Editing Common redshank

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{For|the [[plant]] called "redshank"|Persicaria maculosa}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Common_Redshank_Tringa_totanus.jpg
| image_caption = Breeding plumage
| image2 = Common redshank (Tringa totanus) Bahrain.jpg
| image2_caption = Non-breeding (winter) plumage
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Tringa totanus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22693211A86687799 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693211A86687799.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = VU
| status2_system = IUCN3.1
| status2_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> (Europe)
| taxon = Tringa totanus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| synonyms =
*''Totanus totanus'' {{small|(Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758)}}
*''Scolopax totanus'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
*''Tringa gambetta'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
| range_map = TringaTotanusIUCN2019 2.png
| range_map_caption = Range of the common redshank{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}}
}}

The '''common redshank''' or simply '''redshank''' ('''''Tringa totanus''''') is a [[Palearctic|Eurasian]] [[wader]] in the large [[family (biology)|family]] [[Scolopacidae]].

==Taxonomy==
The common redshank was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Scolopax totanus''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=145 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727052 }}</ref> It is now placed with twelve other species in the [[genus]] ''[[Tringa]]'' that Linnaeus had introduced in 1758.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=148 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727055 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Sandpipers, snipes, coursers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=20 November 2021 }}</ref> The genus name ''Tringa'' is the [[Neo-Latin]] name given to the [[green sandpiper]] by the Italian naturalist [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]] in 1603 based on [[Ancient Greek]] ''trungas'', a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by [[Aristotle]]. The specific ''totanus'' is from {{Lang|it|Tótano}}, the Italian name for this bird.<ref name=job>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A |year=2010|title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n388 388], [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n390 390]}}</ref>

Six [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''T. t. robusta'' ([[Eiler Lehn Schiøler|Schiøler]], 1919)<ref name=Schioler1919/> – breeds in [[Iceland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]]; non-breeding around the British Isles and west Europe
* ''T. t. totanus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – breeds in west, north Europe to west Siberia; winters in Africa, India and Indonesia
* ''T. t. ussuriensis'' [[Sergei Buturlin|Buturlin]], 1934<ref name=Buturlin1934/> – breeds in southern Siberia, Mongolia and east Asia; non-breeding in Africa, India and southeast Asia
* ''T. t. terrignotae'' [[Richard Meinertzhagen|Meinertzhagen, R.]] & [[Annie Meinertzhagen|Meinertzhagen, A.]], 1926 – breeds in southern Manchuria and eastern China; non-breeding in east and southeast Asia 
* ''T. t. craggi'' Hale, 1971 – breeds in northwest China; non-breeding in east and southeast Asia
* ''T. t. eurhina'' ([[Harry C. Oberholser|Oberholser]], 1900)<ref name=Oberholser1900/> – breeds in [[Tajikistan]], north India and Tibet;<ref name=Hale1971/> non-breeding in India and the [[Malay Peninsula]]

== Description==
Common redshanks in breeding [[plumage]] are a marbled brown color, slightly lighter below. In winter plumage they become somewhat lighter-toned and less patterned, being rather plain greyish-brown above and whitish below. They have red legs and a black-tipped red bill, and show white up the back and on the wings in flight.

The [[spotted redshank]] (''T. erythropus''), which breeds in the Arctic, has a longer [[beak|bill]] and legs; it is almost entirely black in breeding plumage and very pale in winter. It is not a particularly close relative of the common redshank, but rather belongs to a high-[[latitude]] lineage of largish shanks. ''T. totanus'' on the other hand is closely related to the [[marsh sandpiper]] (''T. stagnatilis''), and closer still to the small [[wood sandpiper]] (''T. glareola''). The ancestors of the latter and the common redshank seem to have diverged around the [[Miocene]]-[[Pliocene]] boundary, about 5–6 [[million years ago]]. These three [[subarctic]]- to [[temperate]]-region [[species]] form a group of smallish shanks with have red or yellowish legs, and in breeding plumage are generally a subdued light brown above with some darker mottling, and have somewhat diffuse small brownish spots on the breast and neck.<ref name=Pereira2005/>

==Distribution and habitat==
The common redshank is a widespread breeding bird across [[Palearctic|temperate Eurasia]]. It is a [[bird migration|migratory]] species, wintering on coasts around the Mediterranean, on the Atlantic coast of Europe from Ireland and Great Britain southwards, and in South Asia. They are uncommon [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrants]] outside these areas; on [[Palau]] in [[Micronesia]] for example, the species was recorded in the mid-1970s and in 2000.<ref name=Wiles2004/>
A tagged redshank was spotted at Manakudi Bird Sanctuary, [[Kanniyakumari District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] in the month of April 2021.<ref>Two Tagged migratory birds spotted in salt pans in Manakudy bird reserve, The Hindu, Thiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu Edition, India, pp4, 12.04.2021. thehindu.com</ref> They have been rarely observed in North America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narba.org/default.aspx/MenuItemID/104/MenuGroup/Home.htm |title=NARBA North American Rare Bird Alert |url-access=registration  |access-date=January 17, 2011 |archive-date=January 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118224253/http://www.narba.org/default.aspx/MenuItemID/104/MenuGroup/Home.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the Caribbean, there is one record of a common redshank in [[Guadeloupe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-24 |title=ML202718101 - Common Redshank - Macaulay Library |url=https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/202718101 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=macaulaylibrary.org}}</ref> They have also been observed in South America, primarily in Brazil,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Add Tringa totanus (Common Redshank) to main list |url=https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop939.htm |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.museum.lsu.edu}}</ref> with an additional record of the species in Colombia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Schauensee |first=Rodolphe Meyer |date=1959 |title=Additions to the "Birds of the Republic of Colombia" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064506?seq=2 |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |volume=111 |pages=53–75 |issn=0097-3157}}</ref>

[[File:Tringa totanus MWNH 0210.JPG|thumb|Eggs, [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]

==Behaviour and ecology==
They are wary and noisy birds which will alert everything else with their loud piping call.

===Breeding===
Redshanks will nest in any wetland, from damp meadows to saltmarsh, often at high densities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cadbury|first1=C. J.|last2=Green|first2=R.|last3=Allport|first3=G.|date=1987|chapter=Redshanks and other breeding waders of British saltmarshes|title=RSPB Conservation Review|volume=1|pages=37–40|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299410567 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> They lay 3–5 eggs.

===Food and feeding===
Like most [[wader]]s, they feed on small [[invertebrate]]s.

==Status==
The common redshank is widely distributed and quite plentiful in some regions, and thus not considered a [[threatened species]] by the [[IUCN]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> It is one of the species to which the [[Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds]] (AEWA) applies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Species |url=https://www.unep-aewa.org/en/species |publisher=Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Tringa totanus-pjt.jpg|Bird (non-breeding) in flight ([[Venetian Lagoon]], Italy)
Common Redshank (3).jpg|Common redshank in the [[Hailuoto Island]], Finland
Vadare-Gluttsnäppa & Rödbena - Ystad-2020.jpg|Common redshank is significantly smaller than, for example the [[Common greenshank]]
Redshank.webm|Redshank searching for food
</gallery>

==References==
<!-- AnimalBiology59:127. FieldMuseumOfNaturalHistoryZoologySeries18:343. -->
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Buturlin1934>{{cite book |last=Buturlin |first=S.A. |year=1934 |title=Полный определитель птиц СССР [Polnyi Opredelitel Ptitsy SSSR] |trans-title=Complete keys to the birds of the USSR |language=ru |at=I: 88}}</ref>

<ref name=Hale1971>{{cite journal |last=Hale |first=W.G. |year=1971 |title=A revision of the taxonomy of the Redshank Tringa totanus |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=199–268 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1971.tb00761.x}}</ref>

<ref name=Oberholser1900>{{cite journal |last=Oberholser |first=H.C. |year=1900 |title=Birds from Central Asia |journal=Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum |volume=XXII |pages=207–208 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/99942#page/257/mode/1up}}</ref>

<ref name=Pereira2005>{{cite journal |last1=Pereira |first1=Sérgio Luiz |last2=Baker |first2=Alan J. |year=2005 |title=Multiple Gene Evidence for Parallel Evolution and Retention of Ancestral Morphological States in the Shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) |journal=[[The Condor (journal)|The Condor]] |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=514–526 |doi=10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0514:MGEFPE]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86221767 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Schioler1919>{{cite journal |last=Schiøler |first=E.L. |year=1919 |title=Om den Islandske Redben (''Totunus calidris robustus'') |journal=Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift |volume=XIII |pages=207–211 |language=da | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8730273}}</ref>

<ref name=Wiles2004>{{cite journal |last1=Wiles |first1=Gary J. |last2=Johnson |first2=Nathan C. |last3=de Cruz |first3=Justine B. |last4=Dutson |first4=Guy |last5=Camacho |first5=Vicente A. |last6=Kepler |first6=Angela Kay |last7=Vice |first7=Daniel S. |last8=Garrett |first8=Kimball L. |last9=Kessler |first9=Curt C. |last10=Pratt |first10=H. Douglas |year=2004 |title=New and Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, 1986–2003 |journal=Micronesica |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=69–96 |url=http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/Vol37abstracts.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505164356/http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/Vol37abstracts.asp |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}</ref><!-- sources only vagrant records from Palau -->
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tringa totanus}}
{{Wikispecies|Tringa totanus}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Redshank}}
* [http://www.ebepe.com/html/redshank.html Redshank Images and documentation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108171958/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/202_RedshankTtotanus.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 1.4 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* {{Avibase|name=Tringa totanus}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|common-redshank-tringa-totanus}}
* {{VIREO|Common+redshank}}
* {{IUCN_Map|22693211/166248623|Tringa totanus}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Tringa|totanus|Common redshank}}
* {{field guide birds of the world|Tringa totanus}}
* {{ARKive}}

{{Scolopacidae|2}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q18859}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tringa]]
[[Category:Shorebirds]]
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Wintering birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Wintering birds of Indomalaya]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]