Editing Communications Technology Satellite

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name              = Communications Technology Satellite
| names_list        = CTS<br/>Hermes

<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->
| image             = COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE CTS - NARA - 17445977.jpg
| image_caption     = <!--image caption-->
| image_size        = 275px

<!--Basic details-->
| mission_type      = [[Communications satellite|Communications]]
| operator          = [[NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID         = 1976-004A
| SATCAT            = 08585
| website           = <!--Homepage of the craft/mission, OFFICIAL PAGES ONLY-->
| mission_duration  = 2 years (planned)<br/>{{time interval|17 January 1976|October 1979|show=ym|sep=,}} (achieved)

<!--Spacecraft properties-->
| manufacturer      = [[Communications Research Centre Canada]]
| launch_mass       = 680 kg
| dimensions        = <!--body dimensions and solar array span-->
| power             = 1200 watts

<!--Launch details-->
| launch_date       = 17 January 1976, 23:28:00 [[UTC]]
| launch_rocket     = [[Delta 2000|Delta-2914]] (D-119)
| launch_site       = [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]], [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17|LC-17B]]
| launch_contractor = [[McDonnell Douglas]]

| entered_service   = 21 May 1976
| last_contact      = October 1979

<!--orbit parameters-->
| orbit_reference   = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime      = [[Geosynchronous orbit]]
| orbit_longitude   = 116.0° West
| orbit_epoch       = 17 January 1976
| apsis             = gee

<!--transponder parameters-->
| trans_band        = [[Ku band|K<sub>u</sub> band]]
| trans_frequency   = <!--specific frequencies-->
| trans_bandwidth   = <!--bandwidth-->
| trans_capacity    = <!--capacity of the transponders-->
| trans_coverage    = <!--area covered-->
| trans_TWTA        = <!--TWTA output power-->
| trans_EIRP        = <!--equivalent isotropic power-->
| trans_HPBW        = <!--half-power beam width-->
}}

The '''Communications Technology Satellite''' ('''CTS'''), known as '''Hermes''',<ref name="Display"/> was an experimental high-power direct broadcast [[communications satellite]]. It was a joint effort of [[Communication Canada|Canadian Department of Communications]], who designed and built the satellite, [[NASA]] who tested, launched and operated the satellite, and [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) who provided the 1200 watts [[Photovoltaic module|solar panel]]s and other devices. The three agencies shared the satellite and the data from the experiments.

Although the launch of the [[ATS-6]] spacecraft in 1974 marked the end of NASA's program of experimental communications satellites. NASA participated in a Canadian satellite venture known initially as "Cooperative Applications Satellite-C" and renamed Hermes. This joint effort involved NASA and the Canadian Department of Communications. NASA's [[Glenn Research Center|Lewis Research Center]] provided the satellite's high-power communications payload. Canada designed and built the spacecraft; NASA tested, launched, and operated it. Also, the European Space Agency provided one of the low-power [[traveling-wave tube]]s and other equipment. Hermes was launched 17 January 1976 and operated until October 1979.<ref name="Hermes">{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/contents.htm|title=SP-4217 Beyond The Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication, chapter 6, 1958-1995|publisher=NASA|date=1997|access-date=22 June 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Launch ==
It was launched on 17 January 1976, from [[Cape Canaveral]] in [[Florida]] by a [[Delta 2000|Delta 2914]] rocket. Designed for a two-year mission it was the basis of experiments past its intended lifetime until October 1979 when a system failure broke all contacts with it. Unlike most communications satellites of the period, which had spin-stabilized bodies covered with [[solar cell]]s, the Hermes CTS was [[Spacecraft attitude control|three-axis stabilized]] and had its [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]] spread out on two huge "wings".

== Satellite ==
The satellite was meant to test the practical aspects of a high powered satellite using large antennas beaming television signals directly to homes equipped with small antennas, and two-way communications with mobile stations.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Rapp|first1=William|last2=Ogden|first2=Dail|last3=Wright|first3=Denis|date=December 1982|title=An overview of the Communications Technology Satellite (CTS) project|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830007074|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-11|website=NASA|language=en}}</ref> When it was launched it was the most powerful communications satellite in existence.

This [[Spacecraft attitude control|three-axis stabilized]] satellite was designed as a test vehicle to carry communications-related equipment. The purpose of its launch into an equatorial, Earth-synchronous orbit was:<ref name="Display"/>
* to demonstrate new technology,
* to conduct communications technological experiments,
* to develop new communications methodology in conjunction with ground-based components.

The spacecraft was a short (1.17-m) right cylinder (1.8-m diameter) with two parallel (1.72-m apart) plane surfaces symmetrically truncating the curved surface. These plane surfaces were also parallel to the cylinder axis. Relatively long, narrow (1.3- by 6.5-m) solar arrays were extendable from mechanisms mounted on the parallel plane sides.<ref name="Display">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1976-004A|title=Display: Hermes 1976-004A|date=14 May 2020|access-date=21 June 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Communications Experiments ==
* [[Super high frequency]] (12 and 14&nbsp;GHz) - Transmitter Experiment Package (TEP): this communications experiment consisted of a 20-W low-power [[super high frequency]] (SHF) communications transponder, a 200-W high-power SHF transmitter package, an SHF beacon, and antenna subsystems. The purpose of this experiment was: 1) to evaluate technical performance of the components and 2) to evaluate overall technical operation of the system. Both types of tests were done over a 2-year period. Reference was sometimes made to the two different types of evaluation as two different experiments. Evaluation of the overall operation was then referred to as a "communication system" experiment.<ref name="Experiment1">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1976-004A-01|title=Experiment1 Hermes 1976-004A|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=22 June 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* Solar Array Technology Experiment (SATE): this experiment was to study the mechanical, dynamic, and electrical properties of a new type of extendable solar array over an extended time period. The two 1.3- x 6.5-m arrays were unfolded from their packs by unfurling a supporting tube that was attached to the extremity of the array.<ref name="Experiment2">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1976-004A-02|title=Experiment2 Hermes 1976-004A|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=22 June 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* Attitude Control System Experiment: this was a technology experiment to evaluate the dynamics of spacecraft mechanical flexibility on ACS (attitude control system) operation and to demonstrate that attitude control flight performance was in accordance with stability and control theory.<ref name="Experiment3">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1976-004A-03|title=Experiment3 Hermes 1976-004A|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=22 June 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* Canadian Communications Experiments: this experiment involved investigation of practical techniques for use of the satellite communications systems being tested. It included communication techniques for use in medicine, education, community development and interaction, and data transmission. It also included development of compatible ground facilities. About 30 different experiments by over 20 different organizations have been approved by a joint working group, which approved and coordinated Canadian and American experiments for this satellite equipment.<ref name="Experiment4">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1976-004A-04|title=Experiment4 Hermes 1976-004A|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=22 June 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* United States User Experiments: this experiment involved explanation of future possible uses of high-powered communications satellites. Experimentation by 13 different experimenters involved medicine, education, community services, special services, and communications technology.<ref name="Experiment5">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1976-004A-05|title=Experiment5 Hermes 1976-004A|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=22 June 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The CTS satellite also made history as being the first communications satellite used for [[video art]], by artist [[Keith Sonnier]] in 1977 for his 2-part piece titled "Send/Receive Satellite Network", in which video and [[character generator]] text and graphics were fed over the satellite between the East and West Coasts of the United States. This marked the first time that satellite communication technology was used for video art. NASA cooperated with Sonnier's project and provided a satellite uplink truck for access to the CTS satellite. The piece was produced in two parts, "Phase I", which was a critique of satellite technology and whether it would become accessible to the public rather than the commercial and military purposes for the technology at that time, using feeds sent over the satellite by the artist and other participants, and "Phase II", which featured excerpts of the feeds sent.

Several communities in the Canadian wilderness participated in a series of realistic tests of its capacities. Experiments in telemedicine for [[Emergency medical services]], [[Teleconference|teleconferencing]] and [[Community television|community TV]] were conducted. The satellite was also used in May 1978 to televise [[Stanley Cup]] hockey playoffs to Canadian diplomats in [[Peru]] to demonstrate its international capacity. This was the first direct-to-home satellite television broadcast in the world. It covered about 40% of the Earth's surface, from its [[geostationary orbit]]. In Canada alone, 37 tests were done using a family of 27 ground terminals. The experiments led to the creation of the hybrid [[Anik (satellite)|Anik B]] satellite which was both a standard [[Anik (satellite)|Anik]] model and a platform for pilot projects of [[Satellite television|direct broadcast TV]].

In 1987, Canada's Department of Communications and [[NASA]] received an [[Emmy Award]] for developing direct broadcast TV satellite technology with the Hermes CTS program.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes]]
* [[Canadian Satellite Communications]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141021070348/http://www.canadaconnects.ca/space/main/1204/ Article explaining the development of the satellite.]
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p1ZOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GfkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5013,3993713&dq=doctors+confer+via+satellite&hl=en Article from The Spokane Daily Chronicle dated 1/15/1979 about doctors using the satellite for telemedical videoconferencing]
* [https://vdb.org/titles/sendreceive-i-and-sendreceive-ii Video Data Bank's entry for "Send/Receive Satellite Network"]
* [http://sendreceivesatellitenetwork.blogspot.com/ Articles regarding Keith Sonnier's "Send/Receive Satellite Network"]
* [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1976-004A NSSDC/COSPAR ID: 1976-004A, three-axis stabilized satellite]

{{Canadian Space Agency}}
{{Orbital launches in 1976}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Communications satellites in geostationary orbit]]
[[Category:Communications satellites of Canada]]
[[Category:NASA satellites]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Delta rockets]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1976]]
[[Category:1979 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Derelict satellites orbiting Earth]]