Editing Common marmoset

{{Short description|Species of New World monkey}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Common marmoset<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=131|id=12100197}}</ref><ref name=SAP>{{cite book |vauthors=Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA|name-list-style=amp |title = South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation | chapter = The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini) | publisher = Springer |veditors=Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, [[Karen B. Strier|Strier KB]] | isbn = 978-0-387-78704-6 |pages=23–54 |year = 2009}}</ref>
| image = Weißbüschelaffe (Callithrix jacchus).jpg
| image_caption = Common marmoset at Aquazoo-Löbbecke-Museum, [[Düsseldorf]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Valença-Montenegro, M.M. |author2=Bezerra, B.M. |author3=Ruiz-Miranda, C.R. |author4=Pereira, D.G. |author5=Miranda, J.M.D. |author6=Bicca-Marques, J.C. |author7=Oliveira, L. |author8=da Cruz, M.A.O.M. |author9=Valle, R.R. |author10=Mittermeier, R.A. |date=2021 |title=''Callithrix jacchus'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T41518A191705043 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41518A191705043.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Callithrix
| species = jacchus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Linnaeus|first=Carl|title=Systema naturæ. Regnum animale.|year=1758|pages=27, 28|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/37/mode/1up|edition=10th|access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref>
| range_map = Callithrix jacchus distribution.svg
| range_map_caption = Geographic range
| synonyms =
*''Hapale communis'' <small>South,&nbsp;1845</small>
*''Jacchus hapale'' <small>Gray, 1870</small>
*''Hapale leucotis'' <small>Lesson,&nbsp;1840</small>
*''Jacchus albicollis'' <small>Spix,&nbsp;1823</small>
*''Jacchus vulgaris rufus'' <small>Fischer,&nbsp;1829</small>
*''Jacchus vulgaris'' <small>Humboldt,&nbsp;1812</small>
*''Simia jacchus'' <small>Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758</small>
*''Simia (Sagoinus) jacchus moschatus'' <small>Kerr,&nbsp;1792</small>
}}

The '''common marmoset''' ('''''Callithrix jacchus'''''), also called '''white-tufted marmoset''' or '''white-tufted-ear marmoset''', is a [[New World monkey]]. It originally lived on the northeastern coast of [[Brazil]], in the states of [[Piauí]], [[Paraíba]], [[Ceará]], [[Rio Grande do Norte]], [[Pernambuco]], [[Alagoas]], and [[Bahia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Primates|series=All the World's Animals|editor-first=David|editor-last=Macdonald|publisher=Torstar Books|year=1985|isbn=978-0-920269-74-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/primates00newy/page/50 50]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/primates00newy/page/50}}</ref> Through release (both intentional and unintentional) of captive individuals, it has expanded its range since the 1920s to Southeast Brazil (its first sighting in the wild for [[Rio de Janeiro]] was in 1929), where it became an [[invasive species]], raising concerns about [[genetic pollution]] of similar species, such as the [[buffy-tufted marmoset]] (''Callithrix aurita''), and predation upon bird nestlings and eggs.<ref>{{cite web|title=BRA-88: Micos-estrelas dominam selva urbana carioca|first=Tulio Afflalo|last=Brandão|location=Rio de Janeiro|date=December 2006|language=Portuguese|url=http://biodiversityreporting.org/article.sub?docId=23835&c=Brazil&cRef=Brazil&year=2007&date=December%202006|access-date=10 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814185706/http://biodiversityreporting.org/article.sub?docId=23835&c=Brazil&cRef=Brazil&year=2007&date=December%202006|archive-date=14 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[whole genome sequence]] of a female common marmoset was published on 20 July 2014.<ref name=genome>{{cite journal|last1=Worley|first1=Kim C|last2=Warren|first2=Wesley C|last3=Rogers|first3=Jeffrey|last4=Locke|first4=Devin|last5=Muzny|first5=Donna M|last6=Mardis|first6=Elaine R|last7=Weinstock|first7=George M|last8=Tardif|first8=Suzette D|last9=Aagaard|first9=Kjersti M|last10=Archidiacono|first10=Nicoletta|last11=Rayan|first11=Nirmala Arul|last12=Batzer|first12=Mark A|last13=Beal|first13=Kathryn|last14=Brejova|first14=Brona|last15=Capozzi|first15=Oronzo|last16=Capuano|first16=Saverio B|last17=Casola|first17=Claudio|last18=Chandrabose|first18=Mimi M|last19=Cree|first19=Andrew|last20=Dao|first20=Marvin Diep|last21=de Jong|first21=Pieter J|last22=del Rosario|first22=Ricardo Cruz-Herrera|last23=Delehaunty|first23=Kim D|last24=Dinh|first24=Huyen H|last25=Eichler|first25=Evan E|last26=Fitzgerald|first26=Stephen|last27=Flicek|first27=Paul|last28=Fontenot|first28=Catherine C|last29=Fowler|first29=R Gerald|last30=Fronick|first30=Catrina|last31=Fulton|first31=Lucinda A|last32=Fulton|first32=Robert S|last33=Gabisi|first33=Ramatu Ayiesha|last34=Gerlach|first34=Daniel|last35=Graves|first35=Tina A|last36=Gunaratne|first36=Preethi H|last37=Hahn|first37=Matthew W|last38=Haig|first38=David|last39=Han|first39=Yi|last40=Harris|first40=R Alan|last41=Herrero|first41=Javier|last42=Hillier|first42=LaDeana W|last43=Hubley|first43=Robert|last44=Hughes|first44=Jennifer F|last45=Hume|first45=Jennifer|last46=Jhangiani|first46=Shalini N|last47=Jorde|first47=Lynn B|last48=Joshi|first48=Vandita|last49=Karakor|first49=Emre|last50=Konkel|first50=Miriam K|last51=Kosiol|first51=Carolin|last52=Kovar|first52=Christie L|last53=Kriventseva|first53=Evgenia V|last54=Lee|first54=Sandra L|last55=Lewis|first55=Lora R|last56=Liu|first56=Yih-shin|last57=Lopez|first57=John|last58=Lopez-Otin|first58=Carlos|last59=Lorente-Galdos|first59=Belen|last60=Mansfield|first60=Keith G|last61=Marques-Bonet|first61=Tomas|last62=Minx|first62=Patrick|last63=Misceo|first63=Doriana|last64=Moncrieff|first64=J Scott|last65=Morgan|first65=Margaret B|last66=Nazareth|first66=Lynne V|last67=Newsham|first67=Irene|last68=Nguyen|first68=Ngoc Bich|last69=Okwuonu|first69=Geoffrey O|last70=Prabhakar|first70=Shyam|last71=Perales|first71=Lora|last72=Pu|first72=Ling-Ling|last73=Puente|first73=Xose S|last74=Quesada|first74=Victor|last75=Ranck|first75=Megan C|last76=Raney|first76=Brian J|last77=Raveendran|first77=Muthuswamy|last78=Deiros|first78=David Rio|last79=Rocchi|first79=Mariano|last80=Rodriguez|first80=David|last81=Ross|first81=Corinna|last82=Ruffier|first82=Magali|last83=Ruiz|first83=San Juana|last84=Sajjadian|first84=Saba|last85=Santibanez|first85=Jireh|last86=Schrider|first86=Daniel R|last87=Searle|first87=Steve|last88=Skaletsky|first88=Helen|last89=Soibam|first89=Benjamin|last90=Smit|first90=Arian F A|last91=Tennakoon|first91=Jayantha B|last92=Tomaska|first92=Lubomir|last93=Ullmer|first93=Brygg|last94=Vejnar|first94=Charles E|last95=Ventura|first95=Mario|last96=Vilella|first96=Albert J|last97=Vinar|first97=Tomas|last98=Vogel|first98=Jan-Hinnerk|last99=Walker|first99=Jerilyn A|last100=Wang|first100=Qing|last101=Warner|first101=Crystal M|last102=Wildman|first102=Derek E|last103=Witherspoon|first103=David J|last104=Wright|first104=Rita A|last105=Wu|first105=Yuanqing|last106=Xiao|first106=Weimin|last107=Xing|first107=Jinchuan|last108=Zdobnov|first108=Evgeny M|last109=Zhu|first109=Baoli|last110=Gibbs|first110=Richard A|last111=Wilson|first111=Richard K |display-authors=3 |title=The common marmoset genome provides insight into primate biology and evolution |journal=Nat Genet |year=2014 |volume=46 |issue=8|doi=10.1038/ng.3042 |pages=850–857 |pmid=25038751 |pmc=4138798}}</ref> It became the first New World monkey to have its genome sequenced.<ref name=baylor>{{cite news|author=Baylor College of Medicine|title=Marmoset sequence sheds new light on primate biology and evolution|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140720204224.htm|access-date=21 July 2014|work=ScienceDaily}}</ref>

==Physical description and morphology==
[[File:Sahui-drawing.jpg|thumb|left|Drawing of a marmoset]]
Common marmosets are very small monkeys with relatively long tails. Males are slightly larger than females; males have an average height of {{convert|188|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} and females have an average height of {{convert|185|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}. Males weigh {{convert|256|g|oz|2|abbr=on}} on average and females weigh {{convert|236|g|oz|2|abbr=on}} on average.<ref name= "Rowe 1996">{{cite book |last=Rowe |first=N. |year=1996 |title=Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates |url=https://archive.org/details/pictorialguideto0000rowe |url-access=registration |location=East Hampton |publisher=Pogonias Press |isbn=978-0-9648825-0-8 }}</ref> The pelage of the marmoset is multicolored, being sprinkled with brown, grey, and yellow. It also has white ear tufts and the tail is banded. Its face has black across the nose-area skin and a white blaze on the forehead.<ref>Groves C. (2001) ''Primate taxonomy''. Washington DC: Smithsonian Inst Pr.</ref> The coats of infants are brown and yellow with the ear tuft developing later.

As with other members of the genus ''Callithrix'', the common marmosets have claw-like nails known as tegulae on most of their fingers. Only their [[hallux|halluces]] (big toes) have the flat nails or ungulae that most other primates have.<ref>Garber PA, Rosenberger AL, Norconk MA. (1996) "Marmoset misconceptions". In: Norconk MA, Rosenberger AL, Garber PA, editors. ''Adaptive radiations of neotropical primates''. New York: Plenum Pr. pp. 87–95.</ref> Marmosets have an arboreal locomotion similar to squirrels. They can hang onto trees vertically and leap between them, and run across branches quadrupedally.<ref name= "Rowe 1996"/><ref name= "Kinzey 1997">Kinzey WG. 1997. "Synopsis of New World primates (16 genera) ". In: Kinzey WG, editor. ''New world primates: ecology, evolution, and behavior''. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. pp. 169–324.</ref> Tegulae are an adaptation for this type of locomotion. Other ''Callithrix'' traits shared include enlarged, chisel-shaped incisors and [[cecum|ceca]] specialized for their diet.<ref name= "Rowe 1996"/>

==Range and ecology==
[[File:Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).jpg|thumb|left|The common marmoset has white tufted ears.]]
Common marmosets are native only to east-central Brazil. They have been introduced into other areas and live within the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires, Argentina.<ref>Rylands AB, Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA. 1993. "Systematics, geographic distribution, and some notes on the conservation status of the Callitrichidae". In: Rylands AB, editor. ''Marmosets and tamarins: systematics, behaviour, and ecology''. Oxford (England): Oxford Univ Pr. pp. 11–77.</ref> Marmosets can be found in a number of forest habitats. They live in Atlantic coastal forests as well as semideciduous forests farther inland. They can also inhabit savanna forests and riverine forests.<ref name= "Rylands 1993">Rylands AB, de Faria DS. (1993) "Habitats, feeding ecology, and home range size in the genus Callithrix". In: 'Rylands AB, editor. ''Marmosets and tamarins: systematics, behaviour, and ecology''. Oxford (England): Oxford Univ Pr. pp. 262–72.</ref> Marmosets are successful in dry secondary forests and [[edge effect|edge habitats]].<ref name= "Kinzey 1997"/>

===Diet===
The common marmoset's claw-like nails, incisor shape, and gut specialization reflect their unique diet, which is primarily made of plant [[exudate]]s and [[insect]]s. Common marmosets feed on gum, sap, latex, and resin.<ref name= "Kinzey 1997"/><ref name= "Rylands 1993"/> They use their nails to cling to the side of a tree, and with their long lower incisors, chew a hole in the tree.<ref name= "Ferrari 1989">{{cite journal | last1 = Ferrari | first1 = SF | last2 = Lopes Ferrari | first2 = MA | year = 1989 | title = A re-evaluation of the social organization of the Callitrichidae, with reference to the ecological differences between genera | journal = Folia Primatol | volume = 52 | issue = 3–4| pages = 132–47 | doi=10.1159/000156392| pmid = 2515129 }}</ref> The marmoset then licks up the exudates or swoops them with the teeth.<ref name= "Stevenson 1988">Stevenson MF, Rylands AB. (1988) "The marmosets, genus Callithrix". In: Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Coimbra-Filho AF, da Fonseca GAB, editors. ''Ecology and behavior of neotropical primates, Volume 2''. Washington DC: World Wildlife Fund. pp. 131–222.</ref> From 20 to 70% of the marmoset's feeding behavior includes eating exudates.<ref name= "Rowe 1996"/><ref name= "Ferrari 1989"/>

Exudates provide marmosets with a reliable food source in their seasonal habitat. They rely on these foods particularly between January and April, when fruit is not abundant. A marmoset may visit a tree hole multiple times, including those made by other animals. In addition to exudates, insects also prove an important food source for marmosets, making up 24-30% of their food. The small size of marmosets allows them to stalk and ambush them.<ref name= "Rylands 1993"/> Marmosets also eat fruits, seeds, flowers, fungi, nectar, snails, lizards, tree frogs, bird eggs, nestlings, and infant mammals.<ref name= "Stevenson 1988"/> Marmosets may compete for fruit with birds, such as [[parrots]] and [[toucan]]s, and with [[woolly opossum]]s.<ref name= "Stevenson 1988"/>

==Behavior==
===Social organization===
[[File:SAGUI-DE-TUFOS-BRANCOS.jpg|thumb|right|Two marmosets]]
Common marmosets live in stable [[extended families]], with only a few members allowed to breed.<ref name= "Digby 1995">{{cite journal | last1 = Digby | first1 = LJ | year = 1995 | title = Social organization in a wild population of Callithrix jacchus: II, Intragroup social behavior | journal = Primates | volume = 36 | issue = 3| pages = 361–75 | doi=10.1007/bf02382859| s2cid = 21445768 }}</ref><ref name= "Ferrari 1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Ferrari | first1 = SF | last2 = Digby | first2 = LJ | year = 1996 | title = Wild ''Callithrix'' group: stable extended families? | journal = Am J Primatol | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 19–27 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1996)38:1<19::aid-ajp3>3.3.co;2-f| pmid = 31914711 }}</ref> A marmoset group can contain as many as 15 members, but a more typical number is nine.<ref name= "Stevenson 1988"/> A marmoset family usually contains one or two breeding females, a breeding male, their offspring, and their adult relatives, be they their parents or siblings.<ref name= "Ferrari 1996"/> The females in a group tend to be closely related, and males less so. Males do not mate with breeding females to which they are related. Marmosets may leave their natal groups when they become adults, in contrast to other primate species, which leave at adolescence. Not much is known of the reasons marmosets leave their natal groups.<ref name= "Ferrari 1996"/> Family groups fuse into new groups when a breeding male dies.<ref name= "Lazaro 2001">{{cite journal | last1 = Lazaro-Perea | first1 = C | year = 2001 | title = Intergroup interactions in wild common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus: territorial defense and assessment of neighbours | journal = Anim Behav | volume = 62 | pages = 11–21 | doi=10.1006/anbe.2000.1726| s2cid = 53157937 }}</ref> Within the family groups, the breeding individuals tend to be more dominant. The breeding male and female tend to share dominance. Between two breeding females, though, one is more dominant. In addition, the subordinate female is usually the daughter of the dominant one. For the other members, social rank is based on age.<ref name="Digby 1995"/> Dominance is maintained though various behaviors, postures, and vocalizations, and subordinates groom their superiors.<ref name= "Digby 1995"/>

===Reproduction and parenting===
[[file:Callithrix jacchus-mother baby.jpg|thumb|right|Mother and babies at [[w:pt:Forte da Ponta da Vigia|Forte da Ponta da Vigia]], [[Brazil]]]]
Common marmosets have a complex mating system. They were thought to be monogamous, but both polygamy and polyandry have been observed.<ref name= "Digby 1995"/> Nevertheless, most matings are monogamous. Even in groups with two breeding females, the subordinate female often mates with males from other groups. Subordinate females usually do not give birth to fit offspring.<ref name= "Arruda 2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Arruda | first1 = MF | last2 = Araujo | first2 = A | last3 = Sousa | first3 = MBC | last4 = Albuquerque | first4 = FS | last5 = Albuquerque | first5 = ACSR | last6 = Yamamoto | first6 = ME | year = 2005 | title = Two breeding females within free-living groups may not always indicate polygyny: alternative subordinate female strategies in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) | journal = Folia Primatol | volume = 76 | issue = 1| pages = 10–20 | doi=10.1159/000082451| pmid = 15711070 | s2cid = 26930618 |display-authors=3}}</ref> Mating with extra-group males may allow the female to find potential mates in the future. Females that mate successfully but lose their young move to other groups and may gain dominant breeding positions.<ref name= "Arruda 2005"/>
[[File:White-tufted marmoset.jpg|thumb| Common marmoset found in a [[Pernambuco]] resort]]
The breeding individuals in a group need the other members to help raise their young. Thus, the pair behaviorally and physiologically suppresses the reproduction of the other members of the group.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baker | first1 = JV | last2 = Abbott | first2 = DH | last3 = Saltzman | first3 = W | year = 1999 | title = Social determinants of reproductive failure in male common marmosets housed with their natal family | journal = Anim Behav | volume = 58 | issue = 3| pages = 501–13 | doi=10.1006/anbe.1999.1200| pmid = 10479365 | s2cid = 2666384 }}</ref><ref name= "Saltzman 1997"/> Since these suppressed individuals are likely related to the breeding pair, they have an incentive to care for the young, as they share genes with them.<ref name= "Saltzman 1997">{{cite journal | last1 = Saltzman | first1 = W | last2 = Severin | first2 = JM | last3 = Schultz-Darken | first3 = NJ | last4 = Abbott | first4 = DH | year = 1997 | title = Behavioral and social correlates of escape from suppression of ovulation in female common marmosets with the natal family | journal = Am J Primatol | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–21 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)41:1<1::aid-ajp1>3.0.co;2-0| pmid = 9064194 | s2cid = 2019586 }}</ref> In addition, the presence of a related male affects female ovulation. Female ovulation does not occur when their fathers are around, but does occur when an unrelated male is nearby, instead. They also display aggressive behavior towards their mothers,<ref name= "Saltzman 1997"/> possibly to displace them.

When conditions are right for them to breed, adult females breed regularly for the rest of their lives. Females flick their tongues at males to solicit mating. The gestation period lasts for 5 months, and females are ready to breed again around 10 days after giving birth. Five months pass between each parturition, so they can give birth twice a year.<ref name= "Stevenson 1988"/> Marmosets commonly give birth to nonidentical twins. Because of this, females are under stress during pregnancy and lactation, and need help from the other members of the family.<ref name= "Kinzey 1997"/><ref name= "Stevenson 1988"/> Infant marmosets instinctively cling to their mother's back and do not voluntarily let go for the first two weeks. After that, they become very active and explore their environment.<ref name= "Stevenson 1988"/> The breeding male (likely the father) begins handling the twins, and all members of the family care for them.<ref name= "Yamamoto 1993">Yamamoto ME. (1993) From dependence to sexual maturity: the behavioural ontogeny of Callitrichidae". In: Rylands AB, editor. '' Marmosets and tamarins: systematics, behaviour, and ecology''. Oxford (England): Oxford Univ Pr. pp. 235–54.</ref> In the following weeks, the young spend less time on their mother's back and more time moving around and playing.<ref name= "Stevenson 1988"/> Infants are weaned at 3 months. At 5 months, they enter their juvenile stage, when they have more interactions with family members other than their parents, and rough play helps to establish their future status. Another set of infants may be born and the previous young carry and play with them.<ref name= "Yamamoto 1993"/> Marmosets become subadults between 9 and 14 months old, act like adults, and go through puberty. At 15 months, they reach adult size and are sexually mature, but cannot breed until they are dominant.<ref name= "Yamamoto 1993"/>

===Communication===
[[File:Weißbüschelaffen 2009 Hannover Zoo.jpg|thumb|right|Common marmoset at the [[Hanover Zoo|Erlebnis-Zoo Hannover]]]]
Common marmosets employ a number of vocal and visual communications. To signal alarm, aggression, and submission, marmosets use the "partially open mouth stare", "frown", and "slit-stare", respectively. To display fear or submission, marmosets flatten their ear tufts close to their heads.<ref name= "Stevenson 1988"/> Marmosets have two alarm calls - a series of repeating calls that get higher with each call, known as "staccatos", and short, trickling calls given either intermittently or repeatedly, called "tsiks". Marmoset alarm calls tend to be short and high-pitched.<ref name= "Lazaro 2001"/> Marmosets monitor and locate group members with vibrato-like, low-pitched, generic calls called "trills".<ref name="Jones 1997">Jones CB. (1997) "Quantitative analysis of marmoset vocal communication". In: Pryce C, Scott L, Schnell C, editors. ''Marmosets and tamarins in biological and biomedical research: proceedings of a workshop''. Salisbury (UK): DSSD Imagery. pp. 145–51.</ref> Marmosets also employ "phees", which are whistle-like, generic calls. These serve to attract mates, keep groups together, defend territories, and locate missing group members. Marmosets were recently found to encode the identity of the receiver in their phee calls<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oren |first=Guy |last2=Shapira |first2=Aner |last3=Lifshitz |first3=Reuven |last4=Vinepinsky |first4=Ehud |last5=Cohen |first5=Roni |last6=Fried |first6=Tomer |last7=Hadad |first7=Guy P. |last8=Omer |first8=David |date=2024-08-30 |title=Vocal labeling of others by nonhuman primates |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp3757 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=385 |issue=6712 |pages=996–1003 |doi=10.1126/science.adp3757 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> — a behavior similar to the human use of names, and one that has been observed in only a few species: humans, dolphins, and African elephants. Marmosets use scent glands on their chests and anogenital regions to mark objects. These are meant to communicate social and reproductive status.<ref name= "Stevenson 1988"/>

==Status==
The common marmoset remains an abundant species and is not currently threatened, but its habitat had been degraded at a fast rate, with around 67% of the [[Cerrado]] region cleared for human use in the 1990s and around 80% cleared for cultivation more recently.<ref>Cavalcanti RB, Joly CA. (2002) "Biodiversity and conservation priorities in the cerrado region". In: Oliveira PS, Marquis RJ, editors. ''The cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna''. New York: Columbia Univ Pr. pp. 351–67.</ref> In addition, marmosets are captured and traded as pets. Though popular as pets, they become difficult to control as they get older and may be abandoned or killed.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Duarte-Quiroga | first1 = A | last2 = Estrada | first2 = A | year = 2003 | title = Primates as pets in Mexico City: an assessment of the species involved, source of origin, and general aspects of treatment | journal = Am J Primatol | volume = 61 | issue = 2| pages = 53–60 | doi=10.1002/ajp.10108| pmid = 14582127 | s2cid = 32805990 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Common marmosets have also been used for medical experiments. They are used as such in Europe more so than in the United States, and are the most common nonhuman primates to be experimented on.<ref name= "Abbott 2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Abbott | first1 = DH | last2 = Barnett | first2 = DK | last3 = Colman | first3 = RJ | last4 = Yamamoto | first4 = ME | last5 = Schultz-Darken | first5 = NJ | display-authors = 3 | year = 2003 | title = Aspects of common marmoset basic biology and life history important for biomedical research | journal = Comp Med | volume = 53 | issue = 4| pages = 339–50 | pmid = 14524409 }}</ref> They are used as [[model organisms]] in areas of research such as [[teratology]], [[periodontal disease]], [[reproduction]], [[immunology]], [[endocrinology]], [[obesity]], and [[aging]].<ref name= "Abbott 2003"/><ref>Rylands AB. (1997) "The callitrichidae: a biological overview". In: Pryce C, Scott L, Schnell C, editors. ''Marmosets and tamarins in biological and biomedical research: proceedings of a workshop''. Salisbury (UK): DSSD Imagery. pp. 1–22.</ref>

== Genome ==
In 2014, a female became the first nonhuman primate, among the New World monkeys, to have its complete genome sequenced.<ref name=baylor/> The genome size is 2.26 Gbp, and contains 21,168 genes.<ref name=genome/> [[Segmental duplication]]s added a total of 138 Mb of nonredundant sequences (4.7% of the whole genome), slightly fewer than observed in humans<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Venter|first1=J. C.|title=The Sequence of the Human Genome|journal=Science|date=2001|volume=291|issue=5507|pages=1304–1351|doi=10.1126/science.1058040|pmid=11181995|bibcode=2001Sci...291.1304V |citeseerx=10.1.1.112.7735|s2cid=85981305}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=McPherson|first1=John D.|last2=Marra|first2=Marco|last3=Hillier|first3=LaDeana|last4=Waterston|first4=Robert H.|last5=Chinwalla|first5=Asif|last6=Wallis|first6=John|last7=Sekhon|first7=Mandeep|last8=Wylie|first8=Kristine|last9=Mardis|first9=Elaine R.|last10=Wilson|first10=Richard K.|last11=Fulton|first11=Robert|last12=Kucaba|first12=Tamara A.|last13=Wagner-McPherson|first13=Caryn|last14=Barbazuk|first14=William B.|last15=Gregory|first15=Simon G.|last16=Humphray|first16=Sean J.|last17=French|first17=Lisa|last18=Evans|first18=Richard S.|last19=Bethel|first19=Graeme|last20=Whittaker|first20=Adam|last21=Holden|first21=Jane L.|last22=McCann|first22=Owen T.|last23=Dunham|first23=Andrew|last24=Soderlund|first24=Carol|last25=Scott|first25=Carol E.|last26=Bentley|first26=David R.|last27=Schuler|first27=Gregory|last28=Chen|first28=Hsiu-Chuan|last29=Jang|first29=Wonhee|last30=Green|first30=Eric D.|last31=Idol|first31=Jacquelyn R.|last32=Maduro|first32=Valerie V. Braden|last33=Montgomery|first33=Kate T.|last34=Lee|first34=Eunice|last35=Miller|first35=Ashley|last36=Emerling|first36=Suzanne|last37=Kucherlapati|first37=Raju|last38=Gibbs|first38=Richard|last39=Scherer|first39=Steve|last40=Gorrell|first40=J. Harley|last41=Sodergren|first41=Erica|last42=Clerc-Blankenburg|first42=Kerstin|last43=Tabor|first43=Paul|last44=Naylor|first44=Susan|last45=Garcia|first45=Dawn|last46=de Jong|first46=Pieter J.|last47=Catanese|first47=Joseph J.|last48=Nowak|first48=Norma|last49=Osoegawa|first49=Kazutoyo|last50=Qin|first50=Shizhen|last51=Rowen|first51=Lee|last52=Madan|first52=Anuradha|last53=Dors|first53=Monica|last54=Hood|first54=Leroy|last55=Trask|first55=Barbara|last56=Friedman|first56=Cynthia|last57=Massa|first57=Hillary|last58=Cheung|first58=Vivian G.|last59=Kirsch|first59=Ilan R.|last60=Reid|first60=Thomas|last61=Yonescu|first61=Raluca|last62=Weissenbach|first62=Jean|last63=Bruls|first63=Thomas|last64=Heilig|first64=Roland|last65=Branscomb|first65=Elbert|last66=Olsen|first66=Anne|last67=Doggett|first67=Norman|last68=Cheng|first68=Jan-Fang|last69=Hawkins|first69=Trevor|last70=Myers|first70=Richard M.|last71=Shang|first71=Jin|last72=Ramirez|first72=Lucia|last73=Schmutz|first73=Jeremy|last74=Velasquez|first74=Olivia|last75=Dixon|first75=Kami|last76=Stone|first76=Nancy E.|last77=Cox|first77=David R.|last78=Haussler|first78=David|last79=Kent|first79=W. James|last80=Furey|first80=Terrence|last81=Rogic|first81=Sanja|last82=Kennedy|first82=Scot|last83=Jones|first83=Steven|last84=Rosenthal|first84=André|last85=Wen|first85=Gaiping|last86=Schilhabel|first86=Markus|last87=Gloeckner|first87=Gernot|last88=Nyakatura|first88=Gerald|last89=Siebert|first89=Reiner|last90=Schlegelberger|first90=Brigitte|last91=Korenberg|first91=Julie|last92=Chen|first92=Xiao-Ning|last93=Fujiyama|first93=Asao|last94=Hattori|first94=Masahira|last95=Toyoda|first95=Atsushi|last96=Yada|first96=Tetsushi|last97=Park|first97=Hong-Seok|last98=Sakaki|first98=Yoshiyuki|last99=Shimizu|first99=Nobuyoshi|last100=Asakawa|first100=Shuichi|last101=Kawasaki|first101=Kazuhiko|last102=Sasaki|first102=Takashi|last103=Shintani|first103=Ai|last104=Shimizu|first104=Atsushi|last105=Shibuya|first105=Kazunori|last106=Kudoh|first106=Jun|last107=Minoshima|first107=Shinsei|last108=Ramser|first108=Juliane|last109=Seranski|first109=Peter|last110=Hoff|first110=Celine|last111=Poustka|first111=Annemarie|last112=Reinhardt|first112=Richard|last113=Lehrach|first113=Hans |display-authors=3 |title=A physical map of the human genome |journal=Nature |date=2001 |volume=409 |issue=6822 |pages=934–941 |doi=10.1038/35057157 |pmid=11237014|doi-access=free}}</ref> or chimpanzees (about 5%),<ref>{{cite journal|author=The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium|title=Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome|journal=Nature|date=2005|volume=437|issue=7055|pages=69–87|doi=10.1038/nature04072|pmid=16136131|bibcode=2005Natur.437...69. |doi-access=free}}</ref> but more than in orangutans (3.8%).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Locke|first1=Devin P.|last2=Hillier|first2=LaDeana W.|last3=Warren|first3=Wesley C.|last4=Worley|first4=Kim C.|last5=Nazareth|first5=Lynne V.|last6=Muzny|first6=Donna M.|last7=Yang|first7=Shiaw-Pyng|last8=Wang|first8=Zhengyuan|last9=Chinwalla|first9=Asif T.|last10=Minx|first10=Pat|last11=Mitreva|first11=Makedonka|last12=Cook|first12=Lisa|last13=Delehaunty|first13=Kim D.|last14=Fronick|first14=Catrina|last15=Schmidt|first15=Heather|last16=Fulton|first16=Lucinda A.|last17=Fulton|first17=Robert S.|last18=Nelson|first18=Joanne O.|last19=Magrini|first19=Vincent|last20=Pohl|first20=Craig|last21=Graves|first21=Tina A.|last22=Markovic|first22=Chris|last23=Cree|first23=Andy|last24=Dinh|first24=Huyen H.|last25=Hume|first25=Jennifer|last26=Kovar|first26=Christie L.|last27=Fowler|first27=Gerald R.|last28=Lunter|first28=Gerton|last29=Meader|first29=Stephen|last30=Heger|first30=Andreas|last31=Ponting|first31=Chris P.|last32=Marques-Bonet|first32=Tomas|last33=Alkan|first33=Can|last34=Chen|first34=Lin|last35=Cheng|first35=Ze|last36=Kidd|first36=Jeffrey M.|last37=Eichler|first37=Evan E.|last38=White|first38=Simon|last39=Searle|first39=Stephen|last40=Vilella|first40=Albert J.|last41=Chen|first41=Yuan|last42=Flicek|first42=Paul|last43=Ma|first43=Jian|last44=Raney|first44=Brian|last45=Suh|first45=Bernard|last46=Burhans|first46=Richard|last47=Herrero|first47=Javier|last48=Haussler|first48=David|last49=Faria|first49=Rui|last50=Fernando|first50=Olga|last51=Darré|first51=Fleur|last52=Farré|first52=Domènec|last53=Gazave|first53=Elodie|last54=Oliva|first54=Meritxell|last55=Navarro|first55=Arcadi|last56=Roberto|first56=Roberta|last57=Capozzi|first57=Oronzo|last58=Archidiacono|first58=Nicoletta|last59=Valle|first59=Giuliano Della|last60=Purgato|first60=Stefania|last61=Rocchi|first61=Mariano|last62=Konkel|first62=Miriam K.|last63=Walker|first63=Jerilyn A.|last64=Ullmer|first64=Brygg|last65=Batzer|first65=Mark A.|last66=Smit|first66=Arian F. A.|last67=Hubley|first67=Robert|last68=Casola|first68=Claudio|last69=Schrider|first69=Daniel R.|last70=Hahn|first70=Matthew W.|last71=Quesada|first71=Victor|last72=Puente|first72=Xose S.|last73=Ordoñez|first73=Gonzalo R.|last74=López-Otín|first74=Carlos|last75=Vinar|first75=Tomas|last76=Brejova|first76=Brona|last77=Ratan|first77=Aakrosh|last78=Harris|first78=Robert S.|last79=Miller|first79=Webb|last80=Kosiol|first80=Carolin|last81=Lawson|first81=Heather A.|last82=Taliwal|first82=Vikas|last83=Martins|first83=André L.|last84=Siepel|first84=Adam|last85=RoyChoudhury|first85=Arindam|last86=Ma|first86=Xin|last87=Degenhardt|first87=Jeremiah|last88=Bustamante|first88=Carlos D.|last89=Gutenkunst|first89=Ryan N.|last90=Mailund|first90=Thomas|last91=Dutheil|first91=Julien Y.|last92=Hobolth|first92=Asger|last93=Schierup|first93=Mikkel H.|last94=Ryder|first94=Oliver A.|last95=Yoshinaga|first95=Yuko|last96=de Jong|first96=Pieter J.|last97=Weinstock|first97=George M.|last98=Rogers|first98=Jeffrey|last99=Mardis|first99=Elaine R.|last100=Gibbs|first100=Richard A.|last101=Wilson|first101=Richard K. |display-authors=3 |title=Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes |journal=Nature |date=2011 |volume=469 |issue=7331 |pages=529–533 |doi=10.1038/nature09687 |pmid=21270892 |pmc=3060778|bibcode=2011Natur.469..529L }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Callithrix (Callithrix) jacchus|Common Marmoset}}
* [http://www.marmosetcare.com/ Common Marmoset Care]
* {{cite web|title=Common marmoset: Callithrix jacchus|url=http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/common_marmoset|publisher=Primate Info Net|work=Primate Factsheets|first=Kristina Cawthon|last=Lang|date=2005-05-18|access-date=10 April 2009}}
* View the [http://www.ensembl.org/Callithrix_jacchus/Info/Index/ Marmoset genome] in [[Ensembl]].
* {{UCSC genomes|calJac3}}

{{Callitrichidae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q838947}}

[[Category:Callithrix|common marmoset]]
[[Category:Primates of Brazil]]
[[Category:Endemic mammals of Brazil]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758|common marmoset]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|common marmoset]]