Editing Conceptual system

{{Short description|System composed of non-physical objects, i.e. ideas or concepts}}
A '''conceptual system''' is a [[system]] of [[abstract concept]]s, of various [[kind (type theory)|kind]]s.{{efn-ua| name= rstbB3T}} The abstract concepts can range "from numbers, to emotions, and from social roles, to mental states ..".{{efn-ua| name= rstbB3T |1= The theme of the issue on '''Varieties of abstract concepts''' (18 June 2018) is "grounded in [[Sensory-motor coupling|sensorimotor]] systems, linguistic, emotional, and social experiences".<ref name= fig1B3T >Anna M Borghi, Laura Barca, Ferdinand Binkofski, and Luca Tommolini [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0121  (18 June 2018)  "Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use, and representation in the brain"] ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]]'' Biological sciences, vol '''373''' issue 1752 (5 Aug 2018)</ref> Section 3a of the 5 Aug 2018 issue is "grounding of abstract concepts in multiple systems" (such as [[sociality]], [[linguistics]], [[perception]] [[Action (philosophy)|action]], [[interoception]], and [[metacognition]] ''See figure 1'').<ref name= fig1B3T />}} These abstract concepts are themselves grounded in multiple systems.{{efn-ua| name= rstbB3T }}{{efn| name= overview }} In [[psychology]], a ''conceptual system'' is an individual's [[mental model]] of the world; in [[cognitive science]] the model is gradually diffused to the [[scientific community]]; in a [[society]] the model can become an [[institution]].{{efn|name= Hodgson2015|1= [[Geoffrey Hodgson]] calls institutions "integrated systems of rules that structure social interactions".<ref name=hodgson2015 >Hodgson (2015 p. 501), ''Journal of Institutional Economics'' (2015), '''11''': 3, 497–505.</ref>}} In humans, a conceptual system may be understood as kind of a [[metaphor]] for the world.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1207/s15516709cog0402_4 | volume=4 | issue=2 | title=The Metaphorical Structure of the Human Conceptual System | journal=Cognitive Science | pages=195–208 | last1 = Lakoff | first1 = George| s2cid=8800759 | year=1980 | doi-access=free }}</ref> A [[Belief#Belief systems|belief system]] is composed of [[belief]]s; [[Jonathan Glover]], following Meadows (2008){{efn|name=overview|1=  [[Donella H. Meadows]] (2008), ''[[Thinking In Systems: A Primer]]'', also extant as unpublished notes: Dana Meadows (1993), ''Thinking In Systems: A Primer''<ref name=meadows1993 >[[Donella Meadows|Dana Meadows]] (1993) [[Thinking In Systems: A Primer]]</ref><ref name=meadows1977 >Donella H. Meadows [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XL_lOoomRTA (1977) A Philosophical Look at System Dynamics] 53:18</ref> Overview, in video clips: Chapter 1<ref name=ah1 >Ashley Hodgson [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBFpasY2Gd8 Thinking in Systems, Key Ideas (Ch. 1)]</ref> Chapter 2, part 1<ref name= ah2a >Ashley Hodgson [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJLm5uq_QV8&t=37s Thinking in Systems, Ch. 2: Types of System Dynamics 2a]</ref> Chapter 2, part 2<ref name= ah2b >Ashley Hodgson [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwUC7LlqAjI Thinking in Systems, Ch. 2, Part 2: Limiting Factors in Systems 2b]</ref> Chapter 3<ref name= ah3 >Ashley Hodgson [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qOc_0DMqaA Thinking in Systems, Ch. 3: Resilience, Self-Organization and Hierarchy 3]</ref> Chapter 4<ref name= ah4 >Ashley Hodgson [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHvtERyYvJU Thinking in Systems, Ch. 4: Why Systems Surprise Us 4]</ref> Chapter 5<ref name= ah5 >Ashley Hodgson [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYSFvq8sr7A Thinking in Systems, Ch. 5: System Traps 5]</ref> Chapter 6<ref name= ah6 >Ashley Hodgson [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qL4KxqbrFM Thinking in Systems, Ch. 6: Leverage Points in Systems 6]</ref> Chapter 7<ref name= ah7 >Ashley Hodgson [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8QYU2JL8no Thinking in Systems, Ch. 7: Living with Systems 7]</ref>}} suggests that tenets of belief, once held by tenants, are surprisingly difficult for the tenants to reverse, or to unhold, tenet by tenet.<ref name=BitesGlover>{{Cite web |url=http://philosophybites.com/2011/10/jonathan-glover-on-systems-of-belief.html |title="Jonathan Glover on systems of belief", Philosophy Bites Podcast, Oct 9 2011 |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=14 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014052132/http://philosophybites.com/2011/10/jonathan-glover-on-systems-of-belief.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= Elizabeth A. Minton, Lynn R. Khale|title= Belief Systems, Religion, and Behavioral Economics|year= 2014|location= New York|publisher= Business Expert Press LLC|isbn= 978-1606497043|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hk5pngEACAAJ|access-date= 30 April 2019|archive-date= 22 December 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191222011727/https://books.google.com/books?id=hk5pngEACAAJ|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name= ah3 /><ref name= ah4 />

[[File:MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter-Views-EarthMoon-20220422.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Example of a ''conceptual system'': [[Earth]] and its [[Moon]] (as seen from [[Mars]]).{{efn|name=binarySystem|1=  Earth and Moon form a [[binary system]] whose [[barycenter]] lies within Earth itself. The effect on Earth's trajectory is observed as a "wobble" of an otherwise elliptical orbit of Earth around the [[Sun]].}}]][[Thomas Nagel]] (1974) identified a [[thought experiment]] for non-humans in "[[What is it like to be a bat?]]".<ref>[[Thomas Nagel]],  {{cite journal |author-link= Thomas Nagel |display-authors= 0 |
first= Thomas|last= Nagel |url= http://www.philosopher.eu/others-writings/nagel-what-is-it-like-to-be-a-bat/ |title= What is it like to be a bat? |journal= Philosophical Review |volume= LXXXIII |issue= 4 |date= Oct 1974 |pages= 435–450 |doi=10.2307/2183914|jstor= 2183914 |url-access= subscription }}</ref> [[David Premack]] and Ann James Premack (1983) assert that some non-humans (such as apes) can understand a [[great ape language|non-human language]].<ref name=Mind13>Premack, David & Premack, Ann James. (1983) ''[[The Mind of an Ape]]'', p. 13. {{ISBN|0-393-01581-5}}.</ref> 
The earliest activities in the [[linguistic description|description of language]] have been attributed to the [[6th century BC|6th-century-BC]] Indian grammarian [[Pāṇini]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present|author=[[Rens Bod]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-966521-1|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaOcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter =Chapter VI: Sanskrit Literature|title = The Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume = 2 |date=1908|page = 263|chapter-url =https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette02hunt}}</ref> who wrote a [[Formal grammar|formal description]] of the [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]] in his ''{{IAST|[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]}}'' ([[Devanagari]] अष्टाध्यायी).<ref>{{cite web|title=Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.0|url=http://panini.phil.hhu.de/panini/panini/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=panini.phil.hhu.de|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005527/http://panini.phil.hhu.de/panini/panini/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (2 Vols.) |author=S.C. Vasu (Tr.) |publisher=Vedic Books |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-208-0409-8 |url=http://www.vedicbooks.net/ashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327172935/http://www.vedicbooks.net/ashtadhyayi-panini-vols-p-2313.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, modern-day theories on [[generative grammar|grammar]] employ many of the principles that were laid down then.<ref>{{cite journal |title=On Panini and the Generative Capacity of Contextualised Replacement Systems |first1=Gerald |last1=Penn |first2=Paul |last2=Kiparski |url=https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2092.pdf |journal=Proceedings of COLING 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005455/https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C12-2092.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |pages=943–950}}</ref>

In the [[formal science]]s, [[formal system]]s can have an [[ontology|ontological status]] independent of human thought, which cross across [[language]]s. [[Mathematical logic#Formal logical systems|Formal logical systems]] in a fixed formal language are an object of study. [[Logical form]]s can be objects in these formal systems. [[Abstract rewriting system]]s can operate on these objects. [[Axiomatic system]]s, and [[logic systems]] build upon axioms, and upon logical rules respectively, for their rewriting actions. [[Proof assistant]]s are finding acceptance in the mathematical community.{{efn|name= llms|1= [[Large language model]]s (LLMs) are allowing mathematicians to revisit [[mathematical proof]]s which they have already written. These LLMs are mechanical 'proof whiners'; the LLMs provide line-by-line feedback to the mathematicians, which highlight the parts of the proof which the mathematicians need to rewrite so that the proof assistants can get past roadblocks.<ref name= aiNyt2 >Siobhan Roberts ''The New York Times'' [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/02/science/ai-mathematics-machine-learning.html (2 Jul 2023) AI is coming for Mathematics, Too]</ref> This deep introspection allows the mathematicians deeper insight into their proofs.<ref name= aiNyt2/><ref name= aiNyt4 >Siobhan Roberts ''The New York Times'' (4 July 2023) "A Complex Equation": Artificial Intelligence Complicates the Equation  pp. D1, D4</ref>}} [[Artificial intelligence]] in machines and [[system]]s need not be restricted to hardware, but can confer a relative advantage to the [[institution]]s that adopt it, and adapt to it.<ref>{{cite news
 |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence
 |title = Why 2015 Was a Breakthrough Year in Artificial Intelligence
 |last = Clark
 |first = Jack
 |website = Bloomberg.com
 |year = 2015b
 |url-access = subscription
 |access-date = 23 November 2016
 |url-status = live
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053855/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence
 |archive-date = 23 November 2016
 }}</ref>{{efn|name= emergence |1= Meadows (2008)<ref name=ah3/><ref name=ah4/> noted that systems could be resilient, and surprising. They can display [[Large language model#Emergent abilities|§emergent abilities]] which can confer a relative advantage, temporarily. [[Terence Tao]] noted that it helps when the robots are cute and non-threatening.<ref name= aiNyt4/>}} [[Canonical form]]s in a suitable format and in a [[critical mass]] for acceptance can be monitored, commented upon, adopted, and applied by [[Conflict continuum#Competition continuum|cooperating institutions]] in an upward spiral. ''See [[Best practice]]''

In technology, [[Chiplet]]s are tiny hardware subsystem implementations of [[system on a chip|SoC]]s (systems on a [[integrated circuit|chip]]) which can be interconnected into larger, or more responsive surroundings.
Packaging SoCs into small hardware multi-chip packages allows more effective functions which confer a competitive advantage in economics, wars, or politics.<ref name= fpgas >''Breaking Defense'' [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/how-new-modular-chiplets-in-advanced-semiconductors-defend-against-dynamic-threats/ (27 July 2023) How new modular chiplets in advanced semiconductors defend against dynamic threats]</ref>
[[File:Conveyor belt.svg|thumb|left|600px|link={{filepath:thermohaline_circulation.svg}}|The global conveyor belt on a continuous-ocean map [{{filepath:thermohaline_circulation.svg}} (animation)] From: Wikipedia article on [[thermohaline circulation]]. ]]
The [[thermohaline circulation]] can occur from the deep oceans to the ocean's surface.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=March 2025}} But the waters can mix; the thermohaline circulation from surface of the ocean to the deep ocean occurs only in restricted parts of the [[world ocean]] in a thousand-year cycle.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=March 2025}}

The [[Wilson Cycle]] is an explanation of the formation of the [[Atlantic Ocean]]; the [[supercontinent cycle]]s are a theory of the formation of supercontinent [[Pangea]] (335 million years ago) and its predecessor supercontinent [[Rodinia]] (1.2 billion years ago to 0.9 billion years ago).{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=March 2025}}
{{Clear}}
==See also==
*Subcategories of [[:Category:Systems]] for other such systems
* [[Animal cognition]]
* [[Epistemology]]
* [[Ontology]]
* [[System]]

==Notes and references==
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== Further reading ==
* Lawrence W. Barsalou, "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15951226/ Continuity of the conceptual system across species]", in: ''Trends in Cognitive Sciences'', Vol 9, Iss 7, July 2005, Pp.&nbsp;309–311.
* Harold I. Brown (2006), ''[https://philpapers.org/rec/BROCS-6 Conceptual systems]'', Routledge, UK, Dec 2006.
* [[George Lakoff]], "[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-98016-003 What is a Conceptual System?]", in: Willis F. Overton & David Stuart Palermo eds., ''The Nature and Ontogenesis of Meaning'', 1994.
* [[Thomas Nagel]], {{cite journal |author-link= Thomas Nagel |display-authors= 0 |
first= Thomas|last= Nagel |url= http://www.philosopher.eu/others-writings/nagel-what-is-it-like-to-be-a-bat/ |title= What is it like to be a bat? |journal= Philosophical Review |volume= LXXXIII |issue= 4 |date= Oct 1974 |pages= 435–450 |doi=10.2307/2183914|jstor= 2183914 |url-access= subscription }}
* [[Stuart A. Umpleby]] (1997), [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cybernetics-of-Conceptual-Systems-Umpleby/b9fe5b7cadf8b41e2b294cc3fec0390ed3a4d0ce "Cybernetics of conceptual systems" ''Cybernetics & Systems'' '''28''' (8), 635-651] <!--[http://www.gwu.edu/~umpleby/Conceptual_Systems.txt ''The cybernetics of conceptual systems''], Paper prepared for the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria. 1994-->

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070708211732/http://icbs.berkeley.edu/language_conceptual_systems.php Language and Conceptual Systems]. at Berkeley.edu, 2007.

{{Systems}}
{{World view}}

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[[Category:Systems]]
[[Category:Social concepts]]