Editing Comrade

{{Short description|Term meaning friend, colleague or ally, with political connotations}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{See Wiktionary|redirect=Camaraderie||camaraderie}}
{{Other uses}}}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2015}}
[[File:Harrison Fisher WWI American Red Cross poster.jpg|thumb|[[World War I]] [[American Red Cross]] poster by [[Harrison Fisher]], 1918]]
In political contexts, '''comrade''' means a fellow party member. The political use was inspired by the [[French Revolution]], after which it grew into a [[Style (form of address)|form of address]] between socialists and workers. Since the [[Russian Revolution]], popular culture in the [[Western world|West]] has often associated it with [[communism]].  As such, it can also be used as a derogatory reference to [[Left-wing politics|leftists]], akin to "{{wikt-lang|en|commie}}". In particular, the Russian word {{wikt-lang|ru|товарищ}} ({{tlit|ru|tovarishch}}) may be used as derogatory reference to [[communists]].

The influence of the term in communism in the 20th century led [[Anarchism|anarchists]] to prefer the term '[[Anarchist companionship|companion]]', a term that has been used in [[Western Europe]] since the end of the [[19th century]].

==Etymology==
The term '''comrade''' generally means 'mate', 'colleague', or 'ally', and derives from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] term {{lang|es|camarada}},<ref>[http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/generic/cherche.exe?15;s=785465025;; Camarade - Académie française]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{lit|chamber mate}}, from Latin {{lang|la|camera}}, {{lit|chamber|room}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=comrade|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|work=etymonline.com}}</ref> It may also specifically mean "fellow soldier", [[wikt:comrade in arms#English|comrade in arms]].

== Background ==
Upon abolishing the titles of [[French nobility|nobility in France]], and the terms {{lang|fr|monsieur}} and {{lang|fr|madame}} (literally, 'my lord' and 'my lady'), the revolutionaries employed the term {{lang|fr|citoyen}} for men and {{lang|fr|citoyenne}} for women (both meaning '[[citizen]]') to refer to each other.<ref name="Heuer2007">{{cite book |author=Jennifer Ngaire Heuer |title=The Family and the Nation: Gender and Citizenship in Revolutionary France, 1789–1830 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBUV4R9Ue3sC&pg=PA11 |year=2007 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7408-8 |pages=11– |via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref> The deposed King [[Louis XVI]], for instance, was referred to as {{lang|fr|Citoyen Louis [[Capetian dynasty|Capet]]}} to emphasize his loss of privilege.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.humanite.fr/node/421828 |title=Louis XVI et le citoyen Capet |date=11 August 2009 |work=[[L'Humanité]] }}</ref>

When the socialist movement gained momentum in the mid-19th century, [[Socialism|socialists]] elsewhere began to look for a similar [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]] alternative to terms like "[[Mr.|Mister]]", "[[Miss]]", or "[[Mrs.|Missus]]". In [[German language|German]], the word {{lang|de|[[:de:Kamerad (Militär)|Kamerad]]}} had long been used as an affectionate form of address among people linked by some strong common interest, such as a sport, a college, a profession (notably as a soldier), or simply friendship.<ref name="PittYoung1971">{{cite book |author1=Barrie Pitt |author2=Peter Young |title=History of the First World War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQBBAQAAIAAJ |year=1971 |publisher=Purnell |via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref> The term was often used with political overtones in the [[revolutions of 1848]], and was subsequently borrowed by French and English. In English, the first known use of the word ''comrade'' with this meaning was in 1884 in the socialist magazine ''[[Justice (newspaper)|Justice]]''.<ref name="Harris2016">{{cite book |author=Kirsten Harris |title=Walt Whitman and British Socialism: 'The Love of Comrades' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kV-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |date=29 January 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-63481-2 |pages=13– |via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref>

==Political usage==
=== Russian and Soviet usage ===
In the late 19th century, Russian [[Marxism|Marxists]] and other leftist revolutionaries adopted the word "{{lang|ru-Latn|tovarisch}}" ({{langx|ru|[[wikt:товарищ|товарищ]]}}) as a translation for the German term {{lang|de|[[wikt:Kamerad|Kamerad]]}}. Originally, "tovarisch" meant "business companion" or "travel (or other adventure) mate" deriving from the [[Old Turkic]] {{lang|otk|tavar ishchi}}; abbreviated {{lang|otk|tov.}}, and related to the noun {{lang|ru|товар}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|tovar}}, meaning 'merchandise').<ref name=vienna>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110611222928/http://www.vienna.at/news/tp:vol:oesterreich/cn/vol-news-vpircher-20040721-081125 Anrede "Genosse" nicht mehr zeitgemäß]</ref><ref name=laden>{{cite web |url=http://www.textlog.de/schlagworte-genosse.html |title=Schlagworte: Genosse - Genossin |work=textlog.de }}</ref> In socialist and [[labour movement]]s, it became a common form of address, as in {{lang|ru-Latn|Tovarisch Plekhanov}} or ''{{lang|ru-Latn|Tovarisch|italic=unset}}'' ''Chairman'' or simply as ''{{lang|ru-Latn|Tovarisch|italic=unset}}'' (especially German) [[social democracy]]. After the [[Russian Revolution]], translations of "tovarisch" spread globally among [[communism|communists]], though the term "comrade" became closely associated with the [[Soviet Union]] specifically in the eyes of many.<ref name=":0" />

With the February Revolution of 1917, traditional forms of address common in Tsarist Russia would become deeply unpopular and were replaced by the more republican and egalitarian title of citizen. However, this would be overshadowed by the address of comrade due to the more revolutionary connotations. The term "citizen" did not seem sufficiently pro-revolutionary as many monarchists identified themselves as 'Russian citizens and loyal subjects of the sovereign-Emperor'. In contrast being called "comrade" implied a kind of revolutionary zeal and exceptionalism. Yet, it was widely used across society: socialists in the Provisional Government were known as 'comrade ministers', policemen and [[Cossacks]] were addressed as 'comrades', and even rural witch-doctors became 'comrade spirits'.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Figes |first1=Orlando |title=Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917 |last2=Kolonitskii |first2=Boris |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-300-08106-5 |location=Great Britain |pages=60–61 |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[Russian Revolution|revolutionary period]], once the Bolsheviks had taken power, they continued to use "comrade" to address or refer to people presumed to be sympathetic to the revolution and to the Soviet state, such as workers, members of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]], and (for a time) [[Left Socialist-Revolutionaries]]. For everyone else, citizen was the preferred term; however, it could also serve as an insult, especially if the individual expected a more respectful address. For instance, the guards of Nicholas II deliberately called him 'citizen Romanov' during his captivity. The anti-Bolshevik socialists, such as the [[Socialist Revolutionary Party|Socialist Revolutionaries]] and the [[Mensheviks]], also addressed each other as "comrade", while the [[White movement|Whites]] mockingly, referred to their enemies as 'the comrades'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Smele |first=Jonathan D. |title=Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4422-5281-3 |location=United States |pages=289 |language=en}}</ref> As discontent with the Bolshevik regime grew, even within the Soviet camp, comrade could be seen as an insult. in one instance, a woman on a Petrograd tram, when addressed as "comrade", replied: 'What's all this 'comrade' talk? Take your 'comrade' and go to hell!".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |title=A People's Tragedy, The Russian Revolution 1891-1924 |publisher=The Bodley Head |year=1996 |isbn=9781847924513 |edition=100th Anniversary |location=Great Britain |publication-date=2017 |pages=694 |language=en}}</ref>

By the mid-1920s, the address {{lang|ru-Latn|Tovarisch}} had become so widespread in the [[Soviet Union]] that it was used casually as titles like "Mister" or "Sir" in English. That use persisted until the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. Still, the original meaning partly re-surfaced in some contexts: criminals and suspects were only addressed as "citizens" and not as {{lang|ru-Latn|tovarischi}}, and expressly refusing to address someone as {{lang|ru-Latn|tovarisch}} would generally be perceived as a hostile act or, during the [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)|Stalin era]], even as an accusation of being "[[Anti-Sovietism|Anti-Soviet]]".<ref>{{cite conference |author=И.С. Выходцева |script-title=ru:О проблеме общеупотребительного обращения в русском языке |title=O probleme obshcheupotrebitel'nogo obrashcheniya v russkom yazyke |trans-title=On the problem of common circulation in the Russian language |conference=Русская и сопоставительная филология: состояние и перспективы: Международная научная конференция, посвященная 200-летию Казанского университета [Russian and comparative philology: state and prospects: International scientific conference dedicated to the 200th anniversary of [[Kazan University]]<nowiki/>] |location=[[Kazan]] |date=4–6 October 2004 |editor=K.R. Galiullina |pages=211–212 |url=http://www.ksu.ru/f10/publications/2004/articles_1_1.php?id=8&num=9000000 |language=ru |access-date=18 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214112043/http://www.ksu.ru/f10/publications/2004/articles_1_1.php?id=8&num=9000000 |archive-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Currently, in the [[Russian Armed Forces]], {{lang|ru-Latn|tovarisch}} is used as a mandatory and statutory form of address, always to be used when military personnel address one another. Senior officers referring to subordinates must call them either by their military rank and last name, or only their military rank with {{lang|ru-Latn|tovarisch}} being added before the rank. The reverse is also true, with subordinates referring to senior officers by military rank and the prefix of {{lang|ru-Latn|tovarisch}}, though subordinates do not call their superiors by last name. One example is "Comrade Senior Lieutenant" (товарищ старший лейтенант). <ref>{{cite web |trans-title=Internal Service Regulations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Part One. Military Personnel and Relationships between them. Chapter 2. Relationships between Military Personnel. |title=Устав внутренней службы Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации Часть первая. Военнослужащие и взаимоотношения между ними Глава 2. Взаимоотношения между военнослужащими  |url=http://base.garant.ru/192196/2/#friends |language=ru |website=GARANT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121053707/http://base.garant.ru/192196/2/#friends |access-date=20 February 2025|archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref>

=== Chinese usage ===
{{main|Tongzhi (term)}}

In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], the translation of ''comrade'' is {{lang|zh|同志}} ({{zh|p=tóng zhì}}), literally meaning '(people with) the same spirit, goal, ambition, etc.'. It was first introduced in the political sense by [[Sun Yat-sen]] to refer to his followers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} The {{lang|zh-Latn|[[Kuomintang]]}} (Nationalist Party), which was co-founded by Sun Yat-Sen, has a long tradition of using this term to refer to its members, usually as a noun rather than a title; for example, a KMT member would say "Mr. Chang is a loyal and reliable comrade ({{lang|zh|同志}})."<ref>See, for example, the remarks of [[Frank Hsieh]] after losing the [[Republic of China]] presidential election in 2008: [http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-Focus/2007Cti-Focus-Content/0,4518,9703280341+0+0+155807+0,00.html 凝聚黨內團結　謝長廷：我決定留到五二五] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726140631/http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-Focus/2007Cti-Focus-Content/0,4518,9703280341+0+0+155807+0,00.html |date=2011-07-26 }}: "很多同志希望我能夠留到五月二十五日" ("Many comrades hoped that I could stay to May 25". See [http://www.kmt.org.tw/category_1/category1_2_3_n.asp?sn=99 中國國民黨第17屆中央委員會第2次全體會議出、列席同志發言須知] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503221231/http://www.kmt.org.tw/category_1/category1_2_3_n.asp?sn=99 |date=2008-05-03 }} ("Rules for speaking for attending comrades at the 2nd plenary meeting of the 17th central committee of the Chinese Kuomintang") for an example of its usage in the [[Kuomintang]].</ref>

Nevertheless, the term was promoted most actively by the [[Chinese Communist Party]] during its struggle for power. It was used both as a noun and as a title for basically anyone in [[mainland China]] after the [[China|People's Republic of China]] was founded. For example, women were {{lang|zh-Latn|nü tongzhi}} ('female comrade'), children were {{lang|zh-Latn|xiao tongzhi}} ('little comrade') and seniors were {{lang|zh-Latn|lao tongzhi}} ('old comrade'). However, after the 1980s and the onset of China's market-oriented reforms, this term has been moving out of such daily usage. It remains in use as a respectful term of public address among middle-aged Chinese and members of the Chinese Communist Party. Within the Communist Party, failure to address a fellow member as {{lang|zh-Latn|tóng zhì}} is seen as a subtle but unmistakable sign of disrespect and enmity.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}}

At party or civil meetings, the usage of the term has been retained. Officials often address each other as {{lang|zh-Latn|Tongzhi}}, and thus the usage here is not limited to Communist Party members alone. In addition, {{lang|zh-Latn|Tongzhi}} is the term of preference to address any national leader when their titles are not attached (e.g., ''Comrade'' Mao Zedong, ''Comrade'' Deng Xiaoping).{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}}

In October 2016, the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]] issued a directive urging all 90 million party members to keep calling each other "comrades" instead of less egalitarian terms.<ref name="comrades2016">{{cite web |url=http://dzb.studytimes.cn/shtml/xxsb/20151019/15606.shtml |title=Xuéxí shíbào |script-title=zh:学习时报 |trans-title=Learning Times |website=dzb.studytimes.cn |access-date=2016-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124090948/http://dzb.studytimes.cn/shtml/xxsb/20151019/15606.shtml |archive-date=2016-11-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=comradesBBC>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-30099560 |title=China: Keep using 'comrade', says Communist Party |date=19 November 2014 |access-date=2 January 2017 |work=[[BBC News Online]] }}</ref> It is also in the regulations of the [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese Armed Forces]] as one of three appropriate ways to formally address another member of the military ("comrade" plus rank or position, as in "Comrade Colonel", or simply "comrade/s" when lacking information about the person's rank, or talking to several servicepeople.)<ref name="military">{{cite book |last=Blasco |first=Dennis J |date=2011 |title=The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpCHGYHjyEAC&pg=PT61 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter=The Four General Departments |quote=According to regulations, members of the [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] address each other: (1) by their duty position, or (2) by their position plus surname, or (3) by their position plus the title "comrade" ({{lang|zh-Latn|tongzhi}}). When the duty position of the other person is not known, one service member may address the other by military rank plus the word "comrade" or only as comrade. |isbn=978-0415783224}}</ref>

The [[Special administrative regions of China|SAR]] territories of Hong Kong and Macau generally use {{lang|zh-Latn|tongzhi}} as a catch-all term to refer to members of the [[LGBT]] community; its use as a word for "comrade" has historically been uncommon due to both territories formerly being under foreign administrations. This definition of {{lang|zh-Latn|tongzhi}} is becoming increasingly popular among mainland Chinese youth and a growing number of older Chinese people have stopped using {{lang|zh-Latn|tongzhi}} due to its new association with the LGBT community.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/16/world/asia/china-comrade-tongzhi-gay.html|title=Xi Jinping Wants to Be 'Comrade.' For Gay Chinese, That Means Something Else.|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 November 2016|access-date=2020-09-29|last1=Qin|first1=Amy}}</ref>

=== South African usage ===

During the 1970s and 1980s, ''comrade'' emerged as a popular revolutionary form of address in [[South Africa]] among those involved in anti-[[apartheid]] political activities.<ref name=Jaster>{{cite book|last=Jaster|first=Robert Scott|title=South Africa's Other Whites: Voices for Change|date=1992|page=110|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0333522080}}</ref> For example, members of the [[African National Congress]] and [[South African Communist Party]] frequently referred to each other as ''comrade''.<ref name=SACP>{{cite book |last1=Sechaba |first1=Tsepo |last2=Ellis |first2=Stephen |title=Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC & the South African Communist Party in Exile |date=1992 |page=72 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0253210623 }}</ref>

Among poor residents of the country's segregated [[township (South Africa)|townships]], it was also used to specifically denote members of militant youth organisations.<ref name=ZA1>{{cite book |last1=Bornman |first1=Elirea |last2=van Eeden |first2=Renee |last3=Wentzel |first3=Marie |title=Violence in South Africa: A Variety of Perspectives |date=1998 |page=110 |publisher=HRSC, Publishers |location=Pretoria |isbn=978-0796918581 }}</ref> These radical activists led [[boycott|consumer boycotts]], organised anti-apartheid rallies and demonstrations, and intimidated those suspected of having ties to the South African government or security forces.<ref name=ZA1/> In this particular context, the English title ''comrades'' was also used interchangeably with the [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] term {{lang|xh|amabutho}}.<ref name=ZA1/>

=== Zimbabwean usage ===

In [[Zimbabwe]], the term is used for persons affiliated with the [[ZANU–PF]] political party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herald.co.zw/latest-zanu-pf-sits-to-recall-president-mugabe/|title=EARLIER: End of an era for President Mugabe ... - The Herald|website=www.herald.co.zw}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2017/11/mnangagwa-flees-zimbabwe/|title=Mnangagwa flees Zimbabwe - The Zimbabwean|date=8 November 2017}}</ref> The state media also use ''Cde'' as short for ''comrade''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zbc.co.zw/2017/11/19/president-mugabe-out-cde-mnangagwa-in/|title=President Mugabe out, Cde Mnangagwa in - ZBC News Online|website=www.zbc.co.zw|access-date=2017-11-19|archive-date=2017-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121224142/http://www.zbc.co.zw/2017/11/19/president-mugabe-out-cde-mnangagwa-in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zbc.co.zw/2017/11/15/cde-chipanga-apologises-to-zdf/|title=Cde Chipanga apologises to ZDF Commander - ZBC News Online|website=www.zbc.co.zw|access-date=2017-11-19|archive-date=2017-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116100833/http://www.zbc.co.zw/2017/11/15/cde-chipanga-apologises-to-zdf/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== South Sudanese usage ===
Members of the [[South Sudan People's Defence Forces|Sudan People's Liberation Army]] call each other 'Comrade'.<ref name="Baas2012">{{cite book|author=Saskia Baas|title=From Civilians to Soldiers and from Soldiers to Civilians: Mobilization and Demobilization in Sudan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d33CuhKeiFAC&pg=PA76|year=2012|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-8964-396-4|page=76}}</ref>

=== British usage ===
The [[British Union of Fascists]] used the word commonly to refer to members. Their marching song, set to the music of the {{lang|de|[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]}} began 'Comrades, the voices'. The writer, E.D. Randall, defended the usage of the word by stating that 'comrades' "fittingly and completely expresses the ideal of unity in the service of a common cause".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Macklin |first1=Graham |last2=Graham |first2=Macklin |title='Onward Blackshirts!' Music and the British Union of Fascists |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |date=September 2013 |volume=47 |issue=4–5 |pages=430–457 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2013.845447|s2cid=143471819 }}</ref>

===Kenyan usage===
In [[Kenya]], the use of the word comrade is in a more traditional sense to mean 'member'. It is commonly used by trade unionists, political parties and University students as a form of solidarity and common identity. It features prominently in chant songs by University student leaders and popular youth culture as a term of endearment. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ureport/story/2000214217/10-types-of-comrades-you-will-find-in-campo|title=EARLIER: Type of comrades you'll find in university ... - The Standard |website=www.standardmedia.co.ke}}</ref>

===Cuban usage===
In [[Cuba]], the corresponding revolutionary form of address in Spanish was ''compañero'', e.g., [[Compañero Fidel]].<ref>Sánchez-Boudy, José (1978). ''Diccionario de cubanismos más usuales (Cómo habla el cubano)'' (in Spanish). Miami: Ediciones Universal. <q>En Cuba, hoy en día, se llama a todo el mundo «compañero».</q></ref>

== In other languages ==
*In [[Albanian language|Albanian]], the word {{lang|sq|shok}} (meaning ''friend'', from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|socius}}) was used within communist circles. The female form is {{lang|sq|shoqe}}.
*In [[Ethiopia]], the [[Amharic]] word for "comrade" is "Guade" written with ancient [[Geʽez]] script as "ጓድ". The word "Guade" trace its origin to the Amharic word of "Guadegna/ ጓደኛ" meaning " a friend". The word was in popular use after the 1974 revolution particularly by members of the socialist party to refer to another person of the similar political group, belongs to the same ideology, or similar style. The usage of the word is eroded since 1991 and it is limited to political party conventions or meetings. A rather the most popular variation of the word in the past and currently is "Guadochae/ ጓዶቼ" meaning "my friends" which is a humble way of address for a valued colleague or friend.
*The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word {{lang|ar|رفيق}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|Rafīq}}) (meaning ''comrade, companion'') is used in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Farsi language|Persian]] with the same political connotation as "comrade". The term is used both among [[Arab Communist Organization|Arab communists]] as well as within the [[Ba'ath Party|Ba'ath movement]], the [[Yemeni Socialist Party]], and the [[Lebanese Forces]]. The term predates modern political usage, and is an Arabic male proper name. [[Iran]]ian communists use the same term. In [[Pakistan]], the term is sometimes used to refer to [[Islamism|Islamist]] members of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jama'at-e-Islami]] and [[Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba]] (the student wing of Jamaat-e-Islami).
*The [[Armenian language|Armenian]] word for comrade is {{lang|hy|ընկեր}} ({{lang|hy-Latn|unger}}) for boys and men and {{lang|hy|ընկերուհի}} ({{lang|hy-Latn|ungerouhi}}) for girls and women. This word literally translates as 'friend'. It is used by members of the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]], [[Ramgavar]] and [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party]] when addressing other members of the party. The term is also used by the [[Armenian Communist Party]].
*The [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] word for comrade is {{lang|az|Yoldaş}} (literally "co-traveller").
*The [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] word for comrade is {{lang|be|таварыш}} ({{lang|be-Latn|tavaryš}}), with the same origin as the Russian word. It is usually used only with a political or historical meaning in connection with the Communists.
*The [[Bengali language|Bengali]] word {{lang|bg|কমরেড}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|Kômrēḍ}}) is used by all leftist groups especially by the [[Communist Party of Bangladesh]] ({{lang|bg|বাংলাদেশের কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি-সিপিবি}}), [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and other Communist Parties in [[India]] (especially in the States of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]]) and [[Socialist Party of Bangladesh]]-SPB, [[Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal-JSD]] ([[Bangladesh]]) etc.
*The [[Burmese language|Burmese]] word {{lang|my-Latn|yèbaw}} is used in the [[Communist Party of Burma]].
*The [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] word for comrade is {{lang|bg|другар}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|drugar}}), female {{lang|bg|другарка}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|drugarka}}). It translates as friend or colleague. In Communist times, it was the general form of address, also used in reference to schoolteachers etc.
*In [[Catalan language|Catalan]], the word for comrade is {{lang|ca|company}} for males, {{lang|ca|companya}} for females. It is still in widespread use among communist and anarchist organisations, but it also occurs often in everyday speech to refer to neutral relationships such as classmates or flatmates with no political connotation.
*In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], the word {{lang|zh|同志}} ({{lang-zh |p=Tóngzhì}}) is used. The meaning of the word refers to a like-minded person. It is, through usage, associated with Communism, however, it may be used as a friendly epithet between friends or colleagues, mostly of the older generation. It is still currently used in Chinese state media to address top party and state leaders such as [[Xi Jinping]] as well as within the [[People’s Liberation Army]] to address soldiers and officers. In current usage, it is also used by [[Homosexuality in China|LGBT]] people in China to refer to one another.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21620555.2021.1981129?journalCode=mcsa20 |title=Rainbow parents and the familial model of tongzhi (LGBT) activism in contemporary China |date=2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |doi=10.1080/21620555.2021.1981129 |last1=Wei |first1=Wei |last2=Yan |first2=Yunxiang |journal=Chinese Sociological Review |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=451–472 |s2cid=241258297 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*The [[Czech language|Czech]] word for comrade is {{lang|cs|soudruh}} (m.) and {{lang|cs|soudružka}} (f.). In 19th century Czech, it was a poetic word, meaning 'fellow'. As elsewhere in Europe, the term was originally introduced by the Czech Social Democrats and subsequently carried over to Czech Communists as well when these split off from the Social Democrats. After the Communist Party gained power in 1948, the word displaced all prior titles like {{lang|cs|pan}}, {{lang|cs|paní}} ("Mister", "Madam") and became the title used generally for everyone. Nowadays, it is used only in (actual or, more often, ironic) Communist context. After the [[Velvet Revolution]], an attempt was made in the [[Czech Social Democratic Party]] to replace {{lang|cs|soudruh}} with {{lang|cs|přítel}} ("friend") as a form of an address, but it didn't catch on.<!--see refs in Czech wiki article--> A cognate to English word 'comrade', {{lang|cs|kamarád}}, means "friend" in Czech. It is a very commonly used word and it has no political connotations. A cognate (now obsolete) to the Russian word {{lang|ru-Latn|tovarishch}}, {{lang|cs|tovaryš}}, means "[[journeyman]]" in Czech and has no political connotations (compare {{lang|cs|[[Society of Jesus|Tovaryšstvo Ježíšovo]]}}, lit. "Jesus's Journeymen").
*The [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word is {{lang|nl|kameraad}}. In [[Dutch Language Union|Common Dutch]] the word is mostly reminiscent of communists,{{Citation needed |date=October 2017}} whereas in informal speech and dialects it can be used to indicate friends or acquaintances. It was used as a form of address in the [[Communist Party of the Netherlands]], as well as in the pre-war [[National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands]], the latter also using the female neologism {{lang|nl|kameraadske}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.verzetsmuseum.org/tweede-wereldoorlog/nl/achtergrond/achtergrond,nsb |title=NSB, Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging |publisher=Verzetsmuseum |access-date=2009-06-29 |archive-date=2009-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531035833/http://www.verzetsmuseum.org/tweede-wereldoorlog/nl/achtergrond/achtergrond,nsb |url-status=dead }}</ref> The pseudo-[[Russian language|Russian]] word {{lang|nl|kameraadski}} is used informally as a [[sobriquet]] for a person with leftist sympathies.
*The [[Danish language|Danish]] word is {{lang|da|kammerat}} (plural {{lang|da|kammerater}}) which literally translates as "[[Mate (colloquialism)|mate]]," or "[[:wikt:buddy|buddy]]". It is normally used to refer to someone's childhood friend or friends, but can also be used interchangeably with {{lang|da|ven}}, which means ''friend''.
*The [[Esperanto]] word for comrade is {{lang|eo|kamarado}} either in the sense of a friend or a political fellow-traveller. In the latter case, when used in writing, it is often abbreviated to {{lang|eo|K-do}}. It is the preferred form of address among members of {{lang|eo|[[Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda]]|italic=no}}. The word {{lang|eo|samideano}}, literally "same-thinker", usually refers to a fellow Esperantist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.btclick.com/ukc802510745/eo/vortlist/gcselist.htm |title=Esperanto GCSE Wordlist|access-date=2008-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531104608/http://home.btclick.com/ukc802510745/eo/vortlist/gcselist.htm |archive-date=2017-05-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*The [[Estonian language|Estonian]] word is {{lang|et|seltsimees}} which originally comes from German {{lang|de|Geselle}}. Having initially a neutral meaning, the term was later adapted by local communists. Today it has an ironical meaning, referring to Soviet times.
*The [[Finnish language|Finnish]] word is {{lang|fi|toveri}} which literally translates as '[[:wikt:companion|companion]]'. This has a heavy socialist connotation, but may sometimes be used in humorous manner. Mates in an institution like school, jail or hospital could also be addressed thus, but not in the army.
*The [[French language|French]] word is {{lang|fr|camarade}}. It is mainly used by communists and can apply to classmates or friends.
*The [[Georgian language|Georgian]] word is {{lang|ka|ამხანაგი}} ({{lang|ka-Latn|amkhanagi}}).
*In [[German language|German]], the word is {{lang|de|Kamerad}} for a male, or {{lang|de|Kameradin}} for a female. The meaning is that of a fellow, a companion or an associate. Since ''Kamerad'' is the usual term for a fellow soldier in German military language, the word is associated with right-wing rather than left-wing groups. Communists and socialists, especially party members of the [[Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands|SED]] and [[Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands|SPD]] use the word {{lang|de|Genosse}} (fem. {{lang|de|Genossin}}; i.e. "partner", in the sense of a fellow member of a [[co-operative]]) with the socialist association that 'comrade' has in English.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hertzberg |first=Max |date=2020-06-18 |title=An East German glossary |url=https://www.maxhertzberg.co.uk/publishing/gdr-glossary/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Members of the [[Nazi Party|NSDAP]] used the variant ''Parteigenosse'' (lit. party-comrade).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=E. N. |date=1966 |title=The Bureaucracy and the Nazi Party |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1405686 |journal=The Review of Politics |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=172–192 |doi=10.1017/S0034670500006227 |jstor=1405686 |issn=0034-6705|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*The [[Greek language|Greek]] word is {{lang|el|σύντροφος}} ({{lang|el-Latn|syntrophos}}, m.) and {{lang|el|συντρόφισσα}} ({{lang|el-Latn|syntrophissa}}, f.), used by communists, socialists and other left-wing groups. Other meanings of this word are: mate, pal, friend, companion, even partner or associate etc.
* The [[Hebrew]] equivalent is {{lang|he-Latn|Chaver}} ({{lang|he|חבר}}), a word which can mean both 'friend' and 'member' (of a group or organization). During the time of [[Socialist Zionist]] political and ideological dominance of the 1930s to the 1960s, the word in a sense similar to English "comrade" was in widespread use, in the [[Kibbutz]] movement, the [[Histadrut]] trade unions, the driver-owned bus companies etc., though this implication is carried only when it is used as a title to precede a name, in which case it includes a [[definite article]] (e.g. {{lang|he|החבר סטאלין}}). At present, its political use is considered old-fashioned, mainly restricted to Israeli Communists; the same word exists also in [[Yiddish]], which is one possible origin of the colloquial [[Australia]]n word ''[[wikt:cobber|cobber]]''.) The Hebrew {{lang|he|Chaver}} and the female {{lang|he|Chavera}} are still widely used in a non-political sense, as meaning simply 'friend' (in certain contexts also meaning 'boyfriend'/'girlfriend').
* The [[Hindi]] equivalent for comrade is ''kômrēḍ'' (कॉमरेड) or ''sāthī'' (साथी). It is widely used among leftist (communist) parties of India, e.g., [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]], [[Forward Bloc]] and others.
*The [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] word for comrade is {{lang|hu|elvtárs}}; {{lang|hu|elv}} means '[[principle]]' or '[[:wikt:tenet|tenet]]' while {{lang|hu|társ}} means 'fellow'. As the [[Hungarian Working People's Party]] gradually gained power after the [[Second World War]], the word displaced all prior titles like {{lang|hu|úr}} ("Mister") and became the title used generally for everyone except for people who were obviously not "tenet fellows" e.g. those who committed [[political crime]] against the socialist state. After the democratic transition the word became obsolete and it is used derogatorily to address politicians on the [[political left]].
*The [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] word for comrade is {{lang|is|félagi}}, which is cognate to English “fellow”. It is used as a less intimate alternative to {{lang|is|vinur}} (friend). It is also the word used for a "member" of club or association. When used as a title to precede a name (e.g., {{lang|is|félagi Tító}} or {{lang|is|félagi Dimitroff}}) it has a communist implication.
*In [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], the word is {{lang|id|kamerad}}. In the early days of independence, {{lang|id|Bung}}, meaning "brother", was commonly used as an egalitarian form of address for people of any status. The word ''kawan'' (friend) is now also widely used among leftists. <ref>{{cite book | author = Agus R. Sardjono | title = Bahasa dan bonafiditas hantu | trans-title = Language and the genuineness of ghosts | publisher = IndonesiaTera | date = 2001 | language = Indonesian| isbn = 9789799375162| page = 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNyWZKcEjzwC&q=bung&pg=PA131}}</ref>
*In [[Irish Language|Irish]] the word for comrade is {{lang|ga|comrádaí}}, with {{lang|ga|a chara}} (friend) used as a term of address. Both expressions are used largely by [[Irish Republicans]], [[Irish Nationalism|Nationalism]], [[:Category:Communism in Ireland|Communists]], and [[:Category:Socialism in Ireland|Socialists]].
*The [[Italian language|Italian]] word for comrade is {{lang|it|compagno}} (male) or {{lang|it|compagna}} (female), meaning "companion". This word is in widespread use among left-wing circles, including not just communists but also many socialists. The literal translation of the word comrade is {{lang|it|camerata}}, with the specific meaning of "comrade-in-arms" or "fellow soldier": it is used by nationalist and militarist right-wing groups. Using one word or the other is a quick way to announce one's political views.
*The [[Japanese language|Japanese]] word for comrade is {{lang|ja|同志}} ({{lang|ja-Latn|dōshi}}), using the same Han characters as in Chinese. The word is used to refer to like-minded persons and the usage is not necessarily limited to Communists, though the word is to some extent associated with Communism. The word should not be confused with a homonym {{lang|ja|同士}}, which is a more commonly used postfix to show people sharing a certain property.
*In [[Kannada]], the word {{lang|kn|ಗೆಳೆಯರೇ}}, {{lang|kn|ಗೆಳೆಯ}} ({{lang|kn-Latn|Geḷeẏa}}) is used among communist people's while addressing its people.
*In [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], the translation of "tovarish" was similar to other Turkic translations, {{Lang|kk|"жолдас"; "joldas"}} {{IPA|kk|ʐɔɫdɑs}} (literally "co-traveller", most often used referring to friends and spouses) was used.
*In [[Khmer people|Khmer]], the word ''comrade'' ({{langx|km|សមមិត្ត}} {{lang|km-Latn|Samakmit}}) was used by the [[Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation]] during the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] era. 
*In [[Korean language|Korean]], a good equivalent of the word would be {{lang|ko|동무}} ({{lang|ko-Latn|tongmu}}) or {{lang|ko|동지}} ({{lang|ko-Latn|tongji}}, senior comrade). Although the word was originally used by Korean people all over the [[Korean Peninsula]], people living south of the [[38th parallel north|38th Parallel]] began avoiding using the word after a [[communist state]] was set up in the north. In [[North Korea]], the word {{lang|ko-Latn|tongmu}} replaced all prior social titles and earned a new meaning as "a fellow man fighting for the revolution". The word originally meant “friend”. On the other hand, the word {{lang|ko|동지}} ({{lang|ko-Latn|tongji}}) is frequently used in North Korean state media to address senior state and party leaders such as [[Kim Jong-un]]. 
*In [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], the word {{lang|ku-Latn|[[Heval]]}} ("friend" or "companion on a long journey") is widely used among Kurdish political parties and organizations.
*In [[Latvian language|Latvian]], the word is {{lang|lv|biedrs}} for males and {{lang|lv|biedre}} or {{lang|lv|biedrene}} for females.
*In [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], the word is {{lang|lt|draugas}} for males and {{lang|lt|draugė}} for females; both of which originally meant 'friend'.
*In [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], the word is {{lang|mk|другар}} ({{lang|mk-Latn|drugar}}) for men and {{lang|mk|другарка}} ({{lang|mk-Latn|drugarka}}) for women.
*In [[Malay language|Malay]], the words {{lang|ms|Komrad}}, {{lang|ms|Kawan}} and {{lang|ms|Sahabat}} are used among socialist organizations.
*In [[Malayalam]], the word {{lang|ml|സഖാവ്}} ({{lang|ml-Latn|sakhavu}}) (meaning friend, ally, partner) is used among communist organisations while addressing fellow members. Due to the strong presence of the Communist Party of India in Kerala, the word is almost exclusively used to refer to a member of the party or to imply an association with communism.
*In [[Mexico]], the word is {{lang|es|camarada}} and {{lang|es|compañero}} can be (and often is) used with no political connotation.
*In [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], the word is {{lang|mn-Cyrl|нөхөр}} ({{lang|mn-Latn|nökhör}}). It is still in use but less than before.
*The [[Nepali language|Nepali]] equivalent for comrade is {{lang|ne-Latn|kamrēḍ}} ({{lang|ne|कमरेड}}) or {{lang|ne-Latn|sāthī}} ({{lang|ne|साथी}}) as in Hindi. It is used by communists in Nepal such as the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)]], [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)]], [[Janamorcha Nepal]] and others.
*In [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], the word is {{lang|no|kamerat}}. It can be associated with communist usage, but more commonly refers simply to an associate, a co-worker ({{lang|no|arbeidskamerat}}), or a classmate in school ({{lang|no|klassekamerat}} or {{lang|no|skolekamerat}}). In everyday use, the word {{lang|no|kamerat}} on its own is considered a masculine term, referring to boys/men. For girls/women, the term {{lang|no|venninne}} (female form of {{lang|no|venn}} friend) is used instead. When joined with other words, such as {{lang|no|klassekamerat}}, the word is gender neutral. (Although Norwegians would understand what is meant by {{lang|no|klassevenninne}}, it would also sound awkward and somewhat archaic.)
*In the [[Philippines]], communist and left-leaning activists prefer the term {{lang|tl|kasama}} (roughly, companion), and the short form, {{lang|tl|Ka}} before the name (e.g. [[Crispin Beltran|''Ka'' Bel]]). [[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestant]] (usually [[Evangelical Protestantism|Evangelical]]) clerics and members of the {{lang|tl|[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]}} also use {{lang|tl|Ka}} before names or [[nicknames]], but as a contraction of {{lang|tl|kapatíd}} ('brother'/'sister'), denoting spiritual brotherhood. Practitioners of law informally use the [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]] terms {{lang|es|compañero}} and {{lang|es|compañera}} when referring to each other, albeit without any socio-political connotation.
*In the [[Pashto language]], the word for comrade is {{lang|ps-Latn|malgury}}. It is used by and refers to communists, socialists, or supporters of the communist system across the [[Durand Line]] (i.e. in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]]) by Pashto speakers. For the last decade or so it has also been used by the nationalists. The word is also used by common people both male and female for a very close friend.
*In [[Poland]], the word is {{lang|pl|[[towarzysz]]}}, which has the same origin as the Russian word. In non-political sense, it means "companion".
*In [[Portugal]] and [[Brazil]], the word is {{lang|pt|camarada}}, now being commonly employed to refer to communists or supporters of the communist system (result of the overusage of the term in the [[Carnation Revolution|post-revolutionary]] society). It is also prevalent in the army, and has been gaining popularity among nationalist movements. The term used among socialist activists nowadays tends to be {{lang|pt|companheiro}} / {{lang|pt|companheira}} although in Portugal {{lang|pt|camarada}} is still commonly used. Brazilian president [[Lula]] is widely known for addressing his political mates and supporters as {{lang|pt|companheiro}}, however this decreased during the last years of his presidential term, while it was very popular during the elections, often imitated by comedians who satirized Lula's idiosyncratic manners. The terms {{lang|pt|camarada}} and {{lang|pt|companheiro(s)}}/{{lang|pt|companheira(s)}} are also used without political connotations, meaning 'mate', 'partner', 'fella'.
*In the [[Punjabi language]] the word for comrade is {{lang|pa-Latn|Sāthī}} ({{Lang|pa|ਸਾਥੀ}}). However, the word "Comrade" itself, or ਕਾਮਰੇਡ (''Kāmrēḍ''), is used to refer to a communist or communist party member, and is often used as a more linguistically acceptable replacement for the word "communist," with the communist party often being called "The Comrades" or communist thought being called "ਕਾਮਰੇਡ ਸੋਚਣੀ" (''Kāmrēḍ Sōcaṇī'').
*In the [[Romani language]] the word for comrade is {{lang|rom|Dosti}} as seen in the phrase {{lang|rom|Te vestinel o dosti Tito, te vestinena o jugoslovenske manusha}} or ''Long live comrade [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]] and long live the [[Yugoslavs|Yugoslav people]]''.
*In [[Romanian language|Romanian]] the exact translation is {{lang|ro|camarad}}, a [[neologism]] introduced from [[French language|French]] in the 19th century, which does not bear a political connotation, referring mainly to wartime allies and friends. During the communist era an older term, {{lang|ro|tovarăș}}, derived from a Slavic source, was used to convey the political meaning.
*The [[Serbo-Croatian]] equivalent for comrade is {{lang|sh-Latn|drug}} ({{lang|sh-Cyrl|друг}}) for males and {{lang|sh-Latn|drugarica}} ({{lang|sh-Cyrl|другарица}}) for females; it's also a regular and colloquial word for 'friend', although largely replaced by {{lang|sh-Latn|prijatelj}} and {{lang|sh-Latn|prijateljica}} in standard varieties of the language. [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia|Communist Party/League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] promoted the use of the term between the members and generally among the society throughout existence of the [[SFRY|Socialist Yugoslavia]], from [[World War II]] in early 1940s to [[Yugoslav Wars]] in early 1990s. It was not unusual to hear political leaders referring to their audience as {{lang|sh-Latn|drugarice i drugovi}}. Its intention was to emphasize empathy and equality, and it is still used by the most fervocious adherents of leftist ideologies.
*The [[Slovak language|Slovak]] word for comrade is {{lang|sk|súdruh}} (m.) and {{lang|sk|súdružka}} (f.). The term {{lang|sk|kamarát}} is used too, but it is normally translated as friend.
*The [[Slovene language|Slovenian]] word for comrade is {{lang|sl|tovariš}} (m.) and {{lang|sl|tovarišica}} (f.), first attested in the 16th century. After the Second World War it was also colloquially used for 'teacher' (as an elliptical form of the official {{lang|sl|tovariš učitelj}} (m.) and {{lang|sl|tovarišica učiteljica}} (f.) 'comrade teacher'). After 1991 it rapidly fell out of use as a general term of address, but is still used when expressing ''comradeship'' among individuals.
*The [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] word for comrade is {{lang|sd-Latn|Saṅgat}}, {{lang|sd-Aran|سنگت}}; it is normally translated as friend.
*The [[Somali language|Somali]] word for comrade is {{lang|so|jaalle}}; it is normally translated as friend. It was widely used by the erstwhile [[Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (1969-1991). The word fell out of use after the fall of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party.
*In [[Spain]], the word is {{lang|es|compañero}} (m.) / {{lang|es|compañera}} (f.) ('companion'); the term {{lang|es|camarada}} ('comrade') has also been used, but it is more associated with the communist and [[Falangism|Falange]] tradition. In [[Spain]] the word {{lang|es|compañero}} can be (and often is) used with no political connotation.
**The standard form in [[Cuba]] is {{lang|es|compañero}} / {{lang|es|compañera}}, as it was in socialist [[Nicaragua]] and [[Chile]]. In some parts of Latin America, {{lang|es|camarada}} is the more frequent word, except in [[Peru]], where the term is commonly associated with the {{lang|fr|[[nom de guerre]]}} of members of [[far left]] groups [[Shining Path]] and [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement|MRTA]], while members of the social-democrat party [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] as well as other left parties or left-leaning organizations employ {{lang|es|compañero}} to refer to fellow members. The term {{lang|es|camarada}} is the more normal among [[Communist Party of Spain (main)|Spanish Communists]].
**In Chile, much like as in Italy, {{lang|es|camarada}} has traditionally been used by [[Chilean Army|its army]], and historically by fascist groups, such as the [[National Socialist Movement of Chile]], while {{lang|es|compañero}} is commonplace within far-left wing groups and the [[Socialist Party of Chile|Socialist]] and [[Communist Party of Chile|Communist]] parties.
* In [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], the word is {{lang|si|සහෝදරයා}} {{lang|si-Latn|sahōdarayā}}, which literally means brother.
*In [[Swahili language|Swahili]], the equivalent word is {{lang|sw|ndugu}} for brother-in-arms, or {{lang|sw|dada}} for a female comrade. The word {{lang|sw|ndugu}} is still used in formerly socialist Tanzania as a way of showing (political) solidarity.
*The [[Swedish language|Swedish]] word is {{lang|sv|kamrat}}. Although it can be associated with communist usage, it can equally well refer simply to a friend, a co-worker ({{lang|sv|arbetskamrat}}), or a classmate in school ({{lang|sv|klasskamrat}} or {{lang|sv|skolkamrat}}). Unlike the corresponding [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] word, the term is commonly used for both boys and girls in non-communist usage. See also [[Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna]]
*The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word for comrade is {{lang|ta-Latn|Tōḻar}} ({{lang|ta|தோழர்}}) and is a regular word for 'friend'.
*In [[Tetum language|Tetun]], the national language of [[Timor Leste]], the word {{lang|tdt|camarada}} is used&nbsp;– a direct loan from the language of the former colonial power, Portugal. During the 1970s the word was a common term of address within the left-leaning [[Fretilin]] party, and after the Indonesian invasion, continued to be used by the Fretilin associated guerrillas waging a war of resistance in the jungle. Though largely falling out of use since 1999 Fretilin politicians and veterans of the guerrillas struggle continue to use the term to refer to each other.
*The [[Thai language|Thai]] word {{lang|th-Latn|sahai}} ({{lang|th|สหาย}}) was used in the communist movement.
*The [[Turkish language|Turkish]] word {{lang|tr|yoldaş}} (literally 'co-traveller') has become used within the communist movement, {{lang|tr|yol}} meaning 'way' and 'cause'. [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Janissaries]] used to call each other {{lang|tr|yoldaş}} ({{lang|ota|یولداش}} 'comrade') or {{lang|tr|yoldaşân}} ({{lang|ota|یولداشان}}, plural: 'comrades').<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tarihtarih.com/?Syf=26&Syz=381889 |title=Garp Ocaklarında Türk Varlığı |author=Atilla Çetin |access-date=2019-07-26 |archive-date=2021-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224172439/https://tarihtarih.com/?Syf=26&Syz=381889 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turkish communists, being morally affected by [[Bektashi Order|Bektashi]] values of the older era, adopted this term. In the climate of harsh anticommunist repression the word largely disappeared from common usage. {{lang|tr|Yoldaş}} is also a male name in Turkish.
*In [[Ukraine]] ''comrade'' was still the standard form of address in the [[armed Forces of Ukraine|armed forces]] and [[national Police of Ukraine|police]] until October 2018, when it was changed into 'sir' ({{langx|uk|пан|pan}}) by law.<ref>[https://www.unian.info/politics/10285848-ukraine-s-parliament-approves-new-army-police-greeting.html Ukraine's parliament approves new army, police greeting], [[UNIAN]] (4 October 2018)</ref><ref>[https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/535728.html Rada approves salute 'Glory to Ukraine' in Ukrainian army], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (4 October 2018)</ref>
*In the [[United Kingdom]], political use of the term ''comrade'' is strongly associated with both Communism and, historically, Fascism. However it is still used as an informal form of address among some [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] members, and in a more serious manner by many smaller parties of the left. Use of the term is generally restricted to people with whom the speaker agrees politically. It is usually written in full, the abbreviation ''Cde'' being associated with southern African usage. The honorific terms ''sister'' and ''brother'', also declining in usage, are more politically inclusive, encompassing everyone from the centre-left to the far-left, without necessarily indicating complete political agreement. All three terms are occasionally used in a mocking or patronising manner by political opponents. On the far right, ''comrade'' was the standard form of address between members of the [[British Union of Fascists]] and featured widely in their publications and marching songs.
*In the [[United States]], the word ''comrade'' carries a strong connotation with Communism, [[Marxism–Leninism]], and the former Soviet Union. Especially during the [[Cold War]], to address someone as "comrade" marked either the speaker, person addressed, or both as suspected communist sympathizers. It is frequently used ironically in that way. In addition, it is still used in its generic context{{Clarify|date=February 2009}} by some American socialists. Despite this, it has been adopted into the U.S. Army [[Soldier's Creed]] in the statement "I will never leave a fallen comrade". It is also used at meetings of the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] to address a fellow member.
*The [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] word is {{lang|vi|đồng chí}}, which is derived from Chinese {{lang|vi-Hani|同志}}. Due to the influence of Chinese revolutionary groups during the early 20th century on the Vietnamese independence movement, its usage was first seen among members of the [[Kuomintang]]-backed [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] and then later spread to members of the [[Vietnamese Communist Party]]. It is still being used openly in public to address state and Communist Party leaders as well as among soldiers and military officers in the Army.

== See also ==
* {{intitle|comrade}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}

[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Communist terminology]]
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Islamism]]