Editing Common reed bunting

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Common reed bunting
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2019 |title=''Emberiza schoeniclus'' |amends=2018 |page=e.T22721012A155430396 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721012A155430396.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Common reed bunting (emberiza schoeniclus) m.jpg
| image_caption = Male
| image2 = Common reed bunting (emberiza schoeniclus) f.jpg
| image2_caption = Female – Both at [[Otmoor]], [[Oxfordshire]]<br/>
[[File:Reed Bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) (W1CDR0001379 BD4).ogg|thumb|center|Male bird recorded in [[Norfolk]], England]] 
| taxon = Emberiza schoeniclus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name=":0" /> 
| synonyms = * ''Fringilla schoeniclus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> 
* ''Schoeniclus schoeniclus'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
| range_map = EmberizaSchoeniclusIUCN2019-3.png
| range_map_caption = Range of ''E. schoeniclus''{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}} 
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = 
* ''E. s. schoeniclus'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}
* ''E. s. caspia'' {{small|Ménétries, 1832}}
* ''E. s. centralasiae'' {{small|Hartert, 1904}}
* ''E. s. harterti'' {{small|Sushkin, 1906}}
* ''E. s. incognita''  {{small|(Zarudny, 1917)}}
* ''E. s. intermedia'' {{small|Degland, 1849}}
* ''E. s. korejewi'' {{small|(Zarudny, 1907)}}
* ''E. s. lusitanica'' {{small|Steinbacher, 1930}}
* ''E. s. pallidior'' {{small|Hartert, 1904}}
* ''E. s. parvirostris'' {{small|Buturlin, 1910}}
* ''E. s. passerina'' {{small|Pallas, 1771}}
* ''E. s. pyrrhulina'' {{small|(Swinhoe, 1876)}}
* ''E. s. pyrrhuloides'' {{small|Pallas, 1811}}
* ''E. s. reiseri'' {{small|Hartert, 1904}}
* ''E. s. schoeniclus'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}
* ''E. s. stresemanni'' {{small|[[Friedrich Steinbacher|Steinbacher]], 1930}}
* ''E. s. tschusii''  {{small|Reiser and Almasy, 1898}}
* ''E. s. ukrainae'' {{small|(Zarudny, 1917)}}
* ''E. s. witherbyi'' {{small|von Jordans, 1923}}
* ''E. s. zaidamensis'' {{small|Portenko, 1929}} 
}}

The '''common reed bunting''' ('''''Emberiza schoeniclus''''') is a [[passerine]] [[bird]] in the [[Emberiza|bunting]] family Emberizidae, a group now separated by most modern authors from the [[finch]]es, Fringillidae. The genus name ''Emberiza'' is from [[Old High German|Old German]] ''Embritz'', a bunting. The specific ''schoeniclus'' is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''skhoiniklos'', a now unknown waterside bird.<ref name =job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = 145, 350}}</ref>

It breeds throughout Europe and much of the [[Palearctic]]. Most birds [[bird migration|migrate]] south in winter, but those in the milder south and west of the range are resident. It is common in reedbeds and also breeds in drier open areas such as moorland and arable land. For example, it is a component of the [[purple moor grass and rush pastures]],  a type of [[Biodiversity action plan|Biodiversity Action Plan]] habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acid soils of the lowlands and upland fringe.

==Taxonomy==
The common reed bunting was [[Species description|described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial]] name ''Fringilla schoeniclus''.<ref name=":0">{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=182 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727089 }}</ref> This bunting is now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Emberiza]]'' that Linnaeus had introduced in the same edition of his ''Systema Naturae''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=176 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727083 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2023 | title=Buntings | work=IOC World Bird List |version= v13.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/buntings/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref> The specific epithet ''schoeniclus '' is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''skhoiniklos'', a word that was used by Greek authors for an unidentified bird.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl | url-access=limited | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl/page/n350 350] }}</ref> Linnaeus specified the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] as Europe but this is now restricted to Sweden.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=13 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483266 }}</ref> Nineteen [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc/>

The bird family [[Emberizidae]] contains approximately 300 species of seed-eating birds, the majority of which are endemic to the Americas. However, the genus ''[[Emberiza]]'', which comprises over 40 species, is exclusively found in the Old World.<ref name = hbwonlinefam>{{cite journal| editor = Hoyo, Josep del| editor2 = Elliott, Andrew| editor3 = Sargatal, Jordi| editor4 = Christie, David A| title=Emberizidae | journal= Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | date = 2020| url=http://www.hbw.com/family/buntings-and-new-world-sparrows-emberizidae | publisher= Lynx Edicions | doi = 10.2173/bow.emberi2.01| s2cid = 216412784| access-date = 13 April 2014| url-access = subscription}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Within its genus, the reed bunting is most closely related to the [[Japanese reed bunting]] and the [[Pallas's reed bunting]], which are sometimes classified as being in the genus Schoeniclus.

===Subspecies===
Nineteen subspecies are recognised, including- ''E. s. schoeniclus'', the [[nominate subspecies]], which occurs in most of Europe, ''E. s. witherbyi'' which is found in south [[Portugal]], western [[Spain]], France and Sardinia, ''E. s. intermedia'' from [[Italy]] and the [[Adriatic coast]] to northwest [[Albania]], ''E. s. reiseri'' from southeast Albania, northwest [[Greece]], south [[North Macedonia]] and west and central [[Turkey]], ''E. s. caspia'' from east Turkey and northwest [[Iran]], ''E. s. korejewi'' from southwest and eastern Iran and south [[Turkmenistan]], ''E. s. pyrrhuloides'' from north Caspian sea region to western [[Mongolia]], southeast [[Kazakhstan]] and central [[Tien Shan]], ''E. s. passerina'' from northwest Siberia, wintering in south Asia, ''E. s. parvirostris'' from central Siberia wintering in northern [[China]], ''E. s. pyrrhulina'' from [[Kamchatka]] and northern [[Japan]], wintering in central Japan, Korea and eastern China, ''E. s. pallidior'' from southwestern Siberia wintering in southwest Asia, ''E. s. minor'' from [[Russian Far East]] and northeast China, wintering in east China, ''E. s. ukrainae'' from Ukraine and adjacent areas of Russia, ''E. s. incognita'' from southeastern [[European Russia]] to north Kazakhstan and ''E. s. zaidamensis'', endemic to northwest [[Qinghai]], China.

==Description==
The common reed bunting is a medium-sized bird, {{cvt|13.5–15.5|cm|in}} long and weighing 10–28 g,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Copete |first1=José Luis |last2=Christie |first2=David |date=2021 |title=Reed Bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus), version 1.1 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/reebun/cur/introduction |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |doi=10.2173/bow.reebun.01.1 |issn=2771-3105|url-access=subscription }}</ref>  with a small but powerful seed-eating bill. The male has a black head and throat, white neck collar and underparts, and a heavily barred brown back. The female is much duller, with a streaked brown head, and more barring underneath.
The male's song is a repetitive {{not a typo|''srip''}}.

==Behaviour==
Its natural diet consists of insects when feeding its young, and seeds otherwise.

===Breeding===
Breeding usually begins in early April and ends in late August, depending on location and altitude. The species is [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}. The nest is made of twigs, grass and reeds lined with finer materials such as hair, moss and rootlets in a bush or reed tussock. 4–5 olive-grey eggs are laid, showing the distinctive hair-like markings characteristic of those of buntings. The incubation period is 12–15 days, during which the chicks are fed by both parents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Copete |first1=J.L |last2=Christie |first2=D.A |title=Reed Bunting |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/reebun/cur/introduction |website=Birds of the World |date=2021 |doi=10.2173/bow.reebun.01.1 |access-date=8 May 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Status==
The reed bunting is not globally threatened and is listed as [[least concern]] by the [[IUCN]].<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021"/> The estimated European population is at least 4.8 million pairs, with particular strongholds in Sweden, Poland and Norway. However, the reed bunting is reported to be declining in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Germany.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Zingend mannetje rietgors in verschillende vegetatie-4961944.webm|Emberiza schoeniclus
Emberiza schoeniclus -England -male-8.jpg|A male in winter in England
EmberizaSchoeniclusNaturalHabitat.jpg|In natural shore habitat
Reed Bunting.jpg|Female
File:Reed Bunting from the Crossley ID Guide Britain and Ireland.jpg|ID composite
Emberiza schoeniclus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.218. Bréhal.jpg|Eggs
File:Leucistic Reed Bunting 1.jpg|[[Leucistic]] reed bunting
</gallery>
{{Commonscat-inline|Emberiza schoeniclus}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://audioblog.sonatura.com/?p=255  ''Emberiza schoeniclus'' : songs, sonagrams]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080524050150/http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/birds/Emberiza_schoeniclus/ ARKive] Stills, Video
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072031/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/451_ReedBuntingEschoeniclus.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta and Gerd-Michael Heinze]
*[http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Emberiza_schoeniclus/Emberiza_schoeniclus.htm Feathers of common reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304043911/http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Emberiza_schoeniclus/Emberiza_schoeniclus.htm |date=4 March 2018 }}
*{{Xeno-canto species|Emberiza|schoeniclus}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q26961}}

[[Category:Emberiza|common reed bunting]]
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|common reed bunting]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|common reed bunting]]