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{{Other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Como | official_name = {{lang|it|Città di Como}} | native_name = {{native name|lmo|Còmm}} |image_photo = | image_skyline = Como and its lake.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = View of Como from Baradello Castle | image_flag = Flag of Como.svg | image_shield = Como-Stemma.svg | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map = Italy Lombardy#Italy | coordinates = {{coord|45|49|0|N|9|5|0|E|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lombardy]] | province = [[Province of Como|Como]] (CO) | frazioni = Albate, Borghi, Breccia, Camerlata, Camnago Volta, Civiglio, Garzola, Lora, Monte Olimpino, Muggiò, Ponte Chiasso, Prestino, [[Rebbio]], Sagnino, Tavernola | established_title = [[Roman Republic|Roman]] foundation | established_date = 196 BC | mayor_party = independent | mayor = Alessandro Rapinese (since 27 June 2022) | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 37.14 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/index_e.html|title=Demo-Geodemo. – Maps, Population, Demography of ISTAT – Italian Institute of Statistics|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-date=21 November 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121033016/http://demo.istat.it/index_e.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_total = 84250 | population_as_of = 31 October 2022 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Comaschi | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 201 | twin1 = | twin1_country = |istat=| saint = [[Abundius|Saint Abbondio]] | day = 31 August | postal_code = 22100 | area_code = 031 | website = {{Official website|www.comune.como.it}} | footnotes = }} [[File:La città di Como e il suo lago.jpg|thumb|Como and its lake]] [[File:LIFE ELECTRIC - CREDITS VISITCOMO.jpg|thumb|''[[Life Electric]]'', by [[Daniel Libeskind]], to celebrate scientist [[Alessandro Volta]] (2015)]] '''Como''' ({{IPA|it|ˈkɔːmo|lang|It-Como.ogg}},<ref name="dop">{{cite web |url=http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?lid=73275&r=244 |title=Dizionario italiano multimediale e multilingue d'ortografia e di pronunzia |last1=Migliorini |first1=Bruno |last2=Tagliavini |first2=Carlo |last3=Fiorelli |first3=Piero |editor=Tommaso Francesco Borri |website=dizionario.rai.it |publisher=Rai Eri |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225112/http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?lid=73275&r=244 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ |title=Dizionario di pronuncia italiana ''online'' |last1=Canepari |first1=Luciano |website=dipionline.it |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009051700/http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{IPA|it|ˈkoːmo|local|It-Como(local).ogg}};<ref name="dop"/> {{langx|lmo|Còmm|label=[[Comasco dialect|Comasco]]}} {{IPA|lmo|ˈkɔm|}},<ref>Carlo Bassi, Grammatica essenziale del "dialètt de Còmm", Como, Edizioni della Famiglia Comasca, 2014</ref> {{lang|lmo|Cómm}} {{IPA|lmo|ˈkom|}} or {{lang|lmo|Cùmm}} {{IPA|lmo|ˈkum|}};<ref>Libero Locatelli, Piccola grammatica del dialetto comasco, Como, Famiglia Comasca, 1970, p. 6.</ref> {{langx|la|Novum Comum}}) is a city and {{lang|it|[[comune]]}} (municipality) in [[Lombardy]], Italy. It is the administrative capital of the [[Province of Como]]. Nestled at the southwestern branch of the picturesque [[Lake Como]], the city is a renowned tourist destination, celebrated for its stunning landscapes, artistic heritage, and cultural significance.<ref>{{cite book |last=McElroy |first=Nan |title=Italy, Instructions for Use: The Practical, On-Site Assistant for the Enthusiastic (Even Experienced) Traveler|publisher=Illustrata Press|year=2007|isbn=1885436300 |page=}}</ref> Its prime location on the shores of [[Lake Como]] and its proximity to the majestic [[Alps]] has made Como a popular destination for tourists. The city boasts a rich collection of art, religious sites, verdant gardens, museums, theatres, public parks, and opulent palaces, including the iconic ''[[Como Cathedral|Duomo]]'', seat of the [[Diocese of Como]]; the [[Basilica of Sant'Abbondio]]; [[Villa Olmo]]; the public gardens with the [[Tempio Voltiano]]; the Teatro Sociale; the ''[[Broletto]]'', the city's medieval town hall; and the 20th-century [[Casa del Fascio (Como)|Casa del Fascio]], a landmark of modernist architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Como, Italy. The best things to do in Como city |url=https://lakecomotravel.com/como-italy/ |website=Lake Como Travel |date=8 May 2019 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029175902/https://lakecomotravel.com/como-italy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Como has been the birthplace of numerous notable historical figures, including the Roman poet Caecilius, mentioned by [[Catullus]] in the 1st century BC,<ref name="Caecilius">{{cite book|author=John Hazel|title=Who's who in the Roman World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=854lczVIiCkC&pg=PA42|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-22410-9|page=42}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.let.ru.nl/v.hunink/documents/catullus_md.htm |title=Catullus |access-date=17 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719200529/http://www.let.ru.nl/v.hunink/documents/catullus_md.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> the celebrated writers [[Pliny the Elder]] and [[Pliny the Younger]], [[Pope Innocent XI]], the pioneering scientist [[Alessandro Volta]], inventor of the electric battery,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/VoltaBio.htm |title=Alessandro Volta |publisher=Corrosion-doctors.org |access-date=2011-06-21 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125104338/http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/VoltaBio.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Cosima Liszt]], daughter of Franz Liszt and wife of Richard Wagner, and [[Antonio Sant'Elia]], a futurist architect and key figure in the modern architectural movement. ==History== [[File:Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot - Como and Lake Como.jpg|thumb|left|''City and Lake Como'', a painting by [[Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot]], 1834]] ===Ancient Foundations=== The hills surrounding modern Como have been inhabited since the [[Iron Age]], originally by the [[Celt]]ic [[Orobii]] tribe. These people, according to [[Pliny the Elder]] and contemporary scholars, had connections with the [[Ligurian (ancient language)|Ancient Ligurians]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peron |first=Ettore Maria |title=Storia di Como |date=July 2017 |publisher=Edizioni Biblioteca dell'immagine |isbn=9788863912685 |edition=First |location=Pordenone |publication-date=2017 |pages=4 |trans-title=History of Como}}</ref><ref name="Luraschi 1999 5">{{Cite book |last=Luraschi |first=Giorgio |title=Storia di Como Antica |publisher=Edizioni New Press |year=1999 |isbn=8895383834 |edition=Second |location=Como |publication-date=1999 |pages=5 |trans-title=Ancient History of Como}}</ref> a group culturally similar to the Celts. Settlement remains can still be found on the wooded hills southwest of the city, particularly in the [[Rebbio]] district. The Breccia and Prestino areas, along with neighboring [[San Fermo della Battaglia]] and [[Cavallasca]], also show evidence of the [[Golasecca culture]],<ref name="Luraschi 1999 5"/> dating back to the Iron Age. Later, a second Celtic migration brought Gaulish tribes, notably the [[Insubres]], to the Como region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peron |first=Ettore Maria |title=Storia di Como |date=July 2017 |publisher=Edizioni Biblioteca dell'Immagine |isbn=9788863912685 |edition=First |location=Pordenone |publication-date=2017 |pages=7 |trans-title=History of Como}}</ref> Around the 1st century BC, the Romans asserted their dominance over the territory. Although the original settlement was located in the hills, [[Julius Caesar]] ordered the town moved to its present lakeside location. He directed the draining of the marsh near the lake's southern tip and implemented a typical Roman grid plan for the walled city, with streets intersecting at right angles. The newly established town, named ''Novum Comum'', was granted the status of ''municipium'', a self-governing Roman city. In a significant archaeological find in September 2018, hundreds of [[gold coin]]s dating to 474 AD were discovered in the basement of the former Cressoni Theater. These coins, minted during the reigns of Roman Emperors [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] and others, were contained in a two-handled [[soapstone]] [[amphora]], providing valuable insights into the late Roman era in the region.<ref name="2018-09-10_NPR">[https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/646445359/hundreds-of-roman-gold-coins-found-in-theater-basement Hundreds Of Roman Gold Coins Found In Theater Basement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912131322/https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/646445359/hundreds-of-roman-gold-coins-found-in-theater-basement |date=12 September 2018 }}, Shannon Van Sant, [[NPR]], 2018-09-10</ref> ===Medieval Era: From Lombard Rule to the Rise of the Commune=== Following the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], Como's history mirrored that of Lombardy, experiencing periods of control by the [[Goths]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], and later the [[Langobards]]. The [[Langobards]], a Germanic people originating from Scandinavia, profoundly impacted the region after their arrival in the [[Po Valley]] in 568 AD under King [[Alboin]]. They established the [[Lombard Kingdom]], initially encompassing Northern Italy and later expanding to include Tuscany and parts of Southern Italy. Under Lombard rule, Como prospered, largely due to the reconstruction of Queen Theudelind's road, a crucial trade route connecting [[Germany]] and the [[Italian Peninsula]], enhancing Como's strategic and commercial importance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zanella |first=Antonio |title=Paolo Diacono, La storia dei longobardi |date=16 October 1991 |publisher=Rizzoli |isbn=978-8817168243 |trans-title=Paul the Deacon, the History of the Langobards}}</ref> In 774, Como surrendered to the invading [[Carolingian Empire|Franks]] led by [[Charlemagne]], becoming a significant center for trade.<ref name="lombardiabeniculturali.it">{{cite web | url=https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/istituzioni/schede/3002492/?view=toponimi&hid=0 | title=Comune di Como, sec. XI - 1757 – Istituzioni storiche – Lombardia Beni Culturali | access-date=5 March 2024 | archive-date=12 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112053521/https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/istituzioni/schede/3002492/?view=toponimi&hid=0 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bergamaschi |first=Mario |title=Il Cumano Cronaca della guerra decennale tra Como e Millano 1118-1127 |date=January 2013 |publisher=Alessandro Dominioni Editore |isbn=9788887867459 |pages=29–36 |language=it |trans-title=The Cumano, Chronicles of the 10-Years War between Como and Milan 1118-1127}}</ref> The [[Medieval commune|Commune]] of Como emerged in the 11th century, evolving from an association of prominent families bound by treaty and oath. This communal structure, initially exclusive to noble families, broadened over time to include all free male citizens, strengthening Como's political independence and the authority of its bishop. The bishop became the de facto leader, while a citizen assembly convened in the "Broletto" (Town Hall), initially composed of nobles and later including representatives from guilds. The Commune established its own laws governing various aspects of urban life, from commerce and agriculture to law enforcement and taxation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piano delle regole |url=https://www.comune.como.it/export/sites/default/it/doc/pgt/piano-delle-regole/relazione-piano-delle-regole/x0.5.1xComo_Pgt_PianoRegole_Pagine_279_311.pdf |access-date=5 March 2024 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002220709/https://www.comune.como.it/export/sites/default/it/doc/pgt/piano-delle-regole/relazione-piano-delle-regole/x0.5.1xComo_Pgt_PianoRegole_Pagine_279_311.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Commune's territory encompassed the entire Diocese of Como, extending beyond the city itself to include a vast area including much of the modern Province of Como, Canton Ticino, and parts of Valtellina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almini |first=Saverio |date=2005-01-19 |title=Lombardia Beni Culturali: Diocesi di Como |trans-title=Lombardy cultural heritage: the Diocese of Como |url=https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/istituzioni/schede/3101278/ |website=Lombardia Beni Culturali |language=it |type=History page of a Regional Government's Heritage department}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bergamaschi |first=Mario |title=Il Cumano Cronaca della guerra decennale tra Como e Millano 1118-1127 |date=January 2013 |publisher=Alessandro Dominioni Editore |isbn=9788887867459 |pages=29–36 |language=it |trans-title=The Cumano, Cronicles of the 10-Years War between Como and Milan 1118-1127}}</ref> Strategically positioned on Lake Como and benefiting from the Road of Queen Theudelind, Como rapidly grew into a wealthy and influential town.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bergamaschi |first=Mario |title=Il Cumano Cronaca della Guerra Decennale tra Como e Milano 1118-1127 |date=January 2013 |publisher=Alessandro Dominioni Editore |isbn=9788887867459 |location=Gorgonzola |pages=15–19 |language= |trans-title=The Cumano, cronicle of the 10-Years War between Como and Milan 1118-1127}}</ref> This prosperity, however, led to rivalry with Milan. Milan's expansionist ambitions culminated in the [[War of Milan against Como|Decennial War between Como and Milan]] (1118-1127). Despite initial Comaschi successes, Milan ultimately triumphed, devastating Como in 1127, sparing only churches.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bergamaschi |first=Mario |title=Il Cumano Cronaca della guerra decennale tra Como e Milano 1118-1127 |date=January 2013 |publisher=Alessandro Dominioni Editore |isbn=9788887867459 |pages=63–152 |language=it |trans-title=The Cumano, Cronicle of the 10-Years War between Como and Milan 1118-1127}}</ref> Despite this setback, Como's fortunes were revived by [[Frederick Barbarossa]], who restored its independence and supported the rebuilding of its defenses, including town walls and the [[Baradello]] castle.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bergamaschi |first=Mario |title=Il Cumano. Cronaca della guerra decennale tra Como e Milano 1118-1127 |publisher=Alessandro Dominioni Editore |year=2013 |isbn=9788887867459 |location=Como |publication-date=2013 |trans-title=The Cumano. Chronicles of the Ten-Year War Between Como and Milan (1118-1127)}}</ref> Como remained aligned with the [[Ghibellines]], even as other Lombard communes formed the pro-papal [[Lombard League]]. Emperor Frederick I formally recognized the Commune of Como in 1175, granting it significant autonomy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/istituzioni/schede/3002492/ | title=Comune di Como, sec. XI - 1757 – Istituzioni storiche – Lombardia Beni Culturali | access-date=5 March 2024 | archive-date=12 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112053523/https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/istituzioni/schede/3002492/ | url-status=live }}</ref> ===The Rusca Lordship and Subsequent Periods=== The [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Ghibelline]] Rusca family rose to prominence in Como during the 13th and 14th centuries, vying for power with the [[Vitani family]]. They briefly established a lordship over Como and its territories, but ultimately, in 1335, Milan, under [[Azzone Visconti]], reasserted control, annexing Como to the [[Duchy of Milan]]. Brief periods of independence followed, including the establishment of the "Republic of Saint Abundius" in 1447, but by 1450, Como was definitively incorporated into the Duchy of Milan under Francesco Sforza.<ref name="lombardiabeniculturali.it"/> Subsequently, Como's history was intertwined with the Duchy of Milan, experiencing French invasion, Spanish rule, and Austrian control until the Napoleonic era. Napoleon's rule lasted until 1815, after which Austrian dominion was reinstated following the [[Congress of Vienna]]. By 1848, Como's population reached 16,000.<ref>{{cite book |title=The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge Vol IV |date=1848 |publisher=Charles Knight |location=London |page=811}}</ref> In 1859, with [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s arrival, Como became part of the newly unified [[Italian unification|Kingdom of Italy]]. In the 20th century, Como witnessed a significant historical event at the end of World War II. [[Benito Mussolini]], attempting to escape to Switzerland, was captured and executed by partisans in [[Giulino di Mezzegra]], near Lake Como. In the 21st century, Como remains a vital city in Lombardy, economically linked to Milan and increasingly reliant on tourism. ==Geography== Como is strategically located at the southern end of the southwestern arm of Lake Como, approximately {{convert|40|km|mi|0}} north of Milan. The city shares borders with [[Switzerland]], specifically the Swiss ''[[Communes of Switzerland|communes]]'' of [[Chiasso]] and [[Vacallo]], and the Italian ''[[comune]]'' of [[Blevio]], [[Brunate]], and several others. Major nearby cities include [[Varese]], [[Lecco]], and [[Lugano]]. [[File:Comofontanawiki.JPG|thumb|250px|The picturesque lakefront of Como]] [[File:Como Light Show 2.jpg|thumb|Como Main Town buildings decorated with light show in December 2017]] ===Climate=== {{climate chart | Como |-2|6|79 |-1|8|74 |4|13|109 |7|17|157 |12|23|201 |16|27|175 |19|30|137 |19|29|173 |13|23|160 |9|19|147 |4|12|127 |2|9|66 |float=left |clear=none }} According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], Como experiences a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa''). Historically, winters were colder with average daily temperatures often below freezing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://weatherspark.com/h/m/62658/1987/2/Historical-Weather-in-February-1987-in-Como-Italy#Figures-Temperature|publisher=weatherspark.com|title=Historical Weather in February 1987 in Como|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313050820/https://weatherspark.com/h/m/62658/1987/2/Historical-Weather-in-February-1987-in-Como-Italy#Figures-Temperature|url-status=live}}</ref> While occasional frosts from the [[Siberian High|Siberian Anticyclone]] still occur, [[global warming]] has led to a gradual increase in average winter temperatures since the start of the 21st century, with a record high of 21 degrees Celsius (70 °F) recorded on January 27, 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://weatherspark.com/h/d/148114/2024/1/27/Historical-Weather-on-Saturday-January-27-2024-at-Milano-Malpensa-Airport-Italy#Figures-Temperature|publisher=weatherspark.com|title=Historical Weather|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313042717/https://weatherspark.com/h/d/148114/2024/1/27/Historical-Weather-on-Saturday-January-27-2024-at-Milano-Malpensa-Airport-Italy#Figures-Temperature|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.informazione.it/a/3BEAEF18-4306-44A2-80D5-F9566BA80A18/Caldo-Natale-sul-lago-di-Como-il-termometro-sfiora-i-20-gradi-colpa-del-Foehn |title=Caldo Natale sul lago di Como, il termometro sfiora i 20 gradi: colpa del Foehn |date=25 December 2023 |publisher=informazione.it |access-date=6 March 2024 |language=italian |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313045555/https://www.informazione.it/a/3BEAEF18-4306-44A2-80D5-F9566BA80A18/Caldo-Natale-sul-lago-di-Como-il-termometro-sfiora-i-20-gradi-colpa-del-Foehn |url-status=live }}</ref> Spring and autumn are generally mild and pleasant, while summers can be hot and humid. Strong winds are rare, though sudden [[foehn]] winds can occur. Air pollution can be a concern in winter due to [[inversion (meteorology)|cold air trapping pollutants]]. Rainfall is more frequent in spring, while summers are prone to thunderstorms and occasional violent [[hail]]storms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.quicomo.it/cronaca/como-provincia-nubifragio-allagamenti-grandine-foto-.html|title=Nubifragio, raffiche di vento a 100 km/h, grandine come palline da golf|publisher=quicomo.it |access-date=6 March 2024|language= italian}}</ref> {{Weather box <!-- Infobox begins --> | width = auto | open = <!-- Any entry in this line will make the template permanently open, and remove the hide button. Remove this line for a collapsible table. --> | metric first = 1 | single line = 1 | location = Como <!-- Record high temperatures --> | Jan record high F = | Jan record high C = 21 | Feb record high F = | Feb record high C = 22 | Mar record high F = | Mar record high C = 24 | Apr record high F = | Apr record high C = 26 | May record high F = | May record high C = 31 | Jun record high F = | Jun record high C = 37 | Jul record high F = | Jul record high C = 38 | Aug record high F = | Aug record high C = 37 | Sep record high F = | Sep record high C = 31 | Oct record high F = | Oct record high C = 25 | Nov record high F = | Nov record high C = 22 | Dec record high F = | Dec record high C = 21 | year record high F = | year record high C = <!Record high dates for verification, using both official data from Milan Malpensa airport and Lugano Airport: 25 Jan 2024 and 27 Jan 2024 24 Feb 2021 and 24 Feb 2022 30 Mar 2021 02 Apr 2021 21 May 2022 27 Jun 2019 22 Jul 2022 24 Aug 2023 06 Sep 2022 16 Oct 2017 10 Nov 2015 23 Dec 2023 <!-- Average high temperatures --> | Jan high F = | Jan high C = 6 | Feb high F = | Feb high C = 8 | Mar high F = | Mar high C = 13 | Apr high F = | Apr high C = 17 | May high F = | May high C = 23 | Jun high F = | Jun high C = 27 | Jul high F = | Jul high C = 30 | Aug high F = | Aug high C = 29 | Sep high F = | Sep high C = 23 | Oct high F = | Oct high C = 19 | Nov high F = | Nov high C = 12 | Dec high F = | Dec high C = 9 | year high F = | year high C = <!-- Average low temperatures --> | Jan low F = | Jan low C = -2 | Feb low F = | Feb low C = -1 | Mar low F = | Mar low C = 4 | Apr low F = | Apr low C = 7 | May low F = | May low C = 12 | Jun low F = | Jun low C = 16 | Jul low F = | Jul low C = 19 | Aug low F = | Aug low C = 19 | Sep low F = | Sep low C = 13 | Oct low F = | Oct low C = 9 | Nov low F = | Nov low C = 4 | Dec low F = | Dec low C = 2 | year low F = | year low C = <!-- Record low temperatures --> | Jan record low F = | Jan record low C = -18 | Feb record low F = | Feb record low C = -16 | Mar record low F = | Mar record low C = -11 | Apr record low F = | Apr record low C = -5 | May record low F = | May record low C = -1 | Jun record low F = | Jun record low C = 3 | Jul record low F = | Jul record low C = 7 | Aug record low F = | Aug record low C = 5 | Sep record low F = | Sep record low C = 4 | Oct record low F = | Oct record low C = -3 | Nov record low F = | Nov record low C = -9 | Dec record low F = | Dec record low C = -10 | year record low F = | year record low C = <!-- Record low dates for verification, using both official data from Milan Malpensa airport and Lugano Airport: 11 Jan 1985 02 Feb 1987 21 Mar 1987 02 Apr 1987 01 May 1984 01 Jun 1980 04 Jul 1979 25 Aug 1979 19 Sep 1994 23 Oct 1981 24 Nov 1988 Lugano airport reports -6 While Milan Malpensa airport reports -13 so i made an average 20 Dec 1990 --> <!-- Total precipitation, this should include rain and snow. --> <!-- Total precipitation, this should include rain and snow. --> | precipitation colour = green <!-- IMPORTANT: use only one unit type! --> | Jan precipitation inch = | Jan precipitation cm = | Jan precipitation mm =79 | Feb precipitation inch = | Feb precipitation cm = | Feb precipitation mm =74 | Mar precipitation inch = | Mar precipitation cm = | Mar precipitation mm =109 | Apr precipitation inch = | Apr precipitation cm = | Apr precipitation mm =157 | May precipitation inch = | May precipitation cm = | May precipitation mm =201 | Jun precipitation inch = | Jun precipitation cm = | Jun precipitation mm =175 | Jul precipitation inch = | Jul precipitation cm = | Jul precipitation mm =137 | Aug precipitation inch = | Aug precipitation cm = | Aug precipitation mm =173 | Sep precipitation inch = | Sep precipitation cm = | Sep precipitation mm =160 | Oct precipitation inch = | Oct precipitation cm = | Oct precipitation mm =147 | Nov precipitation inch = | Nov precipitation cm = | Nov precipitation mm =127 | Dec precipitation inch = | Dec precipitation cm = | Dec precipitation mm =66 | year precipitation inch = | year precipitation cm = | year precipitation mm = <!-- Average number of precipitation days --> | unit precipitation days = <!-- If entering the average number of days, then the unit requirement should be used, because this varies between countries. E.g. 0.01 in, 0.2 mm. --> | precip days colour = <!-- Enter "green" for green colours, "pastel" for pastel colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for blue colouring. Affects rain and snow days as well --> | Jan precipitation days =9 | Feb precipitation days =8 | Mar precipitation days =10 | Apr precipitation days =12 | May precipitation days =13 | Jun precipitation days =11 | Jul precipitation days =8 | Aug precipitation days =9 | Sep precipitation days =8 | Oct precipitation days =10 | Nov precipitation days =11 | Dec precipitation days =9 | year precipitation days = <!-- Average daily % humidity --> <!-- If entering the average daily % humidity, then the humidex table should be used. --> | humidity colour = | time day = <!-- The time of day the humidity was measured at. Affects afternoon % humidity as well --> | daily = Y | Jan humidity =84 | Feb humidity =76 | Mar humidity =69 | Apr humidity =74 | May humidity =72 | Jun humidity =71 | Jul humidity =73 | Aug humidity =72 | Sep humidity =74 | Oct humidity =81 | Nov humidity =85 | Dec humidity =86 | year humidity = <!-- Average monthly sunshine hours, monthly totals are preferred, and will produce colours, but percentages are accepted. --> | Jan sun =59 | Feb sun =97 | Mar sun =151 | Apr sun =176 | May sun =209 | Jun sun =242 | Jul sun =285 | Aug sun =253 | Sep sun =187 | Oct sun =129 | Nov sun =65 | Dec sun =58 | year sun = <!-- Average daily UV index --> | Jan uv =1 | Feb uv =2 | Mar uv =3 | Apr uv =5 | May uv =7 | Jun uv =8 | Jul uv =8 | Aug uv =7 | Sep uv =5 | Oct uv =3 | Nov uv =2 | Dec uv =1 | year uv = <!-- Mandatory fields, source --> | source = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://weatherspark.com/h/d/148117/2023/12/23/Historical-Weather-on-Saturday-December-23-2023-at-Lugano-Airport-Switzerland#Figures-Temperature|publisher=weatherspark.com|title=Historical Weather|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313034358/https://weatherspark.com/h/d/148117/2023/12/23/Historical-Weather-on-Saturday-December-23-2023-at-Lugano-Airport-Switzerland#Figures-Temperature|url-status=live}}</ref> | source 2 = <ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/italy/como-climate |title=Como Climate |publisher=Weather-atlas.com |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615110809/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/italy/como-climate |url-status=live }}</ref> }}<!-- Infobox ends --> ==Administration== The legislative body of Como is the City Council (''Consiglio Comunale''), composed of 32 councillors elected every five years through a proportional system, coinciding with the mayoral elections. The executive branch is the City Committee (''Giunta Comunale''), comprising 9 ''assessori'' (city ministers), each overseeing a specific department. The ''assessori'' are nominated and presided over by the directly elected Mayor (''Sindaco''). Since June 27, 2022, Alessandro Rapinese, an independent candidate leading the "Rapinese Sindaco" alliance, has served as the Mayor of Como. {{See also|List of mayors of Como}} ===Administrative Divisions: ''Frazioni''=== [[File:Como-Wards.png|thumb|250px|Administrative subdivisions of Como's ''frazioni'']] Administratively, Como is divided into nine ''{{lang|it|[[frazione|frazioni]]}}'' (roughly equivalent to [[Ward (country subdivision)|wards]] or districts): # Albate – Muggiò – Acquanera # Lora # Prestino – Camerlata – Breccia – [[Rebbio]] # Camnago Volta # City Center – West Como # Borghi # North Como – East Como # Monte Olimpino – Ponte Chiasso – Sagnino – Tavernola # Garzola – Civiglio ==Sights== {{Further|List of buildings and structures in Como}} Como's urban landscape is enriched by a diverse array of significant landmarks, reflecting its historical, artistic, and cultural heritage. ===Religious Sites=== [[File:Como, duomo, esterno 03.JPG|thumb|250px|right| The majestic facade of Como's Duomo (Cathedral)]] [[File:Comoparco.JPG|thumb|250px|right| Villa Olmo's park with the Cathedral in the distance]] [[File:Como San Fedele.jpg|upright|thumb|250px|The apse of San Fedele Church, showcasing Romanesque architecture]] [[File:Villa Olmo Eng Garden-Como.jpg|upright|thumb|250px|The English gardens of [[Villa Olmo]], designed in Neoclassical style]] [[File:Como Italy.jpg|thumb|Cathedral as seen from across the lakeside, reflecting in the water]] [[File:Como, basilica di sant'abbondio, cortile, interno 02.JPG|thumb|250px|The tranquil inner courtyard of the Basilica of Sant'Abbondio]] * '''[[Como Cathedral|Como Cathedral (Duomo)]]''': A masterpiece of Gothic and Renaissance architecture, the Duomo's construction spanned centuries, resulting in a stunning blend of styles. Its notable features include the 15th-century façade, the Rococo dome by Filippo Juvarra, and an interior adorned with 16th-century tapestries and paintings by renowned artists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.duomocomo.it/en/ |title=Duomo di Como - Official Website |website=duomocomo.it |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> * '''[[Basilica di San Fedele (Como)|Basilica di San Fedele]]''': A significant example of Romanesque architecture, San Fedele Basilica is known for its medieval carvings, particularly on the Door of St. Fedele, and its historical importance as one of Como's oldest churches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitcomo.eu/en/poi/basilica-di-san-fedele/ |title=Basilica of San Fedele |website=Visit Como Official Website |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> * '''Sant'Agostino''': Originally built in the 14th century by Cistercian monks, Sant'Agostino church showcases a blend of architectural styles, with a predominantly Baroque interior and a cloister adorned with 15th-17th-century frescoes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/L080-00155/ |title=Chiesa di Sant'Agostino - Como (CO) |website=Lombardia Beni Culturali |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> * '''[[Basilica of Sant'Abbondio]]''': A Romanesque basilica of significant historical and artistic value, Sant'Abbondio features a spacious interior with a nave and four aisles, housing 11th-century paintings and 14th-century frescoes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitcomo.eu/en/poi/basilica-di-santabbondio/ |title=Basilica of Sant'Abbondio |website=Visit Como Official Website |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> * '''San Carpoforo''': Believed to be built upon the site of a Roman temple dedicated to Mercury, San Carpoforo is an 11th-century church with a 12th-century apse and crypt, traditionally considered the burial place of Saint Carpophorus and other local martyrs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/L080-00156/ |title=Chiesa di S. Carpoforo - Como (CO) |website=Lombardia Beni Culturali |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> [[File:Como Italy 2.jpg|thumb|Cathedral illuminated at night during Como's light festival in December 2017]] ===Secular Monuments and Buildings=== * '''The ''[[Broletto]]'''' : Como's ancient town hall, a historic civic building reflecting the city's medieval past. * '''[[Casa del Fascio (Como)|Casa del Fascio]]''': A renowned masterpiece designed by architect Giuseppe Terragni, considered a seminal example of modern European architecture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitcomo.eu/en/poi/casa-del-fascio/ |title=Casa del Fascio |website=Visit Como Official Website |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> * '''Monumento ai caduti''': A war memorial designed by Giuseppe Terragni, commemorating Como's fallen soldiers. * '''Teatro Sociale''': A historic theatre built in 1813 by Giuseppe Cusi, still active as a venue for opera and theatrical performances.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://teatrosocialecomo.comfitmm.net/eng/ |title=Il tetatro socilae di Come (in English) |access-date=28 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703051509/http://teatrosocialecomo.comfitmm.net/eng/ |archive-date=3 July 2013 }}</ref> * '''[[Villa Olmo]]''': A grand Neoclassical villa built in the late 18th century, Villa Olmo has hosted numerous historical figures and now serves as a prominent exhibition center and event space.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.villaolmo.it/en/ |title=Villa Olmo - Official Website |website=Villa Olmo Official Website |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> * '''Monumental Fountain (Volta's Fountain)''': A modern monument dedicated to Alessandro Volta's invention, designed by Carlo Cattaneo and Mario Radice, located in Camerlata Square. * '''Medieval City Walls''': The remnants of Como's ancient defensive walls, offering a glimpse into the city's fortified past. * '''[[Tempio Voltiano]]''': A museum dedicated to Alessandro Volta, showcasing his life, inventions, and contributions to the field of electricity.<ref name="Tempio Voltiano">{{cite web |url=https://www.visitcomo.eu/en/poi/tempio-voltiano/ |title=Tempio Voltiano |website=Visit Como Official Website |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> * '''[[Life Electric]]''': A contemporary sculpture by Daniel Libeskind, situated on the lakefront, representing modern art in Como. * '''[[Castello Baradello]]''': A medieval castle perched on a hill overlooking Como, offering panoramic views and representing the remains of Frederick Barbarossa's 12th-century fortifications.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.castellobaradello.it/en/ |title=Castello Baradello - Official Website |website=Castello Baradello Official Website |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> ==Economy== Historically, Como's economy was heavily reliant on industry, particularly its world-renowned silk production. In the early 1970s, Como's silk output surpassed that of China and Japan, establishing it as a global silk manufacturing hub.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lake Como's Silk|date=16 June 2019|url=https://lakecomotravel.com/lake-como-silk-history-and-shops/|publisher=lakecomotravel.com|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213194328/https://lakecomotravel.com/lake-como-silk-history-and-shops/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Tagliabue|first=John|title=Italian Silk Industry Upset By a New U.S. Trade Law|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/10/business/italian-silk-industry-upset-by-a-new-us-trade-law.html|access-date=18 July 2010|newspaper=The New York Times|date=10 April 1997|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402195605/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/10/business/italian-silk-industry-upset-by-a-new-us-trade-law.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, increased competition from Asian producers since the mid-1990s significantly reduced profit margins, leading to the closure of many small and medium-sized silk firms. As a result, manufacturing is no longer the dominant economic force. Como has become increasingly integrated into the [[Milan metropolitan area]], with a significant portion of its workforce employed in the [[service industry]]. Many residents also commute to Swiss towns like Lugano and Mendrisio for employment in industry, healthcare, and hospitality, attracted by higher wages in Switzerland despite the daily commute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cross-border commuters|url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/work-income/employment-working-hours/economically-active-population/cross-border-commuters.html|publisher=Admin.ch|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119051859/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/work-income/employment-working-hours/economically-active-population/cross-border-commuters.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the late 1990s, tourism has become increasingly vital to Como's economy. Local businesses have shifted towards catering to tourists, with a proliferation of bars, restaurants, and hotels. In 2023, Como welcomed approximately 400,000 overnight visitors, establishing itself as a leading tourist destination in Lombardy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turismo a Como, i pernottamenti crescono del 28% rispetto al 2022|date=22 September 2023|url=https://www.espansionetv.it/2023/09/22/turismo-a-como-i-pernottamenti-crescono-del-28-rispetto-al-2022/|publisher=espansione TV|access-date=6 March 2024|language=Italian|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210020056/https://www.espansionetv.it/2023/09/22/turismo-a-como-i-pernottamenti-crescono-del-28-rispetto-al-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city and Lake Como's popularity as filming locations for feature films, along with celebrity residents, has further boosted international tourism, making Como a sought-after destination since the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Places to Visit in Italy|url=https://travel.usnews.com/rankings/best-places-to-visit-in-italy/|publisher=US News|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007103447/https://travel.usnews.com/rankings/best-places-to-visit-in-italy/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Historical populations|1861|31260|1871|33369|1881|36183|1901|43714|1911|50203|1921|53767|1931|60128|1936|62415|1951|70447|1961|81983|1971|97996|1981|95571|1991|87059|2001|78680|2011|82045|2021|83361|footnote=Source: [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]|cols=1|align=right}}Como's population grew steadily, reaching a peak of nearly 100,000 in the 1970s, coinciding with the peak of its manufacturing sector, particularly silk production. However, with the decline of manufacturing, the population decreased by approximately 20,000 until the early 21st century. Since then, the city's population has grown again, adding over six thousand residents, largely due to increased immigration from Asia, Eastern Europe, and North Africa. As of January 2023, the population was 83,700, with 12,000 (14%) being resident aliens. The population distribution by origin is as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistiche Istat |url=https://esploradati.istat.it//|publisher=Istat|access-date= 6 March 2024}}</ref> <!-- Graph temporarily hidden since the graph template hasn't been fixed yet {{GraphChart | width = 300 | height = 150 | xAxisTitle=year | yAxisTitle= thousand | yAxisMin= | yGrid= 0,1 | xGrid= 10 | legend= | type = line | x = 1860,1870,1880,1890,1900,1910,1920,1930,1940,1950,1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010,2020 | y1= 31.8, 33.3, 36.2, 39, 43.7, 50.2, 53.8, 60.1, 62.4, 70.5, 82,98, 95.6,87, 78.7, 82, 84 | y1Title= population (thousands) }} --> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;" ! Pos. !! Origin !! Percentage|% |- | 1 || align=center| Italy || 86% |- | 2 || align=center| Europe || 5.3% |- | 3 || align=center| Asia || 4.1% |- | 4 || align=center| Africa || 2.8% |- | 5 || align=center| America || 1.8% |- | 6 || align=center| Oceania || 0.02% |- |} Top 20 nationalities of resident aliens: {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;" ! Pos. !! Citizenship !! Residents |- | 1 || align=left| {{flag|Philippines|name}} || 1155 |- | 2 || align=left| {{flag|Romania|name}} || 947 |- | 3 || align=left| {{flag|Sri Lanka|name}} || 791 |- | 4 || align=left| {{flag|Turkey|name}} || 656 |- | 5 || align=left| {{flag|Albania|name}} || 604 |- | 6 || align=left| {{flag|Ukraine|name}} || 578 |- | 7 || align=left| {{flag|El Salvador|name}} || 545 |- | 8 || align=left| {{flag|Nigeria|name}} || 498 |- | 9 || align=left| {{flag|China|name}} || 470 |- |10 || align=left| {{flag|Tunisia|name}} || 426 |- |11 || align=left| {{flag|Pakistan|name}} || 411 |- |12 || align=left| {{flag|Morocco|name}} || 364 |- |13 || align=left| {{flag|Bangladesh|name}} || 313 |- |14 || align=left| {{flag|Ecuador|name}} || 301 |- |15 || align=left| {{flag|Peru|name}} || 234 |- |16 || align=left| {{flag|Ghana|name}} || 233 |- |17 || align=left| {{flag|Russia|name}} || 214 |- |18 || align=left| {{flag|Egypt|name}} || 168 |- |19 || align=left| {{flag|United Kingdom|name}} || 164 |- |20 || align=left| {{flag|Kosovo|name}} || 151 |- |} == Culture == ===Museums and Cultural Institutions=== Como is home to a diverse range of museums and cultural institutions, offering insights into its history, art, and industry: * '''Museo Archeologico "P. Giovio"''': Dedicated to local archaeology, the museum showcases artifacts from prehistoric times to the Roman era, providing a comprehensive overview of Como's ancient past.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://musei.lombardia.beniculturali.it/musei/museo-archeologico-p-giovio/ |title=Museo Archeologico P. Giovio - Como |website=Musei Italiani |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> * '''[[Garibaldi Museum (Como)]]''': This museum commemorates the life and achievements of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a key figure in the Italian Risorgimento, with exhibits detailing his campaigns and legacy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.museiitaliani.it/museo/museo-garibaldi-como/ |title=Museo Garibaldi - Como |website=Musei Italiani |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> * '''[[Tempio Voltiano]]''': A neoclassical temple-like structure housing a museum dedicated to Alessandro Volta, displaying original instruments and exhibits related to his groundbreaking work in electricity.<ref name="Tempio Voltiano"/> * '''[[Villa Olmo]]''': Beyond its architectural significance, Villa Olmo serves as a cultural hub, hosting temporary art exhibitions, concerts, and other cultural events throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.villaolmo.it/en/exhibitions/ |title=Exhibitions - Villa Olmo |website=Villa Olmo Official Website |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> * '''Museo Didattico Della Seta''': The Educational Silk Museum offers a fascinating journey through the history of Como's silk industry, showcasing the techniques, tools, and artistry involved in silk production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museosetacomo.com/en/ |title=Museo Didattico della Seta - Educational Silk Museum |website=Museo Didattico della Seta Official Website |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> * '''Museo Liceo classico "A. Volta"''': Located within the historic Liceo Classico "A. Volta" high school, this science museum features a collection of scientific instruments and exhibits primarily focused on physics and natural sciences, used for educational purposes and public viewing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.museoscienza.org/en/network/museo-liceo-classico-a-volta-como |title=Museo del Liceo Classico A. Volta di Como |website=Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci Official Website |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> * '''[[Pinacoteca Civica di Palazzo Volpi, Como|Pinacoteca Civica]]''': Como's Civic Art Gallery, housed in the elegant Palazzo Volpi, features a diverse collection of paintings and artworks spanning from the Carolingian period to contemporary art, representing various artistic movements and styles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitcomo.eu/en/poi/pinacoteca-civica/ |title=Art Gallery - Pinacoteca Civica |website=Visit Como Official Website |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> ===Culinary Delights=== Como's cuisine reflects Lombard traditions, with [[Polenta]] being a prominent dish, particularly during the colder months. This versatile dish, made from corn and buckwheat flour, is typically served with hearty accompaniments like meat, game, cheese, or local fish. A regional specialty is ''Polenta e Misultin'', featuring grilled ''[[Alosa agone]]'' (a local lake fish) served alongside polenta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/northern-italy|title=Food and Culture Encyclopedia:Northern Italy|publisher=answers.com|access-date=5 April 2010|archive-date=4 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604131418/http://www.answers.com/topic/northern-italy|url-status=live}}</ref> Another local culinary highlight is ''Risotto con Filetti di Pesce Persico'' or ''Risotto al Pesce Persico'', a delicate risotto featuring fillets of perch, a fish native to Lake Como. This dish is typically prepared with white wine, onions, and butter, creating a flavorful and representative local specialty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.italiadelight.com/en/risotto-with-perch-lake-como-recipe/ |title=Risotto with Perch from Lake Como: the authentic recipe |website=Italia Delight |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> ===Palio del Baradello: Reliving Medieval Como=== The annual ''Palio del Baradello'' medieval festival is a significant cultural event in Como, bringing the city's history to life. Held annually, the Palio commemorates the events of 1159 when Como allied with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palio del Baradello di Como |url=https://www.paliodelbaradello.it/#fh5co-tab-feature-center3 |website=Palio del Baradello di Como |access-date=27 October 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304002504/https://www.paliodelbaradello.it/#fh5co-tab-feature-center3 |url-status=live }}</ref> The festival recreates the historical context of Frederick Barbarossa's alliance with Como against Milan and other Lombard communes in the 12th century. Actors portray key historical figures such as Frederick Barbarossa, Henry the Lion, and Beatrice of Burgundy, while citizens don medieval costumes and participate in historical reenactments. The city is divided into its historical "Borghi" (wards), which compete in various medieval-themed games and contests throughout the festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le Gare |url=https://www.paliodelbaradello.it/gare.html |website=Palio del Baradello di Como |access-date=27 October 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303232121/https://www.paliodelbaradello.it/gare.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Palio culminates in a grand parade through Como, with participants in medieval attire, accompanied by animals, wagons, and siege engine replicas, creating a vibrant spectacle that attracts both locals and tourists. [[File:Palio di Como 2.jpg|thumb|150px|Participants dressed in medieval clothing for the Palio di Como festival]] [[File:Palio di Como 4.jpg|thumb|150px|The final day parade of the Palio di Como Medieval Festival]] ==City symbols== ===Coat of Arms=== Como's [[heraldic achievement]] features a white cross on a red field, a symbol historically associated with the [[Ghibelline]] faction, representing the city's political allegiances in the medieval era. The earliest documented use of this emblem dates back to the 12th-century War between Como and Milan. The motto "LIBERTAS" (Freedom) was later added, believed to commemorate Como's periods of independence, particularly during the reign of Frederick Barbarossa. The crown atop the coat of arms, featuring five points and gemstones, was officially incorporated in 1819, when Como was designated a "Royal Town" by Emperor Francis I of Austria.<ref name="comune.como.it">{{cite web | url=https://www.comune.como.it/it/comune/stemma-gonfalone-e-logo/stemma-comunale/ | title=Stemma comunale | access-date=3 March 2024 | archive-date=31 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831215507/https://www.comune.como.it/it/comune/stemma-gonfalone-e-logo/stemma-comunale/ | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Flag=== Como's historical flag features the Cross of Saint John – a white cross on a red field – reflecting its ancient civic symbolism. A later iteration of the flag incorporated the motto "LIBERTAS" in the lower right corner, mirroring the heraldic achievement. This flag, a symbol of Como's historical identity and aspirations for freedom, is still displayed at the town hall (Palazzo Cernezzi). [[File:Flag of Como with writing.png|thumb|''Flag of Como featuring the motto "LIBERTAS"''']] ==Transport== ===Rail Network=== Como is well-connected by rail, with the Servizio Ferroviario Regionale (Regional Railway Service) providing frequent train services to other major cities in Lombardy, operated by [[Trenord]]. The city is served by two main railway stations: [[Como San Giovanni railway station|Como San Giovanni]], which also serves as a stop for international trains connecting Milan to Zurich and Basel, and [[Como Nord Lago railway station|Como Nord Lago]]. Five additional urban stations provide local rail access within the city. The [[Como–Brunate funicular|lakeside funicular railway]] offers a scenic and convenient link between Como's city center and the mountain village of Brunate, providing panoramic views of Lake Como. [[File:Comopiroscafo.JPG|thumb|250px|An antique steamship on Lake Como, part of the Navigazione Laghi fleet]] [[File:Como-Brunate funicular - June2016.jpg|thumb|250px|The historic Como-Brunate funicular railway]] ===Bus and Taxi Services=== Como's public transportation network includes an extensive bus system operated by [[ASF Autolinee]], comprising 11 urban lines within the city and numerous extra-urban lines connecting Como to towns throughout the province. [[Ferrovie Nord Milano]] also operates bus services connecting Como to Varese. Taxi services are readily available throughout the city, licensed and regulated by the Municipality of Como. ===Lake Ferry Services=== [[Gestione Governativa Navigazione Laghi|Navigazione Laghi]] operates a comprehensive ferry service on Lake Como, with boats and hydrofoils connecting Como to most towns and villages along the lake's shores, providing both passenger and car ferry services. ===Air Travel Access=== Como is conveniently located near several major airports, providing access to domestic and international air travel. [[Milan–Malpensa Airport|Malpensa International Airport]], [[Linate Airport|Milano Linate]], and [[Orio al Serio International Airport]] offer a wide range of scheduled flights. [[Lugano Airport]], located in nearby Switzerland, primarily serves regional flights within Switzerland and charter destinations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/lug |access-date=16 August 2023 |title=Lugano Airport |website=Flightradar24 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816065332/https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/lug |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Aero Club Como: Seaplane Base==== [[File:Aerodrome_C%C3%B4me_1.JPG|thumb|250px|right|The Aero Club Como seaplane base on Lake Como]] Como is home to the world's oldest seaplane operation, the [https://aeroclubcomo.com/en/ Aero Club Como] ([[International Civil Aviation Organization airport code|ICAO code]] LILY).<ref>[http://www.aeroclubcomo.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=bZe0doYZKZc%3d&tabid=118&language=it-IT AIP Italia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909025457/http://www.aeroclubcomo.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=bZe0doYZKZc%3d&tabid=118&language=it-IT |date=9 September 2011 }} AD2 LILY</ref> The Aero Club operates a fleet of seaplanes for flight training, scenic tours, and maintains a collection of historic seaplanes, including a restored 1935 Caproni Ca.100, offering a unique aviation experience on Lake Como.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aeroclubcomo.com/en/the-historic-fleet/|title=The historic fleet|website=www.aeroclubcomo.com|access-date=27 October 2024|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705194149/https://aeroclubcomo.com/en/the-historic-fleet/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeroclubcomo.com/|title=Aero Club Como|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831215516/https://aeroclubcomo.com/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Aerodrome Côme 3.JPG|thumb|right|The meticulously restored Caproni Ca.100 seaplane, a highlight of Aero Club Como's historic fleet]] ==Education, Healthcare, and Sports== Como is a significant educational center, hosting numerous high schools, the "Giuseppe Verdi" Conservatory of Music, the "Aldo Galli" Design School, the [[University of Insubria]], and a campus of the [[Politecnico di Milano]], providing diverse educational opportunities. Healthcare services are provided by three major hospitals in Como: [[Ospedale Sant'Anna]], [[Ospedale Valduce]], and Clinica Villa Aprica, ensuring comprehensive medical care for residents and visitors. Como has a vibrant sporting scene, with notable clubs including the [[ASDG Comense 1872]] women's basketball team, a two-time EuroLeague Women champion, and [[Como 1907]] football club. Lake Como offers numerous recreational activities, including sailing, windsurfing, and the annual [[Città di Como Challenger]] tennis tournament, attracting international tennis talent. The Unione Sportiva Tavernola, a local amateur sports club, promotes community sports participation in Como's Tavernola neighborhood. ==Twin Cities== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}} Como is twinned with the following cities, fostering international cultural and civic exchange:<ref>{{cite web|title=Città Gemelle|url=https://www.comune.como.it/it/comune/citta-messaggera-di-pace/citta-gemelle/|publisher=Comune di Como|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007105014/https://www.comune.como.it/it/comune/citta-messaggera-di-pace/citta-gemelle/|url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Fulda]], Germany, since 1960 *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokamachi]], Japan, since 1975 *{{flagicon|PLE}} [[Nablus]], [[Palestine]], since 1998 *{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Netanya]], [[Israel]], since 2004<ref name="Netanya twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.netanya.muni.il/eng/?CategoryID=1779|title=Netanya – Twin Cities|access-date=2013-08-01|work=Netanya Municipality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201094809/http://www.netanya.muni.il/Eng/?CategoryID=1779|archive-date=2013-02-01}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Lake Como]] * [[Province of Como]] * [[List of people from Como]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== *{{cite book |publisher = Karl Baedeker |location = Leipzig |edition=14th |title = Northern Italy |year = 1913 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/northernitalyi00karl#page/n325/mode/2up |chapter=Como |ol=16015532M}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Como}} {{wikivoyage|Como}} *[http://www.comune.como.it/ Official website] {{in lang|it|en}} *[http://www.visitcomo.eu/en/ Official Tourism Portal] *[http://www.comocomera.it/ Historical picture gallery and slideshow] *[http://www.lakecomo.it/ Official Tourist Board website] {{in lang|it|en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201171637/http://www.navigazionelaghi.it/eng/com/nlc.html Lake Como Navigation Company] *[http://como-lake.arounder.com Official Virtual Tour] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9Cx3WJgZ0k A documentary about the Lake] by [[Yann Arthus-Bertrand]] {{Lago di Como}} {{Province of Como}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Como| ]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Lombardy]] [[Category:Roman towns and cities in Italy]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 1st century BC]] [[Category:Italy–Switzerland border]]
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