response while proximal confrontations may lead to chasing at most.<ref name=":3" />  

Furthermore, ''C. collaris'' territory owners exhibit differential behaviors in response to neighbors and strangers, in which residents reduce the cost of territorial defense by demonstrating less aggression for spatial neighbors.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Husak|first1=Jerry F|last2=Fox|first2=Stanley F|date=2003-02-01|title=Adult male collared lizards, ''Crotaphytus collaris'', increase aggression towards displaced neighbours|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347203920586|journal=Animal Behaviour|language=en|volume=65|issue=2|pages=391–396|doi=10.1006/anbe.2003.2058|issn=0003-3472|s2cid=53156904|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Thus, when nearby residents approach an owner's shared territorial boundaries, the owner will recognize this individual and only engage in aggressive behaviors, usually in the form of a costly fight, if a threat to its territory is perceived.<ref name=":4" /> However, in the case of a stranger, the owner will exhibit intense hostility towards the intruder without hesitation.<ref name=":4" /> In relation, male territorial behaviors also vary within the reproductive season, decreasing in June due to the higher prevalence of reproductively active females and instead, engaging in more courtship behaviors.<ref name=":8" /> This cost-benefit strategy demonstrates the complex social behaviors and decision making processes exhibited by the male collared lizards.

== Reproduction ==
The reproductive season starts in mid-March to early April and concludes in mid-July.<ref name=":8" /> Females and smaller individuals emerge first from hibernation with males following around two weeks later. Though lizards are considered mature and may breed following their first hibernation, those that are two years and older exhibit greater reproductive success due to their larger size.<ref name=":8" /> In late May, courtship occurs between adult males and females. Subsequently, mature females, typically two years and older, produce their first clutches and lay them in a burrow or under a rock about two weeks after copulation. They may then go on to produce second and sometimes even third clutches throughout June until mid-July. The eggs are incubated in a temperature dependent manner, and the incubation period may vary from 50 to 100 days. On average, clutch size can range from 4 to 6 eggs, but larger, older females can produce more. By August, adults begin to hibernate again, and juveniles do the same after hatching. The earliest of the clutches can hatch in mid-July and later ones follow until mid-October. Upon hatching, juveniles are fully developed and behave independently of their parents, as the ''C. collaris'' do not exhibit any parental care in offspring. 

=== Mating behavior and rituals===
''C. collaris'' are polygamous, which leads to intense territorial behaviors that include male to male competition for females partners.<ref name=":8" /> This triggers aggressive behaviors in males and induces fierce competition for mating. With regards to female selection of male mates, females not only prefer males who are bright and conspicuous in body coloration but also consider the resources such as food and territory that males may be able to provide in order to ensure reproductive success.<ref name=":8" /> Moreover, as males often must compete with other males for potential mates, their body and head size play a significant role in determining mating success.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Lappin|first1=A. Kristopher|last2=Husak|first2=Jerry F.|date=September 2005|title=Weapon Performance, Not Size, Determines Mating Success and Potential Reproductive Output in the Collared Lizard (''Crotaphytus collaris'')|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/432564|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=166|issue=3|pages=426–436|doi=10.1086/432564|issn=0003-0147|pmid=16224696|s2cid=34094246|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The variability in head size gives rise to differential jaw strength and bite force in males, which ultimately results in intra-species selection against smaller headed males.<ref name=":5" /> For example, if an instance of male-to-male conflict escalates into a violent fight between two males, the larger male with a substantial larger body mass and head size will overpower its weaker and smaller counterpart. Consequently, successful males may, more often than not, possess vibrant body coloration and patterns and may be bigger in size, specifically having larger head proportions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cabido|first1=Carlos|last2=Galán|first2=Pedro|last3=López|first3=Pilar|last4=Martín|first4=José|date=March–April 2009|title=Conspicuousness-dependent antipredatory behavior may counteract coloration differences in Iberian rock lizards|url=https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/20/2/362/219350|journal=Behavioral Ecology|volume=20|issue=2|pages=362–370|doi=10.1093/beheco/arn152|doi-access=free}}</ref>

During courtship rituals, a male or a female lizard approaches the opposite sex within 1 body length and subsequently engages in various behavioral patterns, which include either individual superimposing its limbs, torso, or tail over its partner, mounting the dorsum of the other lizard, males nudging females with their snouts or grasping them with their jaws, and mutual displays.<ref name=":3" /> These mutual displays involve a complex set of movements and behaviors, unique to each sex. Males flex their forearms up and down and extend their dewlaps while females also extend their dewlaps and raise the base of their tails to signal receptivity.<ref name=":3" /> Ultimately, at the end of this courting process, both sexes walk in circles, making sure to remain within 1 body length of one another throughout.<ref name=":3" />

=== Sex determination ===
''C. collaris'' sex is determined by chromosomes passed from the parents producing either a male or female. However, some research suggested that possible override of incubation temperatures could change the sex of the developing embryo. Though results have not concluded any sex change, the possibility is still looked in to.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Santoyo-Brito|first1=Enrique|last2=Anderson|first2=Matthew|last3=Fox|first3=Stanley|date=January 2017|title=Incubation Temperature Modifies Sex Ratio of Hatchlings in Collared Lizards, ''Crotaphytus collaris''|journal=Journal of Herpetology|volume=51|issue=2|pages=197-201|doi=10.1670/15-167}}
</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=160px>
File:Crotaphytus collaris, Eastern collared lizard, Tamaulipas.jpg|Eastern collared lizard (''Crotaphytus collaris melanomaculatus''), sub-adult photographed in situ, municipality of Miquihuana, [[Tamaulipas]], Mexico (19 September 2007)
File:Common_Collared_Lizard_at_Wichita_Mountains_National_Wildlife_Refuge_in_Oklahoma.JPG|Male collared lizard, with blue-green body and yellow-brown head, at the [[Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge]] near [[Lawton, Oklahoma|Lawton]], Oklahoma
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Crotaphytus collaris}}
{{Commons category|Crotaphytus collaris}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bonine |first1=K. E. |first2=T. |last2=Garland, Jr. |year=1999 |title=Sprint performance of phrynosomatid lizards, measured on a high-speed treadmill, correlates with hindlimb length |journal=Journal of Zoology |location=London |volume=248 |issue=2 |pages=255–265 |url=http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/BonGar99.pdf |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01201.x |access-date=2007-09-17 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016131245/http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/BonGar99.pdf |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite journal |last=Garland, Jr. |first=T. |year=1984 |title=Physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a lizard: an allometric approach |journal=American Journal of Physiology |volume=247 |issue=Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 16 |pages=R806–R815 |doi=10.1152/ajpregu.1984.247.5.R806 |pmid=6238543 |url=http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/Garl1984.pdf }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Husak |first1=J. F. |first2=S. F. |last2=Fox |year=2006 |title=Field use of maximal sprint speed by collared lizards (''Crotaphytus collaris''): compensation and sexual selection |journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |volume=60 |issue= 9|pages=1888–1895 |doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00532.x |pmid=17089973 |s2cid=2024684 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Husak |first1=J. F. |last2=Fox |first2=S. F. |last3=Lovern |first3=M. B. |last4=Van Den Bussche |first4=R. A. |year=2006 |title=Faster lizards sire more offspring: sexual selection on whole-animal performance |journal=Evolution |volume=60 |issue= 10|pages=2122–2130 |doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01849.x |pmid=17133868 |s2cid=23623265 |doi-access= }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Lappin |first1=A. K. |first2=Y. |last2=Brandt |first3=J. F. |last3=Husak |first4=J. M. |last4=Macedonia |first5=D. J. |last5=Kemp |year=2005 |title=Gaping displays reveal and amplify a mechanically based index of weapon performance |journal=American Naturalist |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=100–113 |jstor=3844679 |doi=10.1086/505161 |pmid=16874617|s2cid=4823496 |url=http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/services/Download/mq:9215/DS01 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last=Snyder |first=R. C. |year=1962 |title=Adaptations for bipedal locomotion of lizards |journal=American Zoology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=191–203 |doi=10.1093/icb/2.2.191 |doi-access= }}

==Further reading==
*[[species:Ralph William Axtell|Axtell RW]], [[Robert G. Webb|Webb RG]] (1995). "Two new ''Crotaphytus'' from southern Coahuila and the adjacent states of east-central Mexico". ''Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences'' '''16''' (2): 1–15. (''Crotaphytus collaris melanomaculatus'', new subspecies).
*{{cite book |last=Drake |first=E. C. |year=1999 |title=Information on the Collared Lizard }}
*[[Henry Sheldon Fitch|Fitch HS]], [[Wilmer W. Tanner|Tanner WW]] (1951). "Remarks Concerning the Systematics of the Collared Lizard, (''Crotaphytus collaris''), with a Description of a New Subspecies". ''Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science'' '''54''' (4): 548–559. (''Crotaphytus collaris auriceps'', new subspecies).
*[[species:William Ingram|Ingram W]], [[Wilmer W. Tanner|Tanner WW]] (1971). "A taxonomic study of ''Crotaphytus collaris'' between the Rio Grande and Colorado Rivers". ''Brigham Young University Science Bulletin'' '''13''' (2): 1–29. (''Crotaphytus collaris fuscus'', new subspecies).
*[[Robert Powell (herpetologist)|Powell R]], [[Roger Conant (herpetologist)|Conant R]], [[Joseph T. Collins|Collins JT]] (2016). ''Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition''. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. {{ISBN|978-0-544-12997-9}}. (''Crotaphytus collaris'', pp. 276–277, Figure 132 + Plate 24).
*[[Thomas Say|Say T]] (1823). '''''In'':''' [[Edwin James (scientist)|James E]] (1823). ''Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, Performed in the Years 1819 and '20, by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, Sec'y of War: Under the Command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the Notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other Gentlemen of the Exploring Party. Vol. II.'' Philadelphia: H.C. Carey and I. Lea. 442 pp. (''Agama collaris'', new species, p. 252).
*[[Hobart Muir Smith|Smith HM]], [[species:Edmund Darrell Brodie Jr.|Brodie ED Jr]] (1982). ''Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification''. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. {{ISBN|0-307-13666-3}} (paperback), {{ISBN|0-307-47009-1}} (hardcover). (''Crotaphytus collaris'', pp. 106–107).
*[[Leonhard Stejneger|Stejneger L]] (1890). "Annotated List of Reptiles and Batrachians Collected by Dr. C. Hart Merriam and Vernon Bailey on the San Francisco Mountain Plateau and Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona, with Descriptions of New Species". ''North American Fauna'' (3): 103–118. (''Crotaphytus baileyi'', new species, pp. 103–105 + Plate XII, figure 1).).


{{Taxonbar|from=Q912320}}

[[Category:Crotaphytus]]
[[Category:Reptiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Mexico]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1823]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas Say]]
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