Editing Common nightingale

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{redirect|Nightingale|other uses|Nightingale (disambiguation)}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Common nightingale
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2017 |title=''Luscinia megarhynchos'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T22709696A111760622 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22709696A111760622.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Luscinia megarhynchos - 01.jpg
| image2 = XN Luscinia megarhynchos 012.ogg
| image2_caption = Song
| genus = Luscinia
| species = megarhynchos
| authority = [[Christian Ludwig Brehm|Brehm]], 1831
| range_map = LusciniaMegarhynchosIUCN.svg
| range_map_caption = Range of ''L. megarhynchos''{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}}
}}

The '''common nightingale''', '''rufous nightingale''' or simply '''nightingale''' ('''''Luscinia megarhynchos'''''), is a small [[passerine]] [[bird]] which is best known for its powerful and beautiful [[Bird vocalization|song]]. It was formerly classed as a member of the [[Thrush (bird)|thrush]] family [[Turdidae]], but is now more generally considered to be an [[Old World flycatcher]], [[Muscicapidae]].<ref>George Sangster, Per Alström, Emma Forsmark, Urban Olsson. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/George_Sangster/publication/233731328_Sangster_et_al_2010_Muscicapidae_MPE/links/0fcfd50adde9823aa1000000.pdf Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57 (2010) 380–392</ref> It belongs to a group of more terrestrial species, often called [[Chat (bird)|chat]]s.

==Etymology==
"Nightingale" is derived from "night" and the [[Old English]] ''galan'', "to sing".<ref name=OED>{{ OED |Nightingale}}</ref><ref name=OEDgale>{{ OED |Gale}}</ref> The genus name ''Luscinia'' is  [[Latin]] for "nightingale" and ''megarhynchos'' is from  [[Ancient Greek]] ''megas'', "great" and ''rhunkhos'' "bill".<ref>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n233 233], 245}}</ref>

==Subspecies==
[[File:Luscinia megarhynchos, subspecies. Distribution map.png|thumb|left|Distribution map of subspecies]]
*'''Western nightingale''' (''L. m. megarhynchos'') – western Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor, wintering in tropical Africa
*'''Caucasian nightingale''' (''L. m. africana'') – the Caucasus and eastern Turkey to southwestern Iran and Iraq, wintering in East Africa
*'''Eastern nightingale''' (''L. m. golzii'') – the Aral Sea to Mongolia, wintering in coastal East Africa
{{Clear|left}}

==Description==
[[File:Luscinia megarhynchos Istria 01.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.65|Male]]
[[File:Luscinia megarhynchos MHNT 232 HdB Bouzareah Algérie.jpg|thumb|''Luscinia megarhynchos'']]
The common nightingale is slightly larger than the [[European robin]], at {{convert|15|-|16.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} length. It is plain brown above except for the reddish tail. It is buff to white below. The sexes are similar. The eastern [[subspecies]] (''L. m. golzi'') and the Caucasian subspecies (''L. m. africana'') have paler upper parts and a stronger face-pattern, including a pale [[supercilium]]. The song of the male nightingale<ref>British Library Sound Archive. [http://sounds.bl.uk/Environment/British-wildlife-recordings/022M-W1CDR0001378-0800V0 ''British wildlife recordings: Nightingale''], accessed 29 May 2013</ref> has been described as one of the most beautiful sounds in nature, inspiring [[Nightingale (Carole King song)|songs]], [[The Nightingale (fairy tale)|fairy tales]], [[The Nightingale (opera)|opera]], [[The Nightingale's Song|books]], and a great deal of poetry.<ref>Maxwell, Catherine. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eZ-6EzePy0cC&pg=PA26 "''The Female Sublime from Milton to Swinburne: Bearing Blindness''"], Manchester University Press, 2001, pp. 26–29 {{ISBN|0719057523}}</ref> However, historically most people were not aware that female nightingales do not sing.
[[File:Common Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) (W1CDR0001376 BD18).ogg|thumb|Song recorded in Devon, England]]

==Distribution and habitat==
It is a [[bird migration|migratory]] insectivorous species breeding in forest and scrub in [[Europe]] and the [[Palearctic]], and wintering in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. It is not found naturally in the [[Americas]]. The distribution is more southerly than the very closely related [[thrush nightingale]] ''Luscinia luscinia''. It nests on or near the ground in dense vegetation. Research in [[Germany]] found that favoured breeding [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]] of nightingales was defined by a number of [[geography|geographical]] factors.<ref name= Wink1973>{{in lang|de}} Wink, Michael (1973): " [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1967-79/28.%201973.pdf Die Verbreitung der Nachtigall (''Luscinia megarhynchos'') im Rheinland]". ''Charadrius'' '''9'''(2/3): 65-80. (PDF)</ref>
* less than {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[above mean sea level]]
* mean [[air temperature]] during the [[growing season]] above {{convert|14|°C|°F}}
* more than 20 days/year on which temperatures exceed {{convert|25|°C|°F}}
* annual [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] less than {{convert|750|mm}}
* [[aridity index]] lower than 0.35
* no closed [[Canopy (forest)|canopy]]
In the U.K., the bird is at the northern limit of its range which has contracted in recent years, placing it on the red list for conservation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/birdsofconservationconcern4_tcm9-410743.pdf|title=Themes from Birds of Conservation Concern 4|publisher=British Birds|access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref> Despite local efforts to safeguard its favoured coppice and scrub habitat, numbers fell by 53 percent between 1995 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bto.org/support-us/past-appeals/nightingale-appeal|title=Nightingale population fallen by 50% |publisher=British Trust for Ornithology |access-date=20 April 2014 }}</ref> A survey conducted by the British Trust for Ornithology in 2012 and 2013 recorded some 3,300 territories, with most of these clustered in a few counties in the southeast of England, notably Kent, Essex, Suffolk, and East and West Sussex.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bto.org/volunteer-surveys/nightingale-survey/latest-news|title=Nightingale survey latest news |date=9 May 2012 |publisher=British Trust for Ornithology |access-date=20 April 2014 }}</ref>

By contrast, the European breeding population is estimated at between 3.2 and 7 million pairs, giving it green conservation status ([[least concern]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob11040.htm|title=Birdfacts — British Trust for Ornithology |date=16 July 2010 |publisher=British Trust for Ornithology |access-date=20 April 2014 }}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
Common nightingales are so named because they frequently sing at night as well as during the day. The name has been used for more than 1,000 years, being highly recognisable even in its [[Old English]] form ''nihtegale'', which means "night songstress". Early writers assumed the female sang when it is in fact the male. The song is loud, with an impressive range of whistles, trills and gurgles. Its song is particularly noticeable at night because few other birds are singing. This is why its name includes "night" in several languages. Only unpaired males sing regularly at night, and nocturnal song probably serves to attract a mate. Singing at dawn, during the hour before sunrise, is assumed to be important in defending the bird's territory. Nightingales sing even more loudly in urban or near-urban environments, in order to overcome the background noise. The most characteristic feature of the song is a loud whistling crescendo that is absent from the song of its close relative, the [[thrush nightingale]] (Luscinia luscinia). It has a frog-like alarm call.

The bird is a host of the [[acanthocephala]]n intestinal parasite ''[[Apororhynchus silesiacus]]''.<ref name="Dimitrova">{{cite journal |last1=Dimitrova |first1=Z. M. |last2=Murai |first2=Éva |last3=Georgiev |first3=Boyko B. |s2cid=82191853 |date=1995 |title=The first record in Hungary of ''Apororhynchus silesiacus'' Okulewicz and Maruszewski, 1980 (Acanthocephala), with new data on its morphology |journal=Parasitologia Hungarica |volume=28 |pages=83–88}}</ref>

==Cultural connotations==
{{further|Birds in culture}}

The common nightingale is an important symbol for poets from a variety of ages, and has taken on a number of symbolic connotations. [[Homer]] evokes [[Aëdon]] the nightingale in ''[[Odyssey]]'', suggesting the myth of [[Philomela]] and [[Procne]] (one of whom, depending on the myth's version, is turned into a nightingale<ref>{{Citation |last=Salisbury |first=Joyce E.|author-link= Joyce E. Salisbury |title=Women in the ancient world |year=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-092-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HF0m3spOebcC&pg=PA276 |page=276}}</ref>).<ref>{{Citation | last=Chandler | first=Albert R. |  title=The Nightingale in Greek and Latin Poetry | journal=The Classical Journal | volume=XXX | pages=78–84 | year=1934 | jstor=3289944 | issue=2 | publisher=The Classical Association of the Middle West and South}}</ref> This myth is the focus of [[Sophocles]]'s tragedy, ''[[Tereus (Sophocles)|Tereus]]'', of which only fragments remain. [[Ovid]], too, in his ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', includes the most popular version of this myth, imitated and altered by later poets, including [[Chrétien de Troyes]], [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], [[John Gower]], and [[George Gascoigne]]. [[T. S. Eliot]]'s "[[The Waste Land]]" also evokes the common nightingale's song (and the myth of Philomela and Procne).<ref>{{Citation | first=T. S. | last=Eliot | year=1964 | title=The Waste Land and Other Poems | edition=Signet Classic | publisher=Penguin Group | location=New York, NY | pages=32–59 | isbn=978-0-451-52684-7}}</ref> Because of the violence associated with the myth, the nightingale's song was long interpreted as a lament.

The common nightingale has also been used as a symbol of poets or their poetry.<ref>{{Citation | last=Shippey | first=Thomas | title=Listening to the Nightingale | journal=Comparative Literature | volume=XXII | pages=46–60 | year=1970 | issue=1 | publisher=Duke University Press | jstor=1769299 | doi=10.2307/1769299 }}</ref> Poets chose the nightingale as a symbol because of its creative and seemingly spontaneous song. [[Aristophanes]]'s ''[[The Birds (play)|The Birds]]'' and [[Callimachus]] both evoke the bird's song as a form of poetry. [[Virgil]] compares the mourning of Orpheus to the "lament of the nightingale".<ref name="10.2307_449753">{{Citation | last=Doggett | first=Frank | title=Romanticism's Singing Bird | journal=SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 | volume=XIV | pages=547–561 | year=1974 | jstor=449753 | issue=4 | publisher=Rice University | doi=10.2307/449753 }}</ref>

In [[Sonnet 102]] Shakespeare compares his love poetry to the song of the common nightingale (Philomel):

::"Our love was new, and then but in the spring,
::When I was wont to greet it with my lays;
::As Philomel in summer's front doth sing,
::And stops his pipe in growth of riper days:"

During the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] era the bird's symbolism changed once more: poets viewed the nightingale not only as a poet in his own right, but as "master of a superior art that could inspire the human poet".<ref name="10.2307_449753"/> For some romantic poets, the nightingale even began to take on qualities of the muse. The nightingale has a long history with symbolic associations ranging from "creativity, the muse, nature's purity, and, in Western spiritual tradition, virtue and goodness."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Stuart|year=2012|title=The Object of Nightingales: Design Values for a Meaningful Material Culture|journal=Design and Culture|volume=4|issue=2|pages=149–170|doi=10.2752/175470812X13281948975459|s2cid=145281245}}</ref> Coleridge and Wordsworth saw the nightingale more as an instance of natural poetic creation: the nightingale became a voice of nature. [[John Keats]]' "[[Ode to a Nightingale]]" pictures the nightingale as an idealized poet who has achieved the poetry that Keats longs to write. Invoking a similar conception of the nightingale, [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]] wrote in his "A Defence of Poetry":<ref>{{Citation| first=Percy | last=Bysshe Shelley| year=1903| title=A Defense of Poetry| publisher=Ginn & Company| location=Boston, MA| page=11}}</ref>

::A poet is a nightingale who sits in darkness and sings to cheer its own solitude with sweet sounds; his auditors are as men entranced by the melody of an unseen musician, who feel that they are moved and softened, yet know not whence or why.

The nightingale is the [[national bird]] of [[Ukraine]]. One legend tells how nightingales once only lived in [[Indian subcontinent|India]], when one nightingale visited Ukraine. Hearing sad songs from the people, the nightingale sang its song to cheer them up. The people responded with happy songs, and since then, nightingales have visited Ukraine every [[spring (season)|spring]] to hear [[Music of Ukraine|Ukrainian songs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://proudofukraine.com/ukrainian-animal-and-bird-symbols/#Nightingale|title=Ukrainian animal and bird symbols|website=proudofukraine.com}}</ref> National poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] observed that "even the memory of the nightingale's song makes man happy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew7UAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Even+the+memory+of+the+nightingale's+song%22|title=The Ukrainian Review|date=24 September 1962|publisher=Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, Ltd.|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6JiAAAAMAAJ&q=nightingale+|title=Nikolai Gogol: Between Ukrainian and Russian Nationalism|first=Edyta M.|last=Bojanowska|date=24 September 2018|publisher=Harvard University Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780674022911}}</ref>

The nightingale is the official [[national bird]] of [[Iran]]. In medieval [[Persian literature]], the nightingale's enjoyable song made it a symbol of the lover who is eloquent, passionate, and doomed to love in vain.<ref name="A'lam2012">{{cite encyclopedia|last=A'lam|first=Hushang|title=BOLBOL "nightingale"|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|year=2012|volume=IV|pages=336–338|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bolbol-nightingale|access-date=2 July 2021|editor-first=Ehsan|editor-last=Yarshater|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York}}</ref> In Persian poetry, the object of the nightingale's affections is the [[rose]], which embodies both the perfection of earthly beauty and the arrogance of that perfection.

==Cultural depictions==
[[File:KOCIS_Korea_Changyeonggung_Morning_Gukak_20130817_01_(9558347741).jpg|thumb|right|''Dance of Spring Nightingale'' depicting movement of a nightingale, a solo Korean court dance]]
* The ''Aēdōn'' ({{langx|grc|Ἀηδών}}, "Nightingale") is a minor character in [[Aristophanes]]'s 414 BC [[Attic comedy]] ''[[The Birds (play)|The Birds]]''.
* [[Philomela]] is transformed into a nightingale, according to ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' (book VI) of [[Ovid]].
* The love of the nightingale (a conventional cultural substitution for the Persian [[bulbul]]) for the rose is widely used as a metaphor for the poet's love for the beloved and the worshiper's love for God in classical [[Persian literature|Persian]], [[Urdu literature|Urdu]] and [[Turkish literature|Turkish poetry]].<ref name=Diba2001>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Diba|first=Layla S.|title=Gol o bolbol|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|year=2001|volume=11|pages=52–57|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gol-o-bolbol|access-date=15 November 2013|editor-first=Ehsan|editor-last=Yarshater|editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York}}</ref>
* "[[The Owl and the Nightingale]]" (12th or 13th century) is a [[Middle English]] poem about an argument between these two birds.
* "[[When The Nightingale Sings]]" is a Middle English love poem, extolling the beauty and lost love of an unknown maiden.
* "[[Laüstic]]", a lai by French poet [[Marie de France]] from High Middle Ages (1100–1300) 
* [[John Milton]]'s sonnet "To the Nightingale" (1632–33) contrasts the symbolism of the nightingale as a bird for lovers, with the cuckoo as the bird that called when wives were unfaithful to (or "cuckolded") their husbands.
* [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]'s "[[The Nightingale: A Conversation Poem]]", printed in 1798, disputes the traditional idea that nightingales are connected to the idea of melancholy.
* [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 6]] (1808), the "Pastoral Symphony", includes in its second movement [[flute]] imitations of nightingale calls.
*A nightingale (called by its French name rossignol) features prominently in the French [[folk song]] [[À la claire fontaine]]
* [[Franz Liszt]]  featured the nightingale's song in the [[Mephisto Waltzes]] No. 1.
* [[John Keats]]'s "[[Ode to a Nightingale]]" (1819) was described by [[Edmund Clarence Stedman]] as "one of our shorter English lyrics that still seems to me&nbsp;... the nearest to perfection, the one I would surrender last of all"<ref>{{Citation | last = Stedman | first = Edmund C. | author-link = Edmund Clarence Stedman | title = Keats | journal = The Century | volume = XXVII | pages = 600 | year = 1884 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XLWqByOcRjwC&pg=PA600 }}</ref> and by [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]] as "one of the final masterpieces of human work in all time and for all ages".<ref>{{Citation | last = Swinburne | first = Algernon Charles | author-link = Algernon Charles Swinburne | year = 1886 | title = Miscellanies | pages = 221 | chapter = Keats | place = New York | publisher = Worthington Company | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UHsRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA211 | access-date = 2008-10-08}}. Reprinted from the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref>
* The beauty of the nightingale's song is a theme in [[Hans Christian Andersen]]'s story "[[The Nightingale (fairy tale)|The Nightingale]]" from 1843.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/vaerk/hersholt/TheNightingale_e.html|title=Hans Christian Andersen : The Nightingale|website=www.andersen.sdu.dk}}</ref>
* A recording of nightingale song is included, as directed by the score, in "The Pines of Janiculum", the third movement of [[Ottorino Respighi]]'s 1924 [[symphonic poem]] ''[[Pines of Rome]]'' (''{{lang|it|Pini di Roma}}'').
* [[Igor Stravinsky]] based his first opera, ''[[The Nightingale (opera)|The Nightingale]]'' (1914), on the Hans Christian Andersen story and later prepared a symphonic poem, ''[[The Song of the Nightingale]]'' (1917), using music from the opera.
* In 1915, [[Joseph Lamb (composer)|Joseph Lamb]] wrote a rag called "Ragtime Nightingale" that was intended to imitate the nightingale calls.<ref>[http://www.perfessorbill.com/pbmidi2.shtml#nightingale Ragtime Nightingale] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814021226/http://www.perfessorbill.com/pbmidi2.shtml |date=2010-08-14 }}</ref>
* "[[A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square (song)|A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square]]" (1939) was one of the most popular songs in Britain during World War II. In 2004, the song was featured in an episode of series 2 of the Channel 4 sitcom ''[[Peep Show (British TV series)|Peep Show]]'' and in 2019, it featured as the closing song of the Amazon/BBC miniseries ''[[Good Omens (miniseries)|Good Omens]]''.
**Both [[Terry Pratchett]] and [[Neil Gaiman]]'s novel ''[[Good Omens]]'' and the aforementioned miniseries adaptation joke that "while they were eating, for the first time ever, a nightingale (sang/actually did sing) in Berkeley Square. Nobody heard it over the noise of the traffic, but it was there, right enough."
* In the works of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], nightingales are closely associated with the characters [[Lúthien and Beren|Lúthien Tinúviel]] and her mother, [[Melian (Middle-earth)|Melian]].
* A nightingale is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of the Croatian 1 [[Croatian kuna|kuna]] coin, minted between 1993 and 2009.<ref>[http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/kovanice/e1kuna.htm?tsfsg=2f8fb802e4db3c45c05d9feb07991fe6 1 Kuna Coin] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622005600/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/kovanice/e1kuna.htm?tsfsg=2f8fb802e4db3c45c05d9feb07991fe6 |date=June 22, 2009 }}. – Retrieved on 31 March 2009.</ref><ref>[https://www.vecernji.hr/biznis/trgovci-zarade-2-milijuna-kn-godisnje-ne-vracajuci-1-lipu-1001205]</ref>
*Nightingale was an inspiration of the creation of a [[Korean dance|Korean court solo dance]] [[Chunaengjeon]] (춘앵전). The dance initially was performed by a female dancer of the court of [[Joseon Dynasty]], Mudong.
* In Chapter 13 of [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'', the monster compares Safie's singing voice to that of a "nightingale in the woods".
*[[Manfred Mann's Earth Band]]'s sixth album, 1975's ''[[Nightingales & Bombers]]'', took its title from a [[World War II]] naturalist's recording of a nightingale singing in a garden as warplanes flew overhead. The recording is featured in a song on the album.
*The song of the nightingale is one of the main elements in the 2019 single "[[Let Nature Sing]]".
*An operator in the mobile video game ''[[Arknights]]'' is named after it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arknights: Nightingale|url=https://gamepress.gg/arknights/operator/nightingale|website=Gamepress.gg|language=en}}</ref>

=== In the Baha'i Faith ===
The nightingale is used symbolically in the [[Baháʼí Faith|Baha'i Faith]] to represent the founder [[Baháʼu'lláh|Baha'u'llah]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bahá'í Reference Library - Gleanings From the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh, Pages 264-270|url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/GWB/gwb-125.html.utf8?query=nightingale&action=highlight#gr10|access-date=2021-01-21|website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Baha'is utilise this metaphor to convey how Baha'u'llah's writings are of beautiful quality, much like how the nightingale's singing is revered for its beautiful quality in Persian music and literature.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sweet essence of Iran|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/arts-culture/sweet-essence-of-iran-1.1336853|access-date=2021-01-21|website=gulfnews.com|date=22 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

Nightingales are mentioned in much of Baha'u'llah's works, including the [[Tablet of Ahmad (Arabic)|Tablet of Ahmad]], [[The Seven Valleys]], The [[Hidden Words]], and the untranslated Tablet of the Nightingale and the Owl.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote|Nightingales}}
{{Commons}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141202070005/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/329_NightingaleLmegarhynchos.pdf Ageing and sexing] (PDF; 3.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
*[https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Luscinia-megarhynchos Audio recordings] in the [[Xeno-canto]] repository
*[https://camargue.unibas.ch/en/research Nightingale song and behavioural ecology ]
*[https://ebird.org/species/comnig1 Nightingale videos, photos & sounds] on eBird
*[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/453345 Rose and nightingale in Persian art] 
*[[RSPB|Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] (British) Nightingale [https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/bird-a-z/nightingale Nightingale], Retrieved June 11, 2007.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q25393}}
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[[Category:Luscinia|common nightingale]]
[[Category:National symbols of Iran]]
[[Category:National symbols of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Birds of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Birds of Europe]]
[[Category:Wintering birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1831|common nightingale]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Christian Ludwig Brehm|common nightingale]]