Editing Common pochard

{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Common pochard
| image = Aythya ferina Sandwell 2.jpg
| image_caption = Male
| image2 = Aythya ferina (female), Krasnodar, Russia.jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = {{sfn|BirdLife International|2019}}
| genus = Aythya
| species = ferina
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| range_map = AythyaFerinaIUCNver2018 2.png
| range_map_caption = Range of ''A. ferina''{{leftlegend|#008000|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FF00|Resident|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}}
| synonyms = ''Anas ferina'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}<br />
''Anas rufa'' {{small|Gmelin&nbsp;1788}}<br />
''Aristonetta ferina'' {{small|(Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758)}}<br />
''Fuligula ferina'' {{small|(Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758)}}<br />
''Nyroca ferina'' {{small|(Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758)}}
}}

The '''common pochard'''{{sfn|Gill|Donsker|Rasmussen|2021}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɒ|tʃ|ər|d}}; '''''Aythya ferina'''''), known simply as '''pochard''' in the United Kingdom, is a medium-sized [[diving duck]] in the family [[Anatidae]]. It is widespread across the [[Palearctic]]. It breeds primarily in the [[steppe]] regions of [[Scandinavia]] and [[Siberia]], and winters further south and west.

== Taxonomy and systematics ==
Swedish taxonomist [[Carl Linnaeus]] first assigned a [[scientific name]] to the common pochard in the tenth edition of his landmark treatise [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|Systema Naturae]]; this was the first edition which included such names. He called the duck ''Anas ferina''.{{sfn|Linnaeus|1758|p=126}} In 1822, German zoologist [[Friedrich Boie]] created the genus ''[[Aythya]]'' for various [[Diving duck|diving ducks]], and moved the common pochard to that new genus.{{sfn|Boie|1822|p=564}} Uptake of ''Aythya'' as the genus for the common pochard was mixed for much of the next century, with some authors leaving the duck in the genus ''Anas'' or assigning it to various other now-defunct genera instead.{{sfn|Baird|Brewer|Ridgway|1884|p=28}} The common pochard is considered a [[superspecies]] with the [[canvasback]].{{sfn|Carboneras|1992|p=616}} In the past, the [[Redhead (bird)|redhead]] of North America was thought to be a subspecies,{{sfn|Baird|Brewer|Ridgway|1884|p=28}} but the common pochard is now agreed to be [[monotypic]], with no subspecies.{{sfn|Gill|Donsker|Rasmussen|2021}} It is known to have [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridised]] with [[tufted duck]] and [[ferruginous duck]] in captivity, and these known combinations resemble suspected hybrids seen in the wild, which may share the same parentage.{{sfn|Madge|Burn|1988|p=244}} Hybridisations with the [[red-crested pochard]] have also been reported.{{sfn|Randler|2008|p=144}}

The genus name ''Aythya'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] word ''aithuia'', an unidentified [[seabird]] mentioned by authors including [[Hesychius of Miletus|Hesychius]] and [[Aristotle]].{{sfn|Jobling|2010|p=64}} The [[species name]] is the [[Latin]] word ''ferina'', meaning "wild game" (derived from ''ferus'', meaning "wild").{{sfn|Jobling|2010|p=158}} The common name "pochard" was first applied to the duck in the mid-1500s; its origin and etymology is unknown.{{sfn|Lexico|2021|ref=Lexico}} It is also sometimes known as '''European pochard''', '''Eurasian pochard''', or (particularly in the UK) simply '''pochard'''.{{sfn|Madge|Burn|1988|p=246}}

== Description ==
The common pochard is a plump, medium-sized [[diving duck]], measuring {{convert|42|-|49|cm|abbr=on}} in length, with a wingspan of {{convert|72|-|82|cm|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|The Wildlife Trusts|2021|ref=The Wildlife Trusts}}{{sfn|Kear|2005|p=652}}{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=561}} It is stocky and short-tailed, with a sloping forehead and relatively long [[Beak|bill]]. Its weight (which has been reported only for winter birds) ranges from {{convert|467|to|1240|g|abbr=on}}. Males average larger and heavier than females.{{sfn|Kear|2005|p=652}} Like most ducks, it is [[sexually dimorphic]].{{sfn|Madge|Burn|1988|p=247}}

The male has a chestnut-coloured head and neck, a black breast and tail, and a pale grey body, marked with fine [[wiktionary|vermiculations]]. His [[Beak|bill]] is dark grey, with a wide blue-grey band across the middle. His [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]] is yellow-orange to red, growing brighter in the breeding season.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=561}}

The legs and feet are grey in both sexes and all ages. The female's iris is brown, sometimes tending towards yellowish-brown. The juvenile's iris is yellow-olive, but attains its adult colour during the first winter.{{sfn|Madge|Burn|1988|p=247}}

=== Voice ===
{{Birdsong|url=https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Aythya-ferina|species=the common pochard|image=Aythya ferina Sandwell 2.jpg}}The male is generally silent, though he may whistle softly as part of his courtship display. The female growls softly—a sound transcribed as ''krrr''—if she is flushed.{{sfn|Madge|Burn|1988|p=247}} The duckling has a short contact call of two to four notes. If distressed, its calls are higher and faster than are those of ''[[Anas]]'' ducklings of the same size and age.{{sfn|Kear|2005|p=652}}

=== Similar species ===
The male common pochard is quite similar to the male canvasback, but the latter has an all-dark bill. It is also similar to the redhead, but the latter has a yellow iris and a greyer back.{{sfn|Kear|2005|p=652}}

== Distribution and habitat ==
Their breeding habitat consists of [[Marsh|marshes]] and lakes with a metre or more water depth. Pochards breed in much of temperate and northern [[Europe]] and across the [[Palearctic]]. They are [[Bird migration|migratory]], and spend winter in the south and west of Europe.{{sfn|Madge|Burn|1988|p=248}}

In the [[British Isles]], birds breed in eastern [[England]] and lowland [[Scotland]], in small numbers in [[Northern Ireland]] with numbers increasing gradually, and sporadically in the [[Republic of Ireland]], where it may also be increasing. While uncommon, individuals are also occasionally seen in the south of England, and small populations are sometimes observed on the River Thames. Large numbers stay overwinter in [[Great Britain]], after the birds retreat from [[Russia]] and [[Scandinavia]].{{sfn|Madge|Burn|1988|p=248}}

Common pochards have been seen as [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrants]] in [[North America]], especially in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-18 |title=Report a Rare Bird |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118224253/http://www.narba.org/default.aspx/MenuItemID/104/MenuGroup/Home.htm |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> In [[South America]], a record of the species exists from [[Colombia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Schauensee |first=Rodolphe Meyer |date=1959 |title=Additions to the "Birds of the Republic of Colombia" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064506 |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |volume=111 |pages=53–75 |issn=0097-3157}}</ref>

== Ecology ==
These are gregarious birds; they form large flocks in winter, often mixing with other species of diving duck.{{sfn|Madge|Burn|1988|p=247}} They are strong fliers; in direct, flapping flight, they can reach speeds of {{convert|22|–|24|m/s|mph|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Henningsson|Johansson|Hedenström|2010|p=94}}

=== Food and feeding ===
Common pochards feed on plant material (including seeds), small fish, [[Mollusc|molluscs]], and other [[Aquatic invertebrate|aquatic invertebrates]].{{sfn|The Wildlife Trusts|2021|ref=The Wildlife Trusts}}{{sfn|RSPB|2021|ref=RSPB}} They feed primarily by diving to retrieve items from under the water's surface; however, they will also upend and dabble at items on the water's surface. They do most of their feeding at night.

They regularly forage in close association with [[Bewick's swan|Bewick's]] and [[Whooper swan|whooper swans]], two species that trample underwater sediment to excavate food. Studies have shown that this behaviour greatly increases the food intake rate of the pochards, as they glean food items that drift away from where the swans are trampling. This rate can be double what it would be if the birds were feeding on their own.{{sfn|Gyimesi|van Lith|Nolet|2012}}

=== Breeding ===
[[File:Aythya_ferina_MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.20.4.jpg|thumb|Eggs from the collection of the [[Museum of Toulouse]]]]
The female builds a [[Bird nest#platform|platform nest]] of plant material, with a shallow cup lined with [[Down feather|down feathers]] near its centre. This is placed either on the ground within {{convert|10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} of the water's edge or in the water with the platform rising above the water's surface. It is always located in dense cover. The female lays one egg daily until her [[Clutch (eggs)|clutch]]—typically 8–10 [[egg]]s—is complete. Only then does she begin [[Egg incubation|incubation]]. The eggs are greenish-grey and broadly oval, measuring {{convert|62|x|44|mm|abbr=on}} on average. They are incubated by the female and hatch synchronously after around 25 days. When off the nest the female will cover the eggs with down. The young are [[precocial]], [[nidifugous]] and can feed themselves. They fledge when aged 50–55 days.{{sfn|Cramp|1977|p=567}}

Like many ducks, common pochards suffer a high rate of parasitic egg-laying, a behaviour also known as egg dumping. Studies have shown that as many as 89% of nests in some areas contain one or more eggs not laid by the incubating female.{{sfn|Št́ovíček|Kreisinger|Javůrková|Albrecht|2013|p=369}}{{sfn|Petrzelkova|Klvana|Albrecht|Hořák|2013|p=103}} The percentage of parasitic eggs may reach as high as 37% of all eggs laid in some populations.{{sfn|Petrzelkova|Klvana|Albrecht|Hořák|2013|p=103}} There appears to be little cost to the incubating female for accepting eggs that are not her own, and indeed she will roll any egg left close to her nest into her clutch.{{sfn|Dugger|Blums|2001|p=717}}{{sfn|Hořák|Klvaňa|2009}} However, if the number of parasitic eggs exceeds six, she is twice as likely to abandon her nest.{{sfn|Dugger|Blums|2001|p=721}} Females sometimes lay their eggs in the nests of other duck species as well; red-crested pochards are unwitting hosts in some areas.{{sfn|Amat|1993|p=65}}

Levels of nest predation can be high, particularly for nests located in upland areas. Those located on islands, or over water (on artificial platforms) do significantly better, presumably because water deters at least some [[mammal]]ian predators.{{sfn|Albrecht|Hořák|Kreisinger|Weidinger|2006|p=788}} Nesting success depends on a number of factors, including the age of the female, her body mass, the date the nest was started, and the size of the clutch. Older, heavier birds are more successful than younger, lighter ones. Smaller, earlier-laid clutches are less likely to be abandoned than larger, later ones.{{sfn|Blums|Mednis|Clark|1997|p=919}}

== Conservation and threats ==
[[File:Common_Pochard_(Aythya_ferina)_(43770533960).jpg|thumb|Common pochards are strong fliers, capable of reaching speeds of {{convert|22|–|24|m/s|mph|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Henningsson|Johansson|Hedenström|2010|p=94}}]]
The common pochard is one of the species protected by the ''[[Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds]]'' (AEWA).{{sfn|AEWA|2018|p=21}} The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] rates the species as [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]]. Though it has a huge range and an extremely large population, there is evidence of precipitous declines in several regions. These reach somewhere in the range of 30–49 per cent over a 23-year period in Europe, for example.{{sfn|BirdLife International|2019}} In number of countries, its population is decreasing mainly due to the urbanization and transformation of the natural habitats, as well as due to overhunting.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170604070305/http://www.abcc-am.org/common-pochard.html Common Pochard (''Aythya ferina'') in Armenia.]}} 2017. In online publication: "The State of Breeding Birds of Armenia". TSE NGO, Armenian Bird Census Council. Retrieved on 10 October 2017.</ref> Introduced predators, such as the [[American mink]], have wreaked havoc on some populations. In Poland, for example, one studied population showed a 92 per cent decrease in the 30 years after mink first became established in the area.{{sfn|Brzeziński|Żmihorski|Nieoczym|Wilniewczyc|2020|p=144}} Birds, including [[carrion crow]]s and [[marsh harrier]]s are important nest predators.{{sfn|Albrecht|Hořák|Kreisinger|Weidinger|2006|p=789}}

A further threat to conservation efforts of this bird is that 75 official languages are spoken across the countries in which it is found, thus scientific knowledge is scattered across those different languages, and collaboration on conservation efforts is more difficult.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Pablo Jose|last1= Negret |first2=Scott C.|last2= Atkinson |first3=Bradley K.|last3= Woodworth |first4=Marina |last4=Corella Tor |first5=James R.|last5= Allan |first6=Richard A.|last6= Fuller |first7=Tatsuya |last7=Amano |doi=10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0267151 |id=Wikidata Q112271116 |issn=1932-6203 |issue=4 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |page=e0267151 |pmc=9020734 |pmid=35442973 |publication-date=20 April 2022 |title=Language barriers in global bird conservation |volume=17|doi-access=free|bibcode= 2022PLoSO..1767151N }}</ref>

It is the host for a variety of internal parasites, including [[Cestode|cestodes]], [[Nematode|nematodes]] and [[Trematode|trematodes]]. These include ''[[Paramonostomum aythyae]]'', a trematode which was first isolated from the common pochard; it is carried in the gut.{{sfn|Thebo|Naz|Dharejo|Siyal|2019|p=151–152}} In some locations, the common pochard may be an important vector of avian [[schistosome]]s, which are harboured in the bird's nasal and [[mesentery|mesenteric]] blood vessels. These schistosomes can be transmitted to humans who work or swim in the same wetland areas as the ducks, potentially causing [[cercarial dermatitis]].{{sfn|Athari|Gohar-Dehi|Rostami-Jalilian|2006|p=13–14}} Known blood parasites include ''[[Haemoproteus greineri]]'',  ''[[Haemoproteus nettionis]]'' and ''[[Plasmodium circumflexum]]''.{{sfn|Elahi|Islam|Hossain|Mohiuddin|2014}} It is also known to carry ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''.{{sfn|Mancianti|Nardoni|Mugnaini|Poli|2013|p=561}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

=== References ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite journal |first1=Asma Kanwal |last1=Thebo |first2=Saima |last2=Naz |first3=Ali Murtaza |last3=Dharejo |first4=Sajid |last4=Siyal |first5=Nadir Ali |last5=Birmani |name-list-style=amp |title=A new record and new species of a digenic trematode from common pochard ''Aythya ferina'' (Anseriformes: Anatidae) in Sindh, Pakistan |journal=Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies |date=2019 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=151–154 |issn=2320-7078 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330262204 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite journal|last1=Carbone|first1=C.|last2=Houston|first2=A.I.|date=August 1994|title=Patterns in the diving behaviour of the pochard, Aythya ferina: a test of an optimality model|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=48|issue=2|pages=457–465|doi=10.1006/anbe.1994.1259|s2cid=53186922}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Aythya ferina}}{{Wikispecies|Aythya ferina}}

* {{VIREO|Common+pochard}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|common-pochard-aythya-ferina}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q26742}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aythya|common pochard]]
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Birds of North Africa]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|common pochard]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|common pochard]]