Editing Conejo Valley

{{Short description|Region in Southern California, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2023}}
{{Coord|34|21|36|N|119|09|00|W|type:adm2nd_region:US-CA_source:UScensus1990|display=title}}
[[File:Westlake Village from Sandstone Peak.jpg|thumb|300px|Lake Sherwood with Westlake Village in distance.]]
The '''Conejo Valley''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Valle del Conejo'',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201028193618/https://www.adelantecomunidadconejo.org/espanol Adelante Comunidad Conejo]</ref> meaning "Valley of the Rabbit") is a region spanning both southeastern [[Ventura County, California|Ventura County]] and northwestern [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] in [[Southern California]], United States. It is located in the northwestern part of the [[Greater Los Angeles]] area.

Communities in the Conejo Valley are [[Thousand Oaks, California|Thousand Oaks]], [[Newbury Park, California|Newbury Park]], [[Westlake Village, California|Westlake Village]], [[Oak Park, California|Oak Park]], [[Agoura Hills, California|Agoura Hills]], [[Lake Sherwood, California|Lake Sherwood]] and a portion of [[Calabasas, California|Calabasas]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cityofcalabasas.com/pdf/agendas/council/2005/05-25-05/item18-%20Housing%20Colantuono%20memo.pdf | title=New Housing Legislation (SB 699, SB 1102, SB 1777, AB 2158, AB 2348) | publisher=City of Calabasas | page=2 | author=Colantuono, Michael G. (City Attorney) | quote=...such as those for the Conejo Valley subregion in which the City is located | date=22 March 2005 | access-date=8 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525053047/http://www.cityofcalabasas.com/pdf/agendas/council/2005/05-25-05/item18-%20Housing%20Colantuono%20memo.pdf | archive-date=25 May 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Etymology==
In 1803, the Spanish land grant in the area was given the name [[Rancho El Conejo]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

In [[Spanish language|Spanish]], ''conejo'' means "[[rabbit]]", and refers to the rabbits common to the region,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/classified/realestate/la-re-guide6-2008jul06,0,1763929.story | title=Conejo Oaks: An animal oasis | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=July 6, 2008 | first=Frank | last=Nelson | access-date=2009-06-14}}</ref> specifically the [[desert cottontail]] and [[brush rabbit]] species.<ref>{{citation | url=http://www.toaks.org/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=2632 | title=Conservation of the Thousand Oaks General Plan | author=City of Thousand Oaks | format=PDF | page=51 | date=July 2, 1996 | access-date=2009-06-14 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621020055/http://toaks.org/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=2632 | archive-date=June 21, 2010 }}</ref>

==History==
===Pre-colonial===
[[File:Chumash_ap_tri_village_stagecoach_inn_newbury_park_ca.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Reconstructed Chumash 'ap (house) at the [[Stagecoach Inn (California)|Stagecoach Inn]]]]
The [[Chumash people]] inhabited region for thousands of years.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.cityofcamarillo.org/Comm%20Dev/Projects/GPA%202016-1%20Shea/DEIR%20June%202017/Apx%206.5%20Cultural%20Resource%20Documentation.pdf |title=Cultural Resources Documentation {{!}} Appendix 6.5 {{!}} St. John's Specific Plan |page=3 |publisher=City of Camarillo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412182602/https://www.cityofcamarillo.org/Comm%20Dev/Projects/GPA%202016-1%20Shea/DEIR%20June%202017/Apx%206.5%20Cultural%20Resource%20Documentation.pdf |date=2017 |archive-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> Notable Chumash villages included [[Satwiwa]] ("The Bluffs") in [[Newbury Park, California|Newbury Park]], [[Chumash Indian Museum|Sap'wi]] ("House of Deer") in [[Thousand Oaks, California|Thousand Oaks]], and Hipuk in [[Westlake Village, California|Westlake Village]]. Sap'wi (Šihaw Ven-632i) is located near [[Chumash Indian Museum]] in [[Oakbrook Regional Park]]. This park is also home to 4-6,000 year old [[pictographs]], which can be observed on docent-led tours.<ref>Sprankling, Miriam and Ruthanne Begun (2006). ''Historical Tour of the Conejo Valley''. Newbury Park, CA: Conejo Valley Historical Society. Page 14. {{ISBN|0-9725233-4-0}}.</ref><ref>Maxwell, Thomas J. (1982). ''The Temescals of Arroyo Conejo''. California Lutheran College. Pages 58-59.</ref> Satwiwa, which was first settled 13,000 years ago,<ref>Bangs, Ray and Chris Becker (2004). ''52 Great Weekend Escapes in Southern California''. Globe Pequot. Page 55. {{ISBN|9780762730834}}.</ref> was located at the foothills of [[Mount Boney]], a sacred mountain to the Chumash people.<ref>Riedel, Allen (2008). ''100 Classic Hikes in Southern California: San Bernardino National Forest, Angeles National Forest, Santa Lucia Mountains, Big Sur and the Sierras''. The Mountaineers Books. Page 118. {{ISBN|9781594851254}}.</ref><ref>Mallarach, Josep-Maria and Thymio Papayannis (2007). ''Protected Areas and Spirituality''. Island Press. Page 109. {{ISBN|9782831710235}}.</ref><ref>Riedel, Allen (2011). ''Best Easy Day Hikes Conejo Valley''. Rowman & Littlefield. Page 21. {{ISBN|9780762765812}}.</ref> The [[Satwiwa Native American Indian Culture Center]] is available for visitors.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Two additional Chumash villages were found by Ventu Park Road. These had a population of 100-200 in each village, and were settled around 2,000 years ago.<ref>Bidwell, Carol A. (1989). ''The Conejo Valley: Old and New Frontiers''. Windsor Publications. Page 13. {{ISBN|9780897812993}}.</ref><ref>Casey, Lynda (1984). ''The Story of the Conejo Valley: The Westlake Chumash Indians''. Westlake Research Committee. Page 5.</ref> These former villages, known as Ven-65, Ven-260 and Ven-261, are located on private lands near Ventu Park Road in Newbury Park.<ref>Maxwell, Thomas J. (1982). ''The Temescals of Arroyo Conejo''. California Lutheran College. Page 137. Library of Congress Catalog Number 82-072788.</ref> A smaller village, known as Yitimasɨh, was located where [[Conejo Valley Unified School District|Wildwood Elementary School]] is located today.<ref>Maxwell, Thomas J. (1982). ''The Temescals of Arroyo Conejo''. California Lutheran College. Page 93.</ref><ref>Sprankling, Miriam (2002). ''Discovering the Story of The Conejo Valley''. Newbury Park, CA: Conejo Valley Historical Society. Page 9. {{ISBN|0-9725233-0-8}}.</ref> Artifacts retrieved in nearby [[Wildwood Regional Park]] include [[shell bead]]s, arrowheads, and stone tools.<ref>Palmer, Norma E. (1994). ''Santa Barbara & Ventura Counties''. Automobile Club of Southern California. Page 176. {{ISBN|9781564131867}}.</ref>

===European exploration===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2019}}
Local villagers' first contact with Europeans came in 1770. The Spanish exploratory party led by [[Gaspar de Portolá]], returning from its journey up the coast as far as [[History of San Francisco|San Francisco]], entered the valley from the northwest. On the outward bound journey, the explorers had traveled up the [[Los Angeles River]], then north to [[Castaic Junction, California|Castaic Junction]], then followed the [[Santa Clara River (California)|Santa Clara River]] back down to the coast. On the return trip, they sought a shorter route to the [[San Fernando Valley]], and were guided by natives up and over the [[Conejo Grade]]. Franciscan missionary [[Juan Crespi]] kept a diary of the expedition, and gave Conejo Valley one name that survives today – Triunfo (Spanish for "triumph").<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Herbert E. |pages=267 |year=1927 |title=Fray Juan Crespi: Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast, 1769-1774 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288788 |publisher=HathiTrust Digital Library |access-date=March 1, 2014}}</ref> Crespi gave the name ''El triunfo del Dulcísimo Nombre de Jesús'' (in English: ''The Triumph of the Sweetest Name of Jesus'') to a camping place by a creek – today's Triunfo Canyon Road begins between Thousand Oaks and Westlake Village.

Later, explorer [[Juan Bautista de Anza]] used Portolá's shortcut on his way north in 1774, mentioning in his diary a stop at "El Triunfo".<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Herbert E. |pages=102 |year=1930 |title=Anza's California Expeditions, Volume II |url=https://archive.org/stream/anzascaliforniae02bolt#page/102/mode/2up |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=March 1, 2014}}</ref> On de Anza's second expedition (1775–76), diarist Father [[Pedro Font]] referred to "many watering places, like those of El Triunfo and Los Conejos".<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Herbert E. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anzascaliforniae04bolt/page/247 247] |year=1930 |title=Anza's California Expeditions, Volume IV |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url=https://archive.org/details/anzascaliforniae04bolt |access-date=March 1, 2014}}</ref>

===Ranching===
Harold and Edwin Janss purchased ten thousand acres (40&nbsp;km²) of land of what is now central Thousand Oaks from the heir of John Edwards, who had purchased the land from the de la Guerra heirs (all of the land was originally a portion of the [[Rancho El Conejo]] land grant) in 1910. A ranch, named the [[Janss Conejo Ranch]], was utilized as a farm and to raise thoroughbred horses with the Santa Susanna Mountains and Simi Hills framing it. Television Westerns such as ''[[The Rifleman]]'', ''[[Gunsmoke]]'', and ''[[Bonanza]]'' were filmed in Janss Conejo between the 1950s and 1960s. It was also used as the filming locations for Disney's ''[[Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier]]'' and ''[[Westward Ho, the Wagons!]]'' both starring [[Fess Parker]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Geography==
[[File:Vc_bioregions.gif|thumb|right|250px|Conejo Valley seen on a physiographical map of Ventura County.]]
Conejo Valley is a {{convert|900|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} valley.<ref>Tuttle, Tom (1988). ''Ventura County Companion''. EZ Nature Books. Page 13. {{ISBN|9780945092025}}.</ref><ref>Triem, Judith P. (1985). ''Ventura County: Land of Good Fortune: An Illustrated History''. Windsor Publications. Page 114. {{ISBN|9780897811569}}.</ref> The area is bordered by the [[San Fernando Valley]] and the city of [[Los Angeles]] to the east, [[Simi Hills]] to the north, Las Posas Hills and the [[Santa Rosa Valley]] to the northwest, [[Conejo Mountain]] (also known as Conejo Hills) and [[Oxnard Plain]] to the west, and the [[Santa Monica Mountains]] to the south. The valley is located in the Santa Monica Mountains on an elevated area.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

[[File:View-of-Conejo-Valley-from-Rabbit-Hill-Newbury-Park.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Panorama of Conejo Valley from [[Rabbit Hill (Newbury Park)|Rabbit Hill]], [[Newbury Park, California|Newbury Park]].]]

==Economy==
The largest non-retail employers in the Conejo Valley include [[Amgen]], the [[Conejo Valley Unified School District]], [[Los Robles Regional Medical Center]], Anthem Blue Cross, [[California Lutheran University]], Shire Biotechnology, Skyworks Solutions, PennyMac Mortgage and Sage Publications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.toaks.org/business/economic-development/major-employers|title=Major Employers {{!}} Thousand Oaks, CA|website=www.toaks.org|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref> Other notable employers include Jafra Cosmetics, Teledyne, J.D. Power, Dole Food Company, Guitar Center, Bank of America and Teradyne.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

==Media==
The [[Ventura County Star]] is a daily newspaper published in [[Camarillo, California]] and serves all of [[Ventura County]], including the Conejo Valley.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

''The Acorn'' is a local weekly newspaper covering [[Agoura Hills, California|Agoura Hills]], [[Hidden Hills, California|Hidden Hills]], [[Oak Park, California|Oak Park]], [[North Ranch (Ventura County)|North Ranch]] and [[Calabasas, California|Calabasas]], while ''Thousand Oaks Acorn'' covers the cities of [[Thousand Oaks, California|Thousand Oaks]], [[Newbury Park, California|Newbury Park]] and [[Westlake Village, California|Westlake Village]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.toacorn.com/articles/changes-made-at-acorn-newspapers/|title=Changes made at Acorn Newspapers|date=January 6, 2005|website=Thousand Oaks Acorn}}</ref>

===Radio===
[[KCLU-FM|KCLU]] is the only public radio station in [[Ventura County, California|Ventura County]].<ref>Oram, Fern A. (2006). ''MBA Programs 2007 (Peterson's MBA Programs)''. Peterson's. Page 62. {{ISBN|978-0768921618}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vcstar.com/business/kclu-expands-to-santa-barbara-ep-373200371-352476441.html|title=KCLU expands to Santa Barbara|website=www.vcstar.com}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:The_oaks_mall_main_entrance.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[The Oaks Shopping Center|The Oaks]] is visited by over 5 million each year as of 2002.<ref>Baker, Pam and Jim Dunham (2002). ''Thousand Oaks and Westlake Village''. Community Communications, Incorporated. Page 107. {{ISBN|9781581920611}}.</ref>]]
[[File:Gardens_of_the_World_Thousand_Oaks.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Waterfall at [[Gardens of the World]].]]
In 2013 the Conejo Valley Tourism Improvement District (CVTID) was formed by the cities of Thousand Oaks and Agoura Hills.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toaks.org/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=25716 |title=Creation of the Conejo Valley Tourism Improvement District|publisher=City of Thousand Oaks|department=City Manager Staff Report |access-date=2015-11-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506160508/http://www.toaks.org/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=25716 |archive-date=2016-05-06 }}</ref>  CVTID is a non-profit corporation that markets Conejo Valley as a Tourist Destination.<ref>{{citation | url=http://conejo.com/public-documents | title=Conejo Valley Tourism Improvement District (CVTID) Public Documents | author=Conejo Valley Tourism Improvement District }}</ref> Conejo Valley's two largest tourist attractions are the [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]] in Simi Valley and the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===Points of interest===
*[[American Radio Archives|American Radio Archives and Museum]], one of the world's largest collections of radio broadcasting.
*[[Conejo Valley Art Museum]], art museum at [[Janss Marketplace]] in [[Thousand Oaks, California|Thousand Oaks]].
*[[Conejo Valley Botanic Garden]], {{convert|33|acre}} botanical gardens, directly across from [[Tarantula Hill]].
*[[Gardens of the World]], botanical garden across [[Thousand Oaks Boulevard]] from the [[Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Center]].
*[[Grant R. Brimhall Library]], one of the largest libraries in Southern California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.toacorn.com/articles/catching-up-with-one-of-citys-grandest-architects/|title=Catching up with one of city's grandest architects|date=October 9, 2014|website=Thousand Oaks Acorn}}</ref>
*[[Joel McCrea Ranch]], 19th century ranch at the bottom of the [[Norwegian Grade]]. Listed on the [[U.S. National Register of Historic Places]]. 
*[[Paramount Ranch]], movie ranch in the Santa Monica Mountains of [[Agoura Hills, California|Agoura Hills]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/samo/planyourvisit/paramountranch.htm|title=Paramount Ranch - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov}}</ref> 
*[[Pederson House and Water Tower]], home built by the [[Norwegian Colony]] on the present day campus of [[California Lutheran University]]. [[Ventura County Historic Landmarks & Points of Interest|Ventura County Historic Landmark]] No. 45 and Thousand Oaks Historical Landmark No. 3.
*[[Stagecoach Inn (California)|Stagecoach Inn]], museum and 19th century hotel in Newbury Park. Listed on the [[U.S. National Register of Historic Places]].
*[[The Oaks (Thousand Oaks, California)|The Oaks]], largest shopping mall in [[Ventura County, California|Ventura County]].<ref>Tuttle, Tom (1988). ''Ventura County Companion''. EZ Nature Books. Page 67. {{ISBN|9780945092025}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-19-fi-289-story.html|title=3 New Leases Signed at Mall|date=May 19, 1992|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
*[[Wildwood Regional Park]], {{convert|1,765|acre}} regional park bordering an additional {{convert|1,400 |acres}} of [[open space reserve]].

==See also==
*{{C|Geography of Thousand Oaks, California}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Greater Los Angeles Area}}
{{Ventura County, California}}
{{California}}
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[[Category:Conejo Valley| ]]
[[Category:Valleys of Ventura County, California]]
[[Category:Valleys of Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Geography of Thousand Oaks, California|*]]
[[Category:Santa Monica Mountains]]
[[Category:Simi Hills]]
[[Category:Valleys of California]]