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Constantine VII
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{{short description|Byzantine emperor from 913 to 959}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Constantine VII | image = Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (2).jpeg | caption = Constantine VII crowned by Christ, detail of an ivory plaque, [[Pushkin Museum]], AD 945 | succession = [[Byzantine emperor]] | reign = {{nowrap|6 June 913 – 9 November 959}}<br />(alone from 27 January 945) | full name = Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos<br />("the [[Born in the purple|Purple-born]]") | regnal name = | predecessor = [[Alexander (Byzantine emperor)|Alexander]] | successor = [[Romanos II]] | regent = [[Romanos I Lekapenos|Romanos I]] (920–944)<br/>[[Christopher Lekapenos|Christopher]] (921–931)<br/>[[Stephen Lekapenos|Stephen]] and<br/>[[Constantine Lekapenos|Constantine]] (924–945)<br/>Romanos II (945–959) | reg-type = {{nowrap|Co-emperors}} | spouse = [[Helena Lekapene]] | issue = [[Romanos II]]<br />[[Theodora, daughter of Constantine VII|Theodora]] | coronation = 15 May 908 | cor-type = [[Coronation of the Byzantine emperor|Coronation]] | dynasty = [[Macedonian dynasty]] | father = [[Leo VI the Wise|Leo VI]] | mother = [[Zoe Karbonopsina]] | birth_date = 17 May 905 | birth_place = [[Constantinople]] | death_date = 9 November 959 (aged 54) | death_place = [[Constantinople]] | date of burial = | place of burial = | title = [[List of Byzantine emperors|Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans]] }} '''Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus''' ({{Langx|grc-x-medieval|Κωνσταντῖνος Πορφυρογέννητος|Kōnstantīnos Porphyrogénnētos}}; 17 May 905 – 9 November 959) was the fourth [[Byzantine emperor]] of the [[Macedonian dynasty]], reigning from 6 June 913 to 9 November 959. He was the son of [[Emperor Leo VI]] and his fourth wife, [[Zoe Karbonopsina]], and the nephew of his predecessor [[Alexander (Byzantine emperor)|Alexander]]. Most of his reign was dominated by co-regents: from 913 until 919 he was under the regency of his mother, while from 920 until 945 he shared the throne with [[Romanos Lekapenos]], whose daughter [[Helena Lekapene|Helena]] he married, and his sons. Constantine VII is best known for the ''[[Geoponika]]'' (τά γεοπονικά), an important [[Agronomy|agronomic]] treatise compiled during his reign, and three, perhaps four, books; {{Lang|la|[[De Administrando Imperio]]}} (bearing in Greek the heading Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον υἱὸν Ῥωμανόν),{{sfn|Moravcsik|1967|p=}} {{Lang|la|[[De Ceremoniis]]}} (Περὶ τῆς Βασιλείου Τάξεως), ''[[De Thematibus]]'' (Περὶ θεμάτων Άνατολῆς καὶ Δύσεως), and ''[[Vita Basilii]]'' (Βίος Βασιλείου), though his authorship of the ''Vita Basilii'' is not certain.{{sfn|Logos|2019a|pp=10, 10B}}{{sfn|Logos|2019b|pp=10–12}} The epithet ''porphyrogenitus'' alludes to the Purple chamber of the imperial palace, decorated with [[porphyry (geology)|porphyry]], where legitimate children of reigning emperors were normally born. Constantine was also born in this room, although his mother Zoe had not been married to Leo at that time. Nevertheless, the [[epithet]] allowed him to underline his position as the [[Legitimation#Family law|legitimate]] son, as opposed to all others, who claimed the throne during his lifetime. Sons born to a reigning Emperor held precedence in the Eastern Roman [[line of succession]] over elder sons not [[Born in the purple|born "in the purple"]]. ==Life== ===Regency=== Constantine was born in [[Constantinople]] on 17/18 May 905,<ref>Grumel, V. (1937). [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_1146-9447_1937_num_36_185_2891 Une date historico-liturgique]. ''[[Revue des études byzantines]]'' '''36''' (185): 52–64.</ref> an illegitimate son of Leo VI before an uncanonical fourth marriage.{{sfn|Ostrogorsky|1969|p=260}} To help legitimize him, his mother gave birth to him in the Purple Room of the imperial palace, hence his nickname ''Porphyrogennetos''.{{sfn|Ostrogorsky|1969|p=260}} He was [[coronation of the Byzantine emperor|elevated to the throne]] as a two-year-old child by his father and uncle on 15 May 908 ([[Whitsunday]]).<ref>[[John Skylitzes]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=vGE8Xq832A0C&pg=PA184 VII.32]</ref><ref>Grierson, P., & Jenkins, R. (1962). "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/44169041 The date of Constantine VII's coronation]". ''Byzantion'' '''32''' (1): 133–138.</ref> In early 913, as his uncle [[Alexander (Byzantine emperor)|Alexander]] lay dying, he appointed a seven-man [[regency]] council for Constantine.{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=473}} It was headed by the Patriarch [[Nicholas Mystikos]], the two ''[[magistros|magistroi]]'' [[John Eladas]] and [[Stephen (son of Kalomaria)|Stephen]], the ''[[rhaiktor]]'' [[John Lazanes]], the otherwise obscure Euthymius and Alexander's henchmen Basilitzes and Gabrielopoulos.{{sfn|Runciman|1988|pp=47–48}} Following Alexander's death (6 June),<ref name="T1">''[[Theophanes Continuatus]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=0GgGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA397 394–398] (''[[CSHB]]'' '''45''')</ref> the new and shaky regime survived the attempted usurpation of [[Constantine Doukas (usurper)|Constantine Doukas]],{{sfn|Runciman|1988|pp=49–50}} and Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos quickly assumed a dominant position among the regents.{{sfn|Runciman|1988|pp=49ff.}} Patriarch Nicholas was presently forced to make peace with [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Tsar Simeon]] of [[Bulgaria]], whom he reluctantly recognized as Bulgarian emperor.{{sfn|Runciman|1930|p=275}} Because of this unpopular concession, Patriarch Nicholas was driven out of the regency by Constantine's mother [[Zoe Karbonopsina|Zoe]]. She was no more successful with the Bulgarians, who defeated her main supporter, the general [[Leo Phokas the Elder|Leo Phokas]], in 917.{{sfn|Garland|1999|p=121}} In March 919, she was replaced as regent by the [[admiral]] [[Romanos Lekapenos]], who married his daughter [[Helena Lekapene]] to Constantine.{{sfn|Garland|1999|p=123}} Romanos used his position to advance to the ranks of ''[[basileopator|basileopatōr]]'' in April 919, to ''kaisar'' ([[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]) on 24 September 920, and finally to co-emperor on 17 December 920.<ref name="T1" /> Thus, just short of reaching nominal [[Age of majority|majority]], Constantine was eclipsed by a senior emperor.{{sfn|Ostrogorsky|1969|p=264}} Constantine's youth had been a sad one due to his unpleasant appearance, his taciturn nature, and his relegation to the third level of succession, behind [[Christopher Lekapenos]], the eldest son of Romanos I Lekapenos.{{sfn|Logos|2019a|pp=10, 10B and note 9}}{{sfn|Logos|2019b|pp=10–12}} Nevertheless, he was a very intelligent young man with a large range of interests, and he dedicated those years to studying the court's ceremony. ===Senior emperor=== [[File:114 - Constantine VII, 1st portrait (Mutinensis - color).png|thumb|180px|left|Depiction of Constantine VII in a [[Mutinensis gr. 122|15th-century codex]].]] Romanos kept and maintained power until 16/20 December 944, when he was deposed by his sons, the co-emperors [[Stephen Lekapenos|Stephen]] and [[Constantine Lekapenos|Constantine]].<ref name=T2>''[[Theophanes Continuatus]]'' [https://archive.org/details/theophanesconti01theogoog/page/n448/mode/1up 436–441]</ref><ref>[[John Skylitzes]] [https://archive.org/details/skylitzes-2010/page/227/mode/1up XI.1–2].</ref>{{efn|[[Constantine Lekapenos]] is not given a [[regnal number]] because he never became senior emperor (even though he briefly usurped his father), as per Byzantine historiography.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foss|first=Clive|date=2005|title=Emperors named Constantine|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_2005_num_6_161_2594|journal=Revue numismatique|volume=6|issue=161|pages=93–102|doi=10.3406/numi.2005.2594}}</ref>}} Romanos spent the last years of his life in exile on the Island of [[Prote]] as a monk and died on 15 June 948.<ref name=T2/> With the help of his wife, Constantine VII succeeded in removing his brothers-in-law, and on 27 January 945, Constantine VII became sole emperor at the age of 39, after a life spent in the shadow.<ref name=T2/><ref name=S>[[John Skylitzes]] [https://archive.org/details/skylitzes-2010/page/228/mode/1up XI.1–3.]</ref> Several months later, on 6 April ([[Easter]]), Constantine VII crowned his own son [[Romanos II]] co-emperor.<ref name=S/> Having never exercised executive authority, Constantine remained primarily devoted to his scholarly pursuits and delegated his authority to bureaucrats and generals, as well as to his energetic wife Helena Lekapene.{{sfn|Ostrogorsky|1969|pp=278–279}} In 947, Constantine VII ordered the immediate restitution of all peasant lands, without compensation; by the end of his reign, the condition of the landed peasantry, which formed the foundation of the whole economic and military strength of the Empire, was better off than it had been for a century.<ref>Norwich, 182–183.</ref> In 949, Constantine launched a new fleet of 100 ships (20 ''[[dromon]]s'', 64 ''[[chelandia]]'', and 10 galleys) against the [[Arab]] corsairs hiding in [[Crete]], but like his father's attempt to retake the island in 911, this attempt also failed. On the Eastern frontier things went better, even if with alternate success. In the same year, the Byzantines conquered [[Germanicea]], repeatedly defeated the enemy armies, and in 952 they crossed the upper [[Euphrates]]. But in 953, the [[Hamdanid dynasty|Hamdanid]] ''amir'' [[Sayf al-Dawla]] retook Germanicea and entered the imperial territory. The land in the east was eventually recovered by [[Nikephoros II|Nikephoros Phokas]], who conquered [[Hadath|Adata]], in northern [[Syria]], in 958, and by the general [[John Tzimiskes]], who one year later captured [[Samosata]], in northern [[Mesopotamia]]. An Arab fleet was also destroyed by [[Greek fire]] in 957. Constantine had active diplomatic relationships with foreign courts, including those of the [[caliph]] of [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]] [[Abd ar-Rahman III]] and of [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor]]. In the autumn of 957 Constantine was visited by [[Olga of Kiev]], regent of the [[Kievan Rus']]. The reasons for this voyage have never been clarified; but she was baptised a Christian with the name Helena, and sought Christian missionaries to encourage her people to adopt [[Christianity]]. According to legends, Constantine VII fell in love with Olga, but she found a way to refuse him by tricking him into becoming her [[Godparent|godfather]]. When she was baptized, she said it was inappropriate for a godfather to marry his goddaughter.<ref>{{cite book|last= S. H. Cross and O. P. Sherbowizt-Wetzor (trans.)|title=The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text|year=1953|publisher=Medieval Academy of America|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=9780915651320|pages=82–83}}</ref> Constantine VII died at Constantinople on 9 November 959 and was succeeded by his son [[Romanos II]].<ref>[[George Kedrenos]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=nbkVAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA337 II, 337] (''[[CSHB]]'' '''8''')</ref><ref>For other dates proposed, see: {{Cite journal|author-link=Philip Grierson|last=Grierson|first=P.|date=1962|title=The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors|url=https://archive.org/details/SevcenkoStudies19611992/page/n79/mode/1up|journal=[[Dumbarton Oaks Papers]]|volume=16|page=58|doi=10.2307/1291157|jstor=1291157}}</ref> It was rumored that he had been poisoned by his son or his daughter-in-law [[Theophano (born Anastaso)|Theophano]].{{sfn|Ostrogorsky|1956|p=283}} ==Madrid Skylitzes' depictions of Constantine== <gallery> File:Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos baptizes Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos.jpg|Baptism of Constantine VII by Patriarch [[Nicholas Mystikos]]. File:Constantine VII dining with Tsar Symeon of Bulgaria.jpg|Constantine VII dining with Simeon of Bulgaria.{{efn|The scene is clearly imaginary, as Constantine was only 8 years old at the time.}} File:Bulgarians defeat the Byzantines at Anchialos.jpg|The [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarians]] crush the Byzantine army led by Leo Phokas at [[Battle of Achelous (917)|Anchialus]]. File:Leo Phokas' supporters surrender to Romanos Lekapenos.jpg|The supporters of Leo Phokas bow to the usurper [[Romanos I Lekapenos|Romanos Lekapenos]]. File:Saracens of Crete defeat the Byzantine army.png|The [[Emirate of Crete|Saracens]] of Crete foil a Byzantine attempt at reconquest. File:Leo Phokas defeats the Arabs in 950, escape of Chalkoutzes.png|[[Leo Phokas the Younger]] defeats the Hamdanid Emir [[Sayf al-Dawla]]. File:Reception by Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus of Princess Olga and her entourage.jpg|[[Olga of Kiev]] is received at the emperor's court. File:Constantine_VII_(Roman_emperor),_deathbed.jpg|The Madrid Skylitzes' depiction of Constantine on his deathbed </gallery> ==Literary activity== [[File:Geoponika 12 1 MS Laur Plut 59 32 f 171v.png|thumb|A gardening calendar from the ''[[Geoponika]]'', MS.Laur.Plut.59.32 f.171v]] Constantine VII was recognized as a writer and scholar, surrounding himself with educated people of the Imperial Court.{{sfn|Logos|2019a|pp=10, 10B}} He wrote, or had commissioned, the works ''[[Geoponika]]'' ("On Agriculture", in Greek Τὰ γεωπονικά), a compilation of [[agronomic]] works from earlier Greek and [[Punic]] texts that are otherwise lost; {{Lang|la|[[De Ceremoniis]]}} ("On Ceremonies", in Greek, Περὶ τῆς βασιλείου τάξεως), describing the kinds of court ceremonies (also described later in a more negative light by [[Liutprand of Cremona]]); {{Lang|la|[[De Administrando Imperio]]}} ("On the Administration of the Empire", bearing in Greek the heading Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον ὑιὸν Ρωμανόν),{{sfn|Moravcsik|1967|p=}} giving advice on running the Empire internally and on fighting external enemies; a history of the Empire covering events following the death of the chronographer [[Theophanes the Confessor]] in 817; and ''[[Constantinian Excerpts|Excerpta Historica]]'' ("Excerpts from the Histories"), a collection of excerpts from ancient historians (many of whose works are now lost) in four volumes (1. De legationibus. 2. De virtutibus et vitiis. 3. De insidiis. 4. De sententiis). In ''The Manuscript Tradition of Polybius'', John Michael Moore (CUP, 1965) provides a useful summary of the commission by Porphyrogenitus of the Constantine Excerpts: <blockquote> He felt that the historical studies were being seriously neglected, mainly because of the bulk of the histories. He therefore decided that a selection under fifty-three titles should be made from all the important historians extant in Constantinople; thus he hoped to assemble in a more manageable compass the most valuable parts of each author. ... Of the fifty-three titles into which the excerpts were divided, only six have survived: ''de Virtutibus et Vitiis; de Sententiis; de Insidiis; de Strategematis; de Legationibus Gentium ad Romanos; de Legationibus Romanorum ad Gentes''. The titles of only about half the remaining forty-seven sections are known.<ref>Moore, 127.</ref> </blockquote> Also amongst his historical works is a history eulogizing the reign and achievements of his grandfather, [[Basil I]] (''Vita Basilii'', Βίος Βασιλείου). These books are insightful and of interest to the historian, sociologist, and anthropologist as a source of information about nations neighbouring the Empire. They also offer a fine insight into the Emperor himself. In his book, ''A Short History of Byzantium'', [[John Julius Norwich]] refers to Constantine VII as "The Scholar Emperor".<ref>Norwich, John Julius. (1997) ''A Short History of Byzantium''. London: Viking, p. 180. {{ISBN|0-679-45088-2}}</ref> Norwich describes Constantine: <blockquote> He was, we are told, a passionate collector—not only of books and manuscripts but works of art of every kind; more remarkable still for a man of his class, he seems to have been an excellent painter. He was the most generous of patrons—to writers and scholars, artists and craftsmen. Finally, he was an excellent Emperor: a competent, conscientious and hard-working administrator and an inspired picker of men, whose appointments to military, naval, ecclesiastical, civil and academic posts were both imaginative and successful. He did much to develop higher education and took a special interest in the administration of justice.<ref>Norwich, 181.</ref> </blockquote> ==Family== By his wife [[Helena Lekapene]], the daughter of Emperor [[Romanos I]], Constantine VII had several children:{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ25888/html Konstantinos VII. (#23734)]}} * Leo ({{circa}} 939–944), who died young.{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ26572/html Leon (#24418)]}} * [[Romanos II]] (939–963), who succeeded as emperor.{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991|p=1806}} * Zoe, sent to a convent.{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ30662/html Zoe (#28507)]}} * [[Theodora, daughter of Constantine VII|Theodora]], who married emperor [[John I Tzimiskes]].{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ29759/html Theodora (#27604)]}} *Agatha, sent to a convent.{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ22322/html Agathe (#20169)]}} *Theophano, sent to a convent.{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ30281/html Theophano (#28126)]}} *Anna, sent to a convent.{{sfn|PmbZ|loc=[https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ22588/html Anna (#28126)]}} == Legacy == Constantine VII is still remembered in the [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]] liturgy when the transfer of the [[Image of Edessa|Holy Mandylion]] is celebrated on 16 August in the [[Julian calendar]] which corresponds to 31 August in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. This feast is part of the [[Nut Feast of the Saviour]] for [[Slavs]]. {{-}} == Solidi == <gallery widths="160px" heights="160px"> File:ConstantineVII.png|Solidus of Constantine VII. File:Solidus of Leo VI with Constantine VII (reverse).jpg|Gold [[Solidus (coin)|solidus]] depicting [[Leo VI the Wise|Leo VI]] and Constantine VII, 908–913. File:Solidus of Constantine VII with Zoe (reverse).jpg|[[Zoe Karbonopsina]] and Constantine VII, 914–919. File:Constantine VII with Romanos I (reverse).jpg|[[Romanos I Lekapenos]] and Constantine VII, 920–945. File:Romanos I, Constantine VII & Christopher.jpg|Romanos I with Constantine VII{{efn|Or [[Constantine Lekapenos]], or possibly both.}} and [[Christopher Lekapenos|Christopher]], 921–931. File:Constantine VII s1747.jpg|Constantine VII as sole emperor, 945–959. </gallery> ==See also== {{portal|Byzantine Empire}} *[[List of Byzantine emperors]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== {{refbegin|2}} * Constantine VII, ''De ceremoniis'', ed. J. Reiske (2 vols., 1829, 1830). English translation '[https://brill.com/view/title/34802 The Book of Ceremonies]' accompanying the Greek text in 2 volumes by Ann Moffatt and Maxeme Tall, Canberra 2012 (Byzantina Australiensia 18). * Constantine VII, 'Story of the Image of Edessa', tr. B. Slater, J. Jackson, in I. Wilson, ''The Turin Shroud'' (1978), pp. 235–251 * {{cite book |title=Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204 |first=Lynda |last=Garland |author-link=Lynda Garland |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/LyndaGarlandByzantineEmpressesWomenAndPowerInByzantiumAA.D.52712041999}} * Constantine VII, ''Three treatises on Imperial military expeditions'', ed. tr. J.F. Haldon (1990). * {{Cite book|last=Ферјанчић|first=Божидар|author-link=Božidar Ferjančić|chapter=Константин VII Порфирогенит|title=Византиски извори за историју народа Југославије|year=1959|volume=2|location=Београд|publisher=Византолошки институт|pages=1–98|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/15762910/SANU-Posebna-Izdanja-Vizantijski-Izvori-Za-Istoriju-Naroda-Jugoslavije-Tom-2}} * {{cite book|title=[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium|The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]|chapter=Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/502|pages=502–503|editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Kazhdan|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1991}} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Moravcsik|editor-first=Gyula|editor-link=Gyula Moravcsik|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio|year=1967|orig-year=1949|edition=2nd revised|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|isbn=9780884020219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC}} * {{Cite book|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|author-link=George Ostrogorsky|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|location=Oxford|publisher=Basil Blackwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ}} * {{Cite book |author-link=George Ostrogorsky |last=Ostrogorsky |first=George |title=History of the Byzantine State |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1969 |isbn=0-8135-0599-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr }} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|title=The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium|year=1988|orig-year=1929|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521357227|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHVzWN6gqxQC}} * {{cite book |title=A History of the First Bulgarian Empire |first=Steven |last=Runciman |publisher=G. Bell & sons Ltd |year=1930 }} * {{cite book|author-link=Arnold J. Toynbee|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus and his world |location=Oxford|year=1973|isbn=0-19-215253-X}} * {{A History of the Byzantine State and Society}} * {{Cite journal|last=Živković|first=Tibor|author-link=Tibor Živković|title=Constantine Porhyrogenitus and the Ragusan Authors before 1611|journal=Историјски часопис|year=2006|volume=53|pages=145–164|url=http://www.iib.ac.rs/docs/IstorijskiCasopis53%282006%29.pdf|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324160510/http://www.iib.ac.rs/docs/IstorijskiCasopis53(2006).pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal|last=Živković|first=Tibor|author-link=Tibor Živković|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus' Kastra oikoumena in the Southern Slavs Principalities|journal=Историјски часопис|year=2008|volume=57|pages=9–28|url=http://www.iib.ac.rs/docs/IstorijskiCasopis57%282008%29.pdf|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324160351/http://www.iib.ac.rs/docs/IstorijskiCasopis57(2008).pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal|last=Živković|first=Tibor|author-link=Tibor Živković|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus' Source on the Earliest History of the Croats and Serbs|journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest U Zagrebu|year=2010|volume=42|pages=117–131|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/94923}} * {{Cite book|last=Živković|first=Tibor|author-link=Tibor Živković|title=De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=The Institute of History|url=https://www.academia.edu/1231887}} * {{Cite book|last=Lilie|first=Ralph-Johannes|display-authors=etal|author-link=Ralph-Johannes Lilie|title=[[Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit]]|year=2013|language=de|doi=10.1515/pmbz|ref={{sfnref|PmbZ}}}} * {{Citation|last=Logos|first=Aleksandar|year=2019a|title=De administrando imperio: Time of creation and some corrections for translation|url=https://www.academia.edu/40215504|website=academia.edu|access-date=15 November 2020}} * {{cite book|last=Logos|first=Aleksandar|title=Istorija Srba 1 – Dopuna 4; Istorija Srba 5|url=https://www.academia.edu/42147440|year=2019b|publisher=ATC|location=Beograd|isbn=978-86-85117-46-6}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{wikisource author}} {{Commons category|Konstantinos VII Porphyrogennetos}} <!-- link is broken * [http://patrologia.ct.aegean.gr/PG_Migne/Constantinus%20Porphyrogenitus_PG%20112-113/ The works of Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the original Greek (pdf format)] --> *[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0913-0959-_Constantinus_Porphyrogenitus.html Written works by Constantine VII; Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes] *[https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofsl00consrich De administrando Imperio chapters 29–36] at the [[Internet Archive]] {{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[Macedonian dynasty|Macedonian Dynasty]]|18 May|905|9 November|959}} {{S-reg|}} {{S-bef | before = [[Alexander (Byzantine emperor)|Alexander]] }} {{S-ttl | title = [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine emperor]] | years = 6 June 913 – 9 November 959 | regent1 = [[Romanos I Lekapenos]] | years1 = 920–944 | regent2 = [[Christopher Lekapenos]] | years2 = 921–931 | regent3 = [[Stephen Lekapenos]] | years3 = 924–945 | regent4 = [[Constantine Lekapenos]] | years4 = 924–945 }} {{S-aft | after = [[Romanos II]] }} {{s-end}} {{Roman emperors}} {{Byzantine historians |state=collapsed}} {{Byzantine music}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Constantine 07}} [[Category:Constantine VII| ]] [[Category:905 births]] [[Category:959 deaths]] [[Category:10th-century Byzantine emperors]] [[Category:10th-century Byzantine writers]] [[Category:Macedonian dynasty]] [[Category:Byzantine hymnographers]] [[Category:Patrons of literature]] [[Category:Medieval child monarchs]] [[Category:Porphyrogennetoi]] [[Category:910s in the Byzantine Empire]] [[Category:920s in the Byzantine Empire]] [[Category:930s in the Byzantine Empire]] [[Category:940s in the Byzantine Empire]] [[Category:950s in the Byzantine Empire]] [[Category:960s in the Byzantine Empire]] [[Category:970s in the Byzantine Empire]] [[Category:Sons of Byzantine emperors]]
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