Editing Common ringed plover

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Common ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula) Oppdal.jpg
| image_caption = Adult[[File:Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula) (W1CDR0001530 BD2).ogg|thumb|center|Calls recorded in [[Norfolk]], England]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Charadrius hiaticula'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T22693759A155487854 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22693759A155487854.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Charadrius hiaticula
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| range_map = Charadrius hiaticula map.svg
}}

The '''common ringed plover''' or '''ringed plover''' ('''''Charadrius hiaticula''''') is a species of bird in the family [[Charadriidae]]. It breeds across much of northern [[Eurasia]], as well as [[Greenland]].

[[File:Common ringed plover.webm|thumb|right|Common ringed plover foraging at the shoreline]]

==Taxonomy==
The common ringed plover was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the current [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Charadrius hiaticula''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=150 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727057 }}</ref> Linnaeus specified the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] as "Europa & America" but this is now restricted to Sweden.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=247 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483060 }}</ref> The specific epithet ''hiaticula'' is late [[Medieval Latin]] for a plover.<ref>{{ cite web | last=Jobling | first=James A. | title=hiaticula | work=The Key to Scientific Names | url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=hiaticula | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | access-date=13 February 2025 }}</ref>

Three [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=August 2024 | title=Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/buttonquail/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=13 February 2025 }}</ref>
* ''C. h. psammodromus'' [[Finn Salomonsen|Salomonsen]], 1930 – Arctic of North Atlantic: [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Baffin Island]] (northeast Canada, sporadic); Greenland, Iceland, [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Svalbard]] (north of Norway)
* ''C. h. hiaticula'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 – temperate east North Atlantic region: British Isles and northwest France to south Scandinavia and Baltic States
* ''C. h. tundrae'' ([[Percy Lowe|Lowe]], 1915) – Arctic Ocean coasts, islands: north Scandinavia to [[Chukchi Peninsula]] (northeast Siberia) including [[Novaya Zemlya]] and [[New Siberian Islands]] (north of northwest, northeast Russia) and [[St. Lawrence Island]] (north Bering Sea; erratic)

The subspecies ''C.&nbsp;h. psammodromus'' is poorly differentiated from the [[nominate subspecies|nominate]] and is not recognised by some ornithologists.<ref name=hbw>{{ cite book | last1=Piersma | first1=T. | last2=Wiersma | first2=P. | year=1996 | chapter=Family Charadriidae (Plovers) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=3: Hoatzin to Auks | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-87334-20-7 | pages=384–443 [425] | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0003unse/page/425/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}</ref>

==Description==
Adults are {{convert|17|–|19.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length with a {{convert|35|–|41|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan. They have a grey-brown back and wings, a white belly, and a white breast with one black neckband. They have a brown cap, a white forehead, a black mask around the eyes and a short orange and black bill. The legs are orange and only the outer two toes are slightly webbed, unlike the slightly smaller but otherwise very similar [[semipalmated plover]], which has all three toes slightly webbed, and also a marginally narrower breast band; it was in former times included in the present species. Juvenile ringed plovers are duller than the adults in colour, with an often incomplete grey-brown breast band, a dark bill and dull yellowish-grey legs.

This species differs from the smaller [[little ringed plover]] in leg colour, the head pattern, and the lack of an obvious yellow eye-ring.

==Distribution and habitat==
The common ringed plover's breeding habitat is open ground on beaches or flats across northern [[Palearctic|Eurosiberia]]  and in Arctic northeast [[Canada]]. Some birds breed inland, and in western [[Europe]] they nest as far south as northern [[France]]. They nest on the ground in an open area with little or no plant growth.

Common ringed plovers are [[bird migration|migratory]] and winter in coastal areas south to [[Africa]]. In Norway, geolocators have revealed that adult breeding birds migrate to West Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lislevand, T. |author2=Briedis, M. | author3=Heggøy, O. |author4=Hahn, S.  | year=2017| title=Seasonal migration strategies of Common Ringed Plovers ''Charadrius hiaticula''| journal=Ibis| volume=159| pages=225–229| doi=10.1111/ibi.12424| issue=1}}</ref> Many birds in [[Great Britain]] and northern France are resident throughout the year.

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:Jungvögel und Eier des Sandregenpfeifers.jpg|thumb|Eggs and newly hatched chicks]]
===Breeding===
Common ringed plovers breed from one year of age. They are seasonally [[monogamous]] and the pair-bond is sometimes maintained from one year to the next. They are solitary nesters and are territorial. Egg laying generally begins in May but the date varies depending on the region. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with pebbles and pieces of vegetation. The clutch is of 3 to 4 eggs. The eggs are laid of intervals of 1 to 3 days and are incubated by both parents beginning after the last or penultimate egg.  They hatch after 21 to 27 days. The downy chicks are grey-buff mottled with cinnamon-buff above and white below. The young are [[precocial]] and [[nidifugous]]. They are cared for by both parents and can feed themselves. While small they are brooded at night and in bad weather. They fledge when aged around 24 days.<ref name=hbw/> 

If a potential predator approaches the nest, the adult will walk away from the scrape, calling to attract the intruder and feigning a broken wing.{{sfn|Cramp|1983|pp=136-136}}

===Food and feeding===
These birds forage for food on beaches, tidal flats and fields, usually by sight. They eat insects, crustaceans and worms and forage both by day and by night. They sometimes use foot-trembling to reveal location of prey.<ref name=hbw/>

==Conservation status==
The common ringer plover has an extremely large range with a large population size and is therefore evaluated by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] to be of "[[Least-concern species|Least Concern]]".<ref name=iucn/> The common ringed plover is one of the [[taxa]] to which the [[Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds]] (AEWA) applies.<ref>{{ cite web | title=Species | publisher=Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds | url=https://www.unep-aewa.org/en/species | access-date=14 February 2025 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Charadrius hiaticula mating.jpg|Mating behaviour
File:Ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula) juvenile.jpg|Juvenile
File:Ringedplovjuly2008.jpg|Adult
File:Ringed plovers (Charadrius hiaticula) in flight.jpg|Flock in flight, with [[ruddy turnstone]]s
File:Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.109.15.jpg|''Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula'' - [[MHNT]]
File:Sandlóuungi 122613 (cropped).jpg|''Charadrius hiaticula'' chick in Iceland
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{ cite book | editor1-last=Cramp | editor1-first=Stanley | editor1-link=Stanley Cramp | year=1983 | chapter=''Charadrius hiaticula'' Ringed Plover | title=Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic | volume=III: Waders to Gulls | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-857506-1 | pages=129–141 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072802/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/169_RingedPloverChiaticula.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.9 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* [https://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/245.pdf Ringed plover species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds]
* {{BirdLife|22693759|Charadrius hiaticula}}
* {{Avibase|name=Charadrius hiaticula}}
* {{EBirdSpecies|corplo|Common Ringed Plover}}
* {{VIREO|ringed+plover|Ringed plover}}
* {{IUCN_Map|22693759/166263388|Charadrius hiaticula}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q26816}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Charadrius|common ringed plover]]
[[Category:Birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Birds of Europe]]
[[Category:Birds of Greenland]]
[[Category:Birds of Iceland]]
[[Category:Birds of Russia]]
[[Category:Birds of Scandinavia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|common ringed plover]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Holarctic birds]]