Editing Constantine IV

{{Short description|Byzantine emperor from 668 to 685}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Constantine IV
| image        = Constantine IV mosaic.png
| caption      = Constantine IV, mosaic in basilica of [[Sant'Apollinare in Classe]], [[Ravenna]].
| succession   = [[Byzantine emperor]]
| reign        = September 668 – July 685
| coronation   = 13 April 654
| cor-type     = [[Coronation of the Byzantine emperor|Coronation]]
| predecessor  = [[Constans II]]
| reg-type     = {{nowrap|Co-emperors}}
| regent       = {{plainlist|
*[[Constans II]] (654–668)
*[[Heraclius (son of Constans II)|Heraclius]] (659–681)
*[[Tiberius (son of Constans II)|Tiberius]] (659–681)}}
| successor    = [[Justinian II]]
| spouse       = [[Anastasia, wife of Constantine IV|Anastasia]]
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Justinian II]]
* [[Heraclius (son of Constantine IV)|Heraclius]]}}
| regnal name  = {{langx|la|[[Imperator]] [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] [[Flavia (gens)|Flavius]] Constantinus [[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]}}<br/>{{langx|el|[[Autokrator|Αὐτοκράτωρ]] καῖσαρ Φλάβιος Κωνσταντῖνος αὐγουστος}}{{efn|Constantine and his wife used at least two seals on which his name was rendered as {{Smallcaps|Constantinos Constantos}}.{{Sfn|Laurent|1939|p=359}}{{Sfn|Settipani|2006|p=119}} The name Constantus may have been a [[patronymic|patronym]], as some modern day historians translate ''Constantinus Constantus'' as "Constantine, son of [[Constans II|Constans]]".<ref>{{cite book |editor1 = Academia Republicii Populare Romîne |editor2 = Academia Republicii Socialiste România |year = 1981 |title = Revue roumaine d'histoire: Volume 20 |publisher = Editions de l'Académie de la République socialiste de Roumanie |page = 626 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2M9BAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> At least two documents refer to him as "[[Autokrator]] [[Flavia gens|Phlabios]] Konstantinos" (Αὐτοκράτωρ Φλάβιος Κωνσταντῖνος), following the old imperial formula.<ref>{{cite book | last = Rösch | first = Gerhard | title = Onoma Basileias| language = de | publisher = VÖAW| year = 1978 | isbn = 978-3-7001-0260-1 |page=170}}</ref>}}
| dynasty      = [[Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty|Heraclian]]
| father       = [[Constans II]]
| mother       = [[Fausta (wife of Constans II)|Fausta]]
| religion     = [[Chalcedonian Christianity]]
| venerated_in = 
| birth_date   = {{c.|lk=no}} 650
| birth_place  = [[Constantinople]]<br />(now [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]])
| death_date   = 10 July 685 (aged ≈35)
| death_place  = Constantinople
| place of burial = [[Church of the Holy Apostles]], [[Constantinople]]|
| title        = [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Emperor of the Romans]]
}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name            = Constantine the New
|birth_date      =
|death_date      =
|feast_day       = [[September 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|3 September]]
|venerated_in    = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]]<ref name=PRAVOSLAVIE/>
|image           = 
|image_size      = 
|caption         = 
|birth_place     =
|death_place     =
|titles          = [[Right-Believing|Holy and Right-Believing]] [[Roman emperor|Emperor of the Romans]]
|beatified_date  =
|beatified_place =
|beatified_by    =
|canonized_date  = 
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by    =
|attributes      = Imperial attire
|major_shrine    = [[Church of the Holy Apostles]]
|issues          =
|prayer          =
|prayer_attrib   =
}}
{{Heraclian dynasty}}

'''Constantine IV''' ({{langx|el|Κωνσταντῖνος|Kōnstantīnos|Constantinus}}); {{circa}} 650 – 10 July 685), called '''the Younger''' ({{langx|el|ὁ νέος|ho Néos}})<ref>{{harvp|Zuckerman|1995}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Grumel|1968}}</ref> and often incorrectly '''the Bearded''' ({{langx|el|Πωγωνᾶτος|Pōgōnãtos}}) out of confusion with [[Constans II|his father]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=E. W. |date=1908-01-01 |title=Who was Constantine Pogonatus? |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/byzs.1908.17.2.460/html |journal=[[Byzantinische Zeitschrift]] |language=de |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=460–462 |doi=10.1515/byzs.1908.17.2.460 |issn=1864-449X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{efn|The nickname appears prominently in older scholarship, following the chronicles of [[Symeon Logothete]], [[George Kedrenos|Kedrenos]] and [[Joannes Zonaras|Zonaras]]. This confusion arises from the convoluted nomenclature of the Heraclians: [[Heraclius]] ({{reign}} 610–641) named his sons [[Heraclonas|Heraclius]] ("Heraclonas") and [[Heraclius Constantine]] ("Constantine&nbsp;III"), who had in turn a son also named Heraclius Constantine ("[[Constans&nbsp;II]]"). The emperor [[Constantine&nbsp;VII]] ({{reign}} 945–959), despite having access to all official documents, uses the name "Constantine Pogonatus" to both Constans II and Constantine IV in different occasions, apparently confusing them.{{Sfn|Settipani|2006|p=119-122}}}} was [[Byzantine emperor]] from 668 to 685. His reign saw the first serious check to nearly 50 years of uninterrupted [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab expansion]], most notably his [[Siege of Constantinople (674–678)|successful defence]] of [[Constantinople]], and the temporary stabilization of the Byzantine Empire after decades of war, defeats, and civil strife. His calling of the [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] saw the end of the [[monothelitism]] controversy in the [[Byzantine Empire]]; for this, he is venerated as a saint in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], with his feast day on [[September 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|September 3]].<ref name=PRAVOSLAVIE>[http://orthochristian.com/calendar/{{#time:Y|-1year}}0903.html September 3/September 16]{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).</ref>

==Early career==
The eldest son of [[Constans II]] and [[Fausta (wife of Constans II)|Fausta]], daughter of patrician [[Valentinus (usurper)|Valentinus]],<ref>{{harvp|Kazhdan|1991|loc="Constans II", p. 496}}</ref> Constantine IV had been named a co-emperor with his father in 654, almost certainly in [[Easter]] (13 April).<ref name=PBW>''[[Prosopography of the Byzantine World|PBW]]'' "[https://www.degruyter.com/document/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ14851/html Konstantinos IV]".</ref> His year of birth is unknown,<ref name=do>{{harvp|Grierson|1968|pp=512–514}}</ref> but often given as {{circa}} 650.<ref name=odb>{{harvp|Kazhdan|1991|loc="Constantine IV", pp. 500–501}}</ref>{{efn|Probably on the basis that most co-emperors were crowned as children. [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] (384) was 9 years old, [[Theodosius II]] (401) was 1 year old, [[Valentinian III]] (425) was 6 years old, [[Leo II (emperor)|Leo II]] (473) was 6 years old, [[Theodosius (son of Maurice)|Theodosius]] (590) was 7 years old, and [[Heraclius Constantine|Constantine III]] (613) was 1 year old. [[David Tiberius|Tiberius]] and [[Constans II]] (641), were both 11 years old.}} He became emperor in September 668, when news arrived at Constantinople that [[Constans II]] had been assassinated in [[Sicily (theme)|Sicily]].<ref name=mango/>
[[File:The_concession_of_privileges_mosaic.jpg|thumb|269x269px|Mosaic of Constantine IV with his family and imperial figures. The upper legend reads: {{Smallcaps|constantinus maior imperator - heraclii et tiberii imperator}}.{{efn|The mosaic must have been made shortly before Heraclius and Tiberius' deposition in 681. [[Justinian II]] (far left) is depicted as being slightly taller than them, but this is impossible given that he was at least a decade younger.}}]]
The first task before the new Emperor was the suppression of the military revolt in Sicily under [[Mezezius]] which had led to his father's death.<ref>{{harvp|Bury|1889|p=330}}</ref> Within seven months of his accession, Constantine IV had dealt with the insurgency with the support of [[Pope Vitalian]],<ref>{{harvp|Bury|1889|p=315}}</ref> but this success was overshadowed by troubles in the east.

As early as 668 the [[Caliph]] [[Muawiyah I]] received an invitation from [[Saborios]], the commander of the troops in [[Armenia]], to help overthrow the Emperor at Constantinople.<ref>{{harvp|Bury|1889|p=306}}</ref> He sent an army under his son [[Yazid I|Yazid]] against the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Yazid reached [[Chalcedon]] and took the important Byzantine center [[Amorium|Amorion]].<ref>{{harvp|Bury|1889|p=307}}</ref> While the city was quickly recovered, the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Arab]]s next attacked [[Carthage]] and Sicily in 669.<ref name="Bury, p. 310">{{harvp|Bury|1889|p=310}}</ref> In 670 the Arabs captured [[Cyzicus]] and set up a base from which to launch further attacks into the heart of the Empire.<ref name="harvp|Moore|1997">{{harvp|Moore|1997}}</ref> Their fleet captured [[Smyrna]] and other coastal cities in 672.<ref name="Norwich, p. 323">{{harvp|Norwich|1990|pp=323–324}}</ref> Also, in 672, the Arabs sent a large fleet to attack [[Constantinople]] by sea.<ref name="Norwich, p. 323"/> While Constantine was distracted by this, the [[Slavs]] [[Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)|laid siege]] to [[Thessalonica]].<ref name="harvp|Moore|1997"/>

==The First Arab Siege of Constantinople (667–669)==
{{main|Siege of Constantinople (674–678)}}

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While modern historiography traditionally placed the first Arab siege of Constantinople in 674–678, a new reconstruction of the events has re-dated it to 667–669.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jankowiak |first=Marek |date=2013 |title=The First Arab Siege of Constantinople |journal=Travaux et Mémoires |volume=17 |pages=237–322}}</ref> In 663, Constantine's father, [[Constans II]], had moved the imperial residence to [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]], during which a large portion of the military was relocated to [[Sicily]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Prigent |first=Vivien |date=2010 |title="La Sicile de Constant II: l'apport des sources sigillographiques" |journal=In la Sicile de Byzance à l'slam, Neff, A. - Prigent, V. (Eds), Paris |pages=157–187}}</ref> This move exposed Constantinople to the danger of the Arab forces. The Arab forays in Anatolia had started already by c. 662/3 in the frontier zone of [[Malatya|Melitene]] shortly after [[Mu'awiya I|Muʿāwiya]] had emerged victorious from the internal civil strife in the Caliphate. One of those raids led by Busr b. Abī Artāt reportedly reached Constantinople plundering its immediate vicinity. The weakened Byzantine armies in the meantime were unable to check the Arab incursions. The situation was propitious for the Byzantine patrician and general of the [[theme of Armeniakon]], Saborios to revolt against the imperial government after having secured the backing of the Arabs. Muʿāwiya I saw in Saborios an unexpected ally and an opportune chance to invade further inland, taking advantage of the Byzantine armies' distress. Although the concerted plan never materialised as such due to the accidental death of Saborios, this did not hamper Muʿāwiya from advancing his plan to bring the Byzantine empire to heel. He launched the offensive in 667 with numerous forces that marched to Constantinople, while another number of his forces was sailing with the fleet to Constantinople. The command of the Arab armies marching to Constantinople had been entrusted by Muʿāwiya to his general and qādī of [[Damascus]], [[Fadālah b. ῾Ubayd al-Ansarī]].<ref name=":0" />

The army invaded the Byzantine territories by summer of 667 and through a number of raids and plundering arrived by the end of 667 at [[Chalcedon|Chalkedon]] where it spent the winter. Meanwhile, the Arab navy consisting of Egyptian and Syrian fleet units under the command of Muʿāwiya son, [[Yazid I|Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya]] was also sailing towards Constantinople which it reached by autumn 667. Among the comrades of Yazīd where four Companions of the Prophet and members of the Medinan aristocracy, to wit ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAbbās paternal cousin of the Prophet and ancestor of the [[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasids]],  ʿAbdallāh b. ʿUmar the son of the second caliph and one of the most important transmitters of the hadith, [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|ʿAbdallāh b. al-Zubayr]], son a sister of the Prophet's wife ʿ[[Aisha|Aʾisha]], grandson of [[Abu Bakr|Abū Bakr]] and future caliph during the civil war of 680-692, and [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari|Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī]] who hosted the Prophet during his stay in [[Medina|Medīna]] according to the Arab historiographer [[Al-Tabari|al-Tabarī]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morony |first=Micheal (trnsl) |title=The History of al-Tabarī. 18, Between Civil Wars: the caliphate of Muʿāwiyah |publisher=The State University of New York Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-87395-933-7 |location=Albany |pages=48–49 AH |language=English}}</ref> The two contingents united after reaching the walls of Constantinople blockaded the capital, although no assault of importance took place until the end of winter of 667 but instead only plundering of the countryside. By spring of 668 the Arab forces strained their blockade and the capital was under siege for the whole of spring up to middle of June 668. However, the numerous Arab armies having wintered at camps were malnourished and soon they were suffering severe famine, whereas the outbreak of a smallpox epidemic decimated them in large numbers forcing Yasīd to lift the siege hurriedly. Nevertheless, the army and navy remained in [[Cyzicus]] from where they engaged in small scale battles and raids in the vicinity of Constantinople and its immediate countryside before they set sail back to Syria around 669/70.

==Rise of Constantine IV to power, Mezezios the usurper, and the monetary reform of 668 ==
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The first Arab siege of Constantinople set in motion a number of developments. In the aftermath of the siege the victorious, albeit during the circumstances mostly rather than his prowess, Constantine emerged as leader of the city. The news of the lifting of the siege had not yet reached Suracuse due to the naval blockade of Constantinople and the fear for the worst possible scenario led a party of the emperor's closest high-ranking military office holders to unfold a plot to remove him out of, supposedly, concern for the continuation of the empire. Be that as it may, the assassination of the emperor Constans II took place on the 15th of July of 668. Upon the emperor's death that fraction of conspirators proclaimed [[Mizizios|Mezezios]] as emperor in Sicily.<ref name=":1" /> However, the rebel did not enjoy of pope Vitalian's acceptance and only one part of the army lent to him support, whereas the Byzantine navy under the command of the loyal dignitary named Severus returned to Constantinople. The arrival of the navy in Constantinople by late 668 was a salutary point for it offered to Constantine IV until then bereft of any substantial army and some ten ship to his disposal, to confront pari passu with the Arab navy which apparently desisted from besieging again Constantinople. Constantine IV with the control of the navy at his hands and Constantinople freed of the danger sent his two brothers and co-emperors to the West with a number of armies in a division of the front of the war between the three brothers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Andrew (introduction, translation, annotation) |title=The Seventh Century in West-Syrian Chronicles |date=1993 |publisher=The Liverpool University Press |isbn=0853232385 |location=Liverpool |pages=194 ff |language=English}}</ref> Meanwhile and from another warfront the Egyptian governor Maslama b. Mukhallad sent his fleet under the command of Muʿāwiyah b. Ḥudayj al-Kindī to attack Sicily in order to undermine the efforts of Constans II to reorganise the empire's position in the West. In doing so he launched some cursory incursions to the island, but in the meantime Mezezios had solicited the help of Constantine IV and in doing so he precipitated his own demise. Upon arrival of the fleet comprising some 600 ships the Arabs avoided going in naval battle and retreated. Constantine IV upon landing on Suracuse had Mezezios arrested and decapitated while the rest of his supporters were arrested and sent back to Constantinople chained.<ref name=":1" />

In the wake of the Arab siege and his father's relocation to Suracuse where presumably the imperial treasury was also moved and possibly plundered after Constans II assassination, Constantine IV was faced with a surging economic crisis. The Arab raids of Asia Minor and the territorial losses in broader Syria meant also the loss of some important mines and shortage of precious metals for the higher value coinage. Other from devaluating the higher order issues the new emperor opted for reissuing the copper follis of Justinian which meant, the iconographic return aside, four times heavier coin. This increase in the metal's substance increased the monetary value of his copper follis and probably made redundant the solidi of Mezezios in order to strike his opponent by destabilising his currency's value. However, Constantine IV by the next year when his son's was born decided to undo his father's ecclesiastical policy and not only named his son Justinian II, but he furthered the restructuring of the rest of the monetary system to Justinian's issues in terms design and layout. The fostering of such a propaganda where he was likened himself to Justinian aimed at glossing his reign with a profound [[Renovatio imperii Romanorum|renovatio imperii]] which he essentially did as the Byzantines from 672 to 680 had gained the offensive and through a series of counterattacks to Egypt and to Syria attained to paralyse the Arab danger. This put an end to 15 years of successive raids and devastation and [[Mu'awiya I|Muʿāwiya]]'s death on 6 May of 680 sealed that end for good.<ref name=":0" />

==Later reign==
[[File:Solidus of Constantine IV.png|thumb|left|180px|[[Solidus (coin)|Solidus]] of Constantine IV, c. 681–685]]
With the temporary passing of the Arab threat, Constantine turned his attention to the Church, which was torn between [[Monothelitism]] and Orthodoxy.<ref name="Norwich, p. 326">{{harvp|Norwich|1990|p=326}}</ref> In November 680 Constantine convened the [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] (also known as the Third Council of Constantinople).<ref name="harvp|Moore|1997"/>  Constantine presided in person during the formal aspects of the proceedings (the first eleven sittings and then the eighteenth), surrounded by his court officials, but he took no active role in the theological discussions.<ref>{{harvp|Bury|1889|p=317}}</ref> The Council reaffirmed the Orthodox doctrines of the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}  This solved the controversy over [[monothelitism]]; conveniently for the Empire, most monothelites were now under the control of the [[Umayyad]] [[Caliph]]ate.<ref name="harvp|Moore|1997"/> The council closed in September 681.<ref>{{harvp|Bury|1889|p=316}}</ref>
[[File:45-manasses-chronicle.jpg|thumb|Constantine IV convenes the 3rd Council of Constantinople, miniature from the 12th century [[Constantine Manasses|Manasses Chronicle]].]]
Due to the ongoing conflicts with the Arabs during the 670s, Constantine had been forced to conclude treaties in the west with the [[Lombards]], who had captured [[Brindisi]] and [[Taranto]].<ref name=odb/> Also in 680, the [[Bulgars]] under Khan [[Asparukh of Bulgaria|Asparukh]] crossed the [[Danube]] into nominally Imperial territory and began to subjugate the local communities and Slavic tribes.<ref name="harvp|Moore|1997"/> In 680, Constantine IV led a combined land and sea operation against the invaders and besieged their fortified camp in [[Dobruja]].<ref>{{harvp|Bury|1889|p=333–334}}</ref> Suffering from bad health, the Emperor had to leave the army, which panicked and [[Battle of Ongal|was defeated]] by the Bulgars.<ref>{{harvp|Norwich|1990|p=325}}</ref> In 681, Constantine was forced to acknowledge the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgar state]] in [[Moesia]] and to pay tribute/protection money to avoid further inroads into Byzantine [[Thracia|Thrace]].<ref name="Norwich, p. 326"/> Consequently, Constantine created the [[Theme of Thrace]].<ref name=odb/>
[[File:Аспарух преминава Дунава и се установява в Мизия Н. Павлович.jpg|thumb|Khan Asparukh crosses the Danube and settles in Moesia, by [[Nikolai Pavlovich]] (ca. 19th century).]]
His brothers [[Heraclius (son of Constans II)|Heraclius]] and [[Tiberius (son of Constans II)|Tiberius]] had been crowned with him as ''[[Augustus (title)|augusti]]'' during the reign of their father,<ref name="do" /> and this was confirmed by the demand of the populace,<ref>{{harvp|Bury|1889|p=308}}</ref> but in late 681 Constantine had them [[Political mutilation in Byzantine culture|mutilated]] by slitting their noses so they would be considered ineligible to rule.<ref name="harvp|Moore|1997"/> Some argue that he then associated [[Justinian II]] to the throne,<ref name="odb" /> but all contemporary evidence indicates that he became emperor only after Constantine's death on 10 July 685.<ref name="do" />{{efn|"Constantine's death is usually placed in September 685 on the ground that the sources attribute to him a reign of 17 years... Since such a figure can be taken only as a round number, there is no objection to accepting the date 10 July given the ''Catalogus''."<ref name=mango>{{harvp|Grierson|1962|p=50}}</ref>}}

==Family==
By his wife [[Anastasia, wife of Constantine IV|Anastasia]], Constantine IV had at least two sons:
* [[Justinian II]] in 669, who succeeded him as emperor at the age of sixteen.<ref>{{harvp|Grierson|1968|p=568}}</ref>
* [[Heraclius (son of Constantine IV)|Heraclius]] {{circa}} 670, known only from an episode in which his father sent locks of his and his brother's hair to [[Pope Benedict II]].<ref>{{harvp|Garland|2000}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Gibbon|1827|p=99}}</ref>

==In art and popular culture==
* Constantine IV was portrayed by [[Iossif Surchadzhiev]] in the 1981 Bulgarian movie ''[[Aszparuh]]'', directed by Ludmil Staikov.
* Constantine IV is the subject of the song "Imperator" ("Emperor"), released by the Bulgarian heavy metal band [[Epizod]] in their 2012 album ''Moyata molitva'' ("My prayer").

==See also==
{{portal|Byzantine Empire}}
*[[List of Byzantine emperors]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==Sources==
===Primary sources===
*{{Cite book|date=1997|author=Theophanes|author-link=Theophanes the Confessor|orig-date={{circa}} 820|title=Chronographia|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780198225683|translator-last=Mango|translator-first=Cyril|editor-link=Cyril Mango|ref={{sfnref|Theophanes}}|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicle-of-theophanes-the-confessor}}

===Secondary sources===
* {{cite book |author-link=J. B. Bury |title=A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A. D. to 800 A.D.) |first=John Bagnell |last=Bury |volume=II |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |year=1889 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1YZAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite web|last=Garland|first=Lynda|author-link=Lynda Garland |date=2000|title=Anastasia (Wife of Constantine IV)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/Constiv.htm|website=[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]]}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220307231219/http://www.roman-emperors.org/anastii.htm Archive])
*{{cite book | last1=Gibbon | first1=Edward |title=[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]] | volume=6 | date=1827 | publisher= William Pickering | location=Oxford }}
*{{Cite journal|last=Grierson|first=Philip|date=1962|title=The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors|url=https://archive.org/details/SevcenkoStudies19611992/page/n72|journal=[[Dumbarton Oaks Papers]]|volume=16|page=|doi=10.2307/1291157|jstor=1291157|issn=0070-7546}}
*{{Cite book |last=Grierson|first=Philip|title= Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection| publisher = [[Dumbarton Oaks]] | year = 1968 | isbn = 9780884020240|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIbav7CP4P4C&pg=PA512}}
*{{cite journal |last=Grumel|first=Venance |year=1968|title=Quel est l'empereur Constantin le nouveau commémoré dans le Synaxaire au 3 septembre?|journal=Analecta Bollandiana |volume=84 |issue=1–2|pages=254–260 |doi=10.1484/J.ABOL.4.02605|jstor=44169223 |issn=2507-0290|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44169223
|url-access=subscription}}
* {{citation|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Kazhdan|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|title=Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1991|isbn=978-0-19-504652-6|url=https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521}}
{{cite journal |last=Laurent|first=V. |year=1939 |title=Notes de titulature byzantine |journal=Échos d'Orient |volume=38 |issue=195–196 |pages=355–370 |doi=10.3406/rebyz.1939.2941 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_1146-9447_1939_num_38_195_2941}}
* {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions|series=The Church in history|volume=2|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88-141056-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite web|last=Moore|first=R. Scott|date=1997|title=Constantine IV (668-685 A.D.)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/Constiv.htm|website=[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]]|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228064923/http://www.roman-emperors.org/Constiv.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}()
*{{citation|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|title=Byzantium: The Early Centuries|publisher=[[Penguin Group|Penguin]]|year=1990|isbn=0-14-011447-5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ|publisher=Basil Blackwell|place=Oxford}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Christian Settipani |title=Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs: les princes caucasiens et l'empire du VIe au IXe siècle|first=Christian |last=Settipani |publisher=De Boccard |place=Paris |year=2006}}
*{{cite journal |last=Zuckerman |first=C. |year=1995 |title=A Gothia in the Hellespont in the Early Eighth Century |journal=Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=234–242 |doi=10.1179/030701395790836649|s2cid=162205022 }}
*Jankowiak, M. (2013). "The First Arab Siege of Constantinople", ''Travaux et Mémoires'' 17, 237-322.

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Konstantinos IV}}

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}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Byzantine emperor]]
| years = 668–685
| regent1 = [[Constans II]], 654–668
| regent2 = [[Heraclius (son of Constans II)|Heraclius]] and [[Tiberius (son of Constans II)|Tiberius]], 659–681
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Justinian II]]
}}
{{S-off}}
{{s-bef | before= [[Constans II]] in 642,<br />then lapsed}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[List of Roman consuls#Roman consuls of the East alone (541–887)|Roman consul]] | years=668}}
{{s-aft | after= Lapsed,<br />[[Justinian II]] in 686}}
{{s-end}}
{{Roman Emperors}}
{{Byzantine Empire topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constantine 04}}
[[Category:7th-century Byzantine emperors]]
[[Category:7th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:Heraclian dynasty]]
[[Category:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars]]
[[Category:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars]]
[[Category:685 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from dysentery]]
[[Category:Porphyrogennetoi]]
[[Category:660s in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:670s in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:680s in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles]]
[[Category:Sons of Byzantine emperors]]
[[Category:Medieval child monarchs]]