Editing Consecration in Christianity

{{Short description|Solemn religious dedication}}
{{Other uses|Consecration (disambiguation)}}
{{Eucharist|expanded=Ritual and liturgy}}
'''Consecration''' is the transfer of a person or a thing to the sacred sphere for a special purpose or service. The word ''consecration'' literally means "association with the [[sacred]]". Persons, places, or things can be consecrated, and the term is used in various ways by different groups. The origin of the word comes from the Latin stem ''consecrat'', which means dedicated, devoted, and sacred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consecrate|title=Definition of CONSECRATE|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref> A [[synonym]] for consecration is [[sanctification]]; its [[antonym]] is [[desecration]].

== Christianity ==
{{Further|Dedication of churches}}
In [[Christianity]], consecration means "setting apart" a person, as well as a building or object, for God. Among some Christian denominations there is a complementary service of "[[deconsecration]]", to remove a consecrated place of its sacred character in preparation for either demolition or sale for secular use.

=== Catholic Church ===
[[File:Consécration-de-Déodat.jpg|thumb|''The Consecration of [[Deodatus of Nevers|Deodat]]'' (1620, Claude Bassot)]]

"Consecration" is used in the [[Catholic Church]] as the setting apart for the service of God, of both persons and objects.

==== Ordination of bishops ====
The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy of the Second Vatican Council ''[[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]'' n. 76 states,

{{quote|Both the ceremonies and texts of the ordination rites are to be revised. The address given by the bishop at the beginning of each ordination or consecration may be in the mother tongue.}}

{{quote|When a bishop is consecrated, the laying of hands may be done by all the bishops present.}}

The English text of [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]], Second Edition, 1997, under the heading "Episcopal ordination—fullness of the sacrament of [[holy orders|Holy Orders]]", uses "episcopal consecration" and "episcopal ordination" interchangeably (CCC, 1556–1558).

The [[1983 Code of Canon Law]] of the [[Latin Church]] states in §§ 1012, 1014: ''"sacrae ordinationis minister est Episcopus consecratus"'' and uses the term ''consecratione episcopali'' ("episcopal consecration").

==== Consecrated life ====
[[Image:Painting of Ste Genevieve in the Church of Ste Genevieve in Ste Genevieve MO.jpg|thumb|250px|The consecration of [[Saint Genevieve]], 1821, by M. Basterot ([[Ste. Genevieve, Missouri]])]]
[[Consecrated virgins]] are consecrated by the diocesan bishop according to the approved liturgical rite and spend their time in works of penance and mercy, in apostolic activity and in prayer.

Those who enter [[religious institute]]s, societies of apostolic life, [[secular institute]]s or are recognised as a [[Hermit#Contemporary Christian life|diocesan hermit]] are also members of the [[Consecrated life (Catholic Church)|consecrated life]].

==== Churches, altars, and other ritual objects ====
[[Chrism]], an [[anointing]] oil, is (usually scented) olive oil consecrated by a bishop.

Objects such as [[paten]]s and [[chalice (cup)|chalices]], used for the sacrament of the Eucharist, are consecrated by a bishop, using chrism. The day before a new priest is ordained, there may be a vigil and a service or Mass at which the ordaining Bishop consecrates the paten(s) and chalice(s) of the ordinands (the men who are transitional deacons, about to be ordained priests).

A more solemn rite exists for what used to be called the "consecration of an altar", either of the altar alone or as the central part of the rite for a church. The rite is now called the [[Dedication (ritual)|dedication]].<ref>''[[Caeremoniale Episcoporum]]''. chapters IX–XI</ref><ref>''[[Roman Missal]]'', Ritual Masses for the Dedication of a Church and an Altar</ref>  Since it would be contradictory to dedicate to the service of God a mortgage-burdened building, the rite of solemn dedication of a church is carried out only if the building is debt-free.

==== Eucharist ====
{{See also|Anaphora (liturgy)}}
A very special act of consecration is that of the Eucharistic gifts bread and wine in the [[Holy Mass]], which according to [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] belief involves their change into the [[Body of Christ|Body]] and [[Blood of Christ]], a change referred to as [[transubstantiation]].

=== Eastern churches ===
{{Main article|Consecrations in Eastern Christianity}}
In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es and the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], the term "consecration" can refer to either the [[Eastern Orthodoxy#Holy mysteries (sacraments)|Sacred Mystery]] (sacrament) of ''Cheirotonea'' (ordination through laying on of hands) of a bishop, or the sanctification and solemn dedication of a church building. It can also (more rarely) be used to describe the [[Eucharistic theologies contrasted#Eastern Orthodox Church|change]] of the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ at the [[Divine Liturgy]]. The [[Chrism#Eastern Christianity|Chrism]] used at [[Chrismation]] and the [[Antimension]] placed on the [[Altar|Holy Table]] are also said to be consecrated.

=== Lutheran Church and Anglican Communion ===

[[Church building]]s, [[chapel]]s, [[altar]]s, and Communion vessels are consecrated for the purpose of religious [[worship]].

A person may be consecrated for a specific role within a religious hierarchy, or a person may consecrate his or her life in an act of [[Worship|devotion]].  In particular, the [[ordination of a bishop]] is often called a consecration. In churches that follow the doctrine of [[apostolic succession]] (the [[historical episcopate]]), the bishops who consecrate a new bishop are known as the consecrators and form an unbroken line of succession back to the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]]. Those who take the [[vows]] of [[Religious institute|religious life]] are said to be living a ''consecrated life''.{{cn|date=January 2022}}

In the [[Church of England]] (Mother Church of the [[Anglican Communion]]), an order [[Closed church|closing a church]] may remove the legal effects of consecration.

=== Methodist Churches ===
==== Entire consecration ====
In [[Methodist theology]], entire consecration is an act made by an individual who has experienced the [[born again|New Birth]], but prior to [[entire sanctification]]:<ref name="Emmanuel2002">{{cite book |title=Guidebook of the Emmanuel Association of Churches |date=2002 |publisher=[[Emmanuel Association]] |location=[[Logansport, Indiana|Logansport]] |page=8 |language=English}}</ref>
{{quotation|Consecration necessary for entire sanctification, is the total abandonment of the redeemed soul to the whole will of God (Romans 12:1; 6:11, 13, 22). As such it takes place after the work of regeneration and must be completed before the soul is sanctified. While the act of consecration depends wholly upon the individual, the scope of consecration must be dictated by the Holy Spirit (acts 5:32). In saying that consecration is the act of the creature, it must be understood that every step in grace is undertaken through the assistance of the Holy Spirit (1 Peter 1:22). The consecration becomes so deep that it includes perfect submission to the crucifixion of the body of sin (Romans 6:6, Galatians 2:20; 5:24). ―Principles of Faith, [[Emmanuel Association|Emmanuel Association of Churches]]<ref name="Emmanuel2002"/>}}
In a prayer of entire consecration, a Christian surrenders himself/herself to God in order to allow Him to [[second work of grace|entirely sanctify]] his/her soul.<ref name="Ruth2017">{{cite web |last1=Ruth |first1=C.W. |title=Consecration: The Human Side of Sanctification |url=https://www.gbs.edu/consecration-the-human-side-of-sanctification/ |publisher=[[God's Bible School and College|God's Bible College]] |access-date=19 May 2021 |language=English |date=29 June 2017}}</ref> A believer offers to God "his time, his plans, his possessions, himself, his all" in consecration.<ref name="Emmanuel2002"/> As such, consecration is "a pledge of an eternal 'yes' to all the will of God" in Wesleyan-Arminian theology.<ref name="Ruth2017"/> With this human initiative of setting oneself apart for God, the believer is able to be entirely sanctified; the theology behind consecration is summarized with the maxim "Give yourself to God in all things, if you would have God give Himself to you."<ref name="Ruth2017"/> United Methodist [[elder (Methodism)|elder]] Craig Adams in discussing "the need for a particular moment of consecration and faith in a believer's life", referenced the theological tract ''On the Act or Covenant of Religious Consecration'', authored by [[Thomas Cogswell Upham]], which provides the following prayer of consecration composed by cleric [[Philip Doddridge]] as an example:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adams |first1=Craig |title=A Discipline of Consecration and Listening |url=https://craigladams.com/blog/a-discipline-of-consecration-and-listening/ |publisher=Commonplace Holiness |access-date=19 May 2021 |language=English |date=16 February 2007}}</ref><ref name="UphamDoddridge"/>
{{quotation|Eternal and ever blessed God! I desire to present myself before Thee with the deepest humiliation and abasement of soul, sensible how unworthy such a sinful worm is, to appear before the Holy Majesty of heaven, and to enter into a Covenant transaction with Thee. I come acknowledging myself to have been a great offender; smiting on my breast and saying with the humble publican, God be merciful to me a sinner. I come invited in the name of thy Son, and wholly trusting in his perfect righteousness; intreating that, for his sake, Thou wilt be merciful to my unrighteousness, and wilt no more remember my sins.

Permit me, O Lord, to bring back unto Thee those powers and faculties, which I have ungratefully and sacrilegiously alienated from thy service: And receive, I beseech Thee, thy poor revolted creature, who is now convinced of thy right to him, and desires nothing in the world so much as to be Thine. It is with the utmost solemnity, that I make this surrender of myself unto Thee. I avouch the Lord this day to be my God; and I avouch and declare myself this day to be one of his Covenant children and people. Hear, O Thou God of heaven, and record it in the book of thy remembrance, that I am thine, ENTIRELY THINE. I would not merely consecrate to Thee some of my powers, or some of my possessions, or give Thee a certain portion of my services, or all I am capable of for a limited time; [but I give myself to Thee and promise, relying upon thy divine assistance, ] to be wholly thine and thine forever.

From this day do I solemnly renounce all the former Lords, which have had dominion over me, every sin and every lust, and in thy name set myself in eternal opposition to the powers of Hell, which have most unjustly usurped the empire over my soul, and to all the corruptions, which their fatal temptations have introduced into it. The whole frame of my nature, all the faculties of my mind and all the members of my body would I present before Thee this day, as a living sacrifice HOLY and ACCEPTABLE to God, which I know to be my most reasonable service. [To thee I consecrate not only my person and powers,] but all my worldly possessions; and earnestly pray Thee also to give me strength and courage to exert for thy glory all the influence I may have over others in the relations of life, in which I stand.

Nor do I only consecrate all that I am and have to do thy service; but I also most humbly resign and submit myself and all that I can call mine, [to endure and suffer at thy hand whatsoever thou mayst see fit to impose upon me in the dispensations] of thy holy and sovereign will. I leave, O Lord, to thy management and direction all I possess and all I wish; and set every enjoyment and every interest before Thee, to be disposed of as thou pleasest; contentedly resolving, in all that thou appointest for me, my will into Thine, and looking on myself as NOTHING, and on Thee, O God, as the great, Eternal All, whose word ought to determine every thing; and whose government ought to be the joy of the whole rational creation.

Receive, O heavenly Father, thy returning prodigal! Wash me in the blood of thy dear Son! Clothe me with thy perfect righteousness; and sanctify me throughout by the power of thy Spirit. And O Lord, when thou seest the agonies of dissolving nature upon me, remember this Covenant, even though I should then be incapable of recollecting it, and look with pitying eye upon thy dying child. Put strength and confidence into my departing spirit; and receive it to the embraces of thine everlasting love. Amen.<ref name="UphamDoddridge">{{cite web |author1=[[Thomas Cogswell Upham]] |author2=[[Philip Doddridge]] |title=On the Act or Covenant of Religious Consecration |url=https://www.craigladams.com/Upham/page330/page20/page334/ |publisher=Commonplace Holiness |access-date=19 May 2021 |language=English}}</ref>}}

The ''[[Probationer's Handbook]]'', one of the most widely used catechisms of the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]] for probationers seeking full membership in the connexion, provided probationers a prayer of entire consecration to be used if the probationer had not already consecrated himself/herself to God; it implored the probationer: "If you are
not fully consecrated to God, lay all on the altar immediately."<ref name="Garrison1908">{{cite book |author1=[[Stephen O. Garrison]] |title=Probationer's Handbook |date=1908 |publisher=Eaton and Mains |pages=39 |language=English}}</ref>

==== Liturgies ====
The Methodist ''[[Book of Worship for Church and Home (1965)|Book of Worship for Church and Home]]'' (1965) contains liturgies for "The Order for the Consecration of Bishops", "An Office for the Consecration of Deaconesses", "An Office for the Consecration of Directors of Christian Education and Directors of Music", as well as "An Office for the Opening or Consecrating of a Church Building" among others.<ref name="BOW1964">{{cite book|title=The Book of Worship for Church and Home: With Orders of Worship, Services for the Administration of the Sacraments and Other Aids to Worship According to the Usages of the Methodist Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ckw6vgAACAAJ|access-date=25 March 2017|year=1964|publisher=Methodist Publishing House|language=en |pages=53–354}}</ref>

=== Pentecostal Churches===
Churches of the [[Holiness Pentecostalism|Holiness Pentecostal]] tradition, such as the [[Apostolic Faith Church]], teach, as with Methodism, the necessity of entire consecration prior to [[entire sanctification]]—the definite, second work of grace.<ref name="AFC2024">{{cite web |title=Consecration |url=https://www.apostolicfaith.org/doctrinal-and-historical/a-complete-surrender |publisher=[[Apostolic Faith Church]] |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref> Holiness Pentecostalism teaches that another deeper consecration must be made prior to receiving Spirit baptism evidenced by speaking in tongues—the third work of grace.<ref name="AFC2024"/>

== Mormonism ==
{{See also|Law of consecration|United Order}}
[[Mormonism]] is replete with consecration doctrine, primarily Christ's title of "The Anointed One" signifying his official, authorized and unique role as the savior of mankind from sin and death, and secondarily each individual's opportunity and ultimate responsibility to accept Jesus' will for their life and consecrate themselves to living thereby wholeheartedly.  Book of Mormon examples include "sanctification cometh because of their yielding their hearts unto God" (Heleman 3:35) and "come unto Christ, who is the Holy One of Israel, and partake of his salvation, and the power of his redemption, ... and offer your whole souls as an offering unto him, and continue in fasting and praying, and endure to the end; and as the Lord liveth ye will be saved" (Omni 1:26).

==See also==
* [[Consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary]]
* [[Covenant Service]]
* [[Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*''Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church'', Isabel F. Hapgood (Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, New York) 1975.
*''Orthodox Dogmatic Theology: A Concise Exposition'', [[Protopresbyter]] Michael Pomazansky (Tr. [[Hieromonk]] [[Seraphim Rose]], Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, Platina CA) 1984.
*''The Law of God'', [[Archpriest]] Seraphim Slobodskoy (Tr. Holy Trinity Monastery, Jordanville NY) 1996.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04276a.htm Consecration] article in [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]
*[https://www.gbs.edu/consecration-the-human-side-of-sanctification/ Consecration: The Human Side of Sanctification] ([[Methodist]])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070720060333/http://www.st-george-church.org/English/Centennial_%26_Consecration/CCC3.htm Consecration of an Orthodox Church] 6 pages of photos, [[Serbian Orthodox Church]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070516162918/http://www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws/synod/eng2006/9enmelbournecathedral.html Photos of Consecration of Altar and Antimens] in the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030301104732/http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article8420.asp The Sanctification of Holy Chrism] by the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15458a.htm Virginity] article in Catholic Encyclopedia discussing Consecration of a Virgin
*[http://modernhinduculture.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88:kumbhabhishekam&catid=34:agamas&Itemid=54 Kumbhabhishekam ] by the [http://www.modernhinduculture.com/ Modern International Hindu Agamic Cultural Organisation]
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