Editing Constitutional Democratic Party

{{Short description|1905–1917 Russian centrist political party}}
{{Redirect|Kadet|other uses|Kadet (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the Russian political party|other parties with the same name|Constitutional Democratic Party (disambiguation)|and|People's Freedom Party (disambiguation){{!}}People's Freedom Party|the Russian party dissolved in 2023|People's Freedom Party (Russia)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox political party
| colorcode        = {{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party}}
| name             = Constitutional Democratic Party / Party of Peoples Freedom
| native_name      = Конституционно-демократическая партия / Па́ртия Наро́дной Свобо́ды
| logo             = Svoboda, Kadet symbol.svg
| abbreviation     = K-D; Kadets
| president        = [[Pavel Miliukov]]
| founders         = {{Plain list|
* Pavel Miliukov
* [[Andrei Ivanovich Shingarev|Andrei Shingarev]]
* [[Pavel Dolgorukov]]
* [[Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov|Vladimir Nabokov Sr.]]
* and others
}}
| foundation       = {{start date|df=yes|1905|10|12}}
| banned           = {{end date|df=yes|1917|12|11}}<ref>https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/nov/28.htm <!-- this document uses old-style dates --> Decree On The Arrest Of The Leaders Of The Civil War Against The Revolution</ref>
| headquarters     = [[Saint Petersburg]]
| slogan           = Skill and work for the good of the Motherland <br />({{langx|ru|Умение и труд на благо Родине}})
| newspaper        = ''[[Rech (newspaper)|Rech]]''
| merger           = {{Plain list|
* {{ill|Union of Liberation|ru|Союз земцев-конституционалистов}}
* [[Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists]]
}}
| ideology         = {{Plain list|
* [[Liberalism]] ([[Liberalism in Russia|Russian]])<br>[[Social liberalism]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Struve |title=The Social Liberalism |pages=412–423 |publisher=Internationales Handwtsrterbuch des Gewerkschaftswesens. |date=1932}}</ref>
* '''1905–1906'''<br>[[Classical radicalism|Radicalism]]<br>[[Republicanism]]
* '''After 1906'''<br>{{nowrap|[[Constitutional monarchism]]}}<br>[[Parliamentarism]]<br>[[Pluralism (political theory)|Pluralism]]<br />[[Russian nationalism]]<ref name="n1">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1mYDwAAQBAJ | isbn=978-0-691-65677-9 | title=Liberals in the Russian Revolution | date=12 March 2019 | publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref><ref name="n2">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nuk9DwAAQBAJ | isbn=978-0-691-11509-2 | title=The Nation-state in Question | date=5 October 2003 | publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref><ref name="n3">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6bC1zaRBO0C | isbn=978-3-89244-479-4 | title=Nationalismen in Europa: West- und Osteuropa im Vergleich | date=2001 | publisher=Wallstein Verlag }}</ref><ref name="n4">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gA49AAAAIAAJ | isbn=978-0-521-20041-7 | title=The Russian Constitutional Experiment: Government and Duma, 1907-1914 | date=10 May 1973 | publisher=CUP Archive }}</ref><ref name="n">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jyi4EAAAQBAJ | isbn=978-1-5017-7215-3 | title=Russian Liberalism | date=15 September 2023 | publisher=Cornell University Press }}</ref>}}
| position         = {{Plain list|
* '''1905–1906'''<br>[[Centre-left]] to [[left-wing]]
* '''After 1906'''<br>[[Centrism|Centre]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maksimov |first1=Konstantin Nikolaevich |title=Kalmykia in Russia's Past and Present National Policies and Administrative System |url=https://archive.org/details/kalmykiarussiasp00maks |url-access=limited |date=2008 |publisher=Central European University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kalmykiarussiasp00maks/page/n186 172]–173 |isbn=9789639776173 }}</ref> to [[centre-right]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHoA4psTCp4C | isbn=978-0-521-51648-8 | title=World War One: The Global Revolution | date=31 March 2011 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26697623 | jstor=26697623 | title=Revolutionary Democracy in 1917 and the Bolsheviks | last1=Chattopadhyay | first1=Kunal | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | date=2017 | volume=52 | issue=44 | pages=62–72 }}</ref>
}}
| international    = 
| colours          = {{color box|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Azure (color)|Azure]] {{color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} [[White]]
| seats1_title     = [[State Duma (Russian Empire)|State Duma]] ([[1906 Russian legislative election|1906]])
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|178|497|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party}}}}
| seats2_title     = [[State Duma (Russian Empire)|State Duma]] ([[January 1907 Russian legislative election|Jan 1907]])
| seats2           = {{Composition bar|124|518|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party}}}}
| seats3_title     = [[State Duma (Russian Empire)|State Duma]] ([[October 1907 Russian legislative election|Oct 1907]])
| seats3           = {{Composition bar|54|441|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party}}}}
| seats4_title     = [[State Duma (Russian Empire)|State Duma]] ([[1912 Russian legislative election|1912]])
| seats4           = {{Composition bar|59|432|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party}}}}
| seats5_title     = [[Russian Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]]
| seats5           = {{Composition bar|24|766|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party}}}}
| country          = Russia
}}

The '''Constitutional Democratic Party''' ({{langx|ru|Конституцио́нно-демократи́ческая па́ртия|translit=Konstitutsionno-demokraticheskaya partiya}}, '''K-D'''), also called '''Constitutional Democrats''' and formally the '''Party of People's Freedom''' ({{langx|ru|links=no|Па́ртия Наро́дной Свобо́ды}}), was a [[political party]] in the [[Russian Empire]] that promoted Western [[constitutional monarchy]]—among other policies—and attracted a base ranging from [[moderate conservative]]s to mild [[socialism|socialist]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pipes|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfNEY931UzYC&dq=russian+%22constitutional+democratic+party%22+%22centrist%22&pg=PA28|title=Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime|date=2011-05-04|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-78861-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pearson |first1=Raymond |title=The Russian Moderates and the Crisis of Tsarism 1914–1917 |date=1977 |publisher=Springer |pages=2–3}}</ref> Party members were called '''Kadets''' (or Cadets) from the abbreviation K-D of the party name.<ref>This name should not be confused with the term ''[[Cadet Corps (Russia)|cadets]]'', which referred to students at military schools in the Imperial Russia.</ref> [[Konstantin Kavelin]]'s and [[Boris Chicherin]]'s writings formed the theoretical basis of the party's platform. Historian [[Pavel Miliukov]] was the party's leader throughout its existence.

The Kadets' base of support were primarily [[Intelligentsia|intellectuals]] and [[professional]]s; university professors and lawyers were particularly prominent within the party.<ref>Hans Rogger, ''Jewish Policies and Right-wing Politics in Imperial Russia'', p. 20.</ref> Many Kadet party members were veterans of the [[zemstvo]], local councils.<ref>''The Zemstvo in Russia: An Experiment in Local Self-government'' (eds. Terence Emmons & Wayne S. Vucinich), p. 441.</ref> The Constitutional Democratic Party formed from the merger of several liberal groupings, namely the [[Union of Liberation]], the [[Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists]] and the [[Union of Unions]] as well as the organization of [[bourgeois]] professionals and intellectuals, including teachers, lawyers, writers, physicians and engineers.<ref>Melissa Kirschke Stockdale, ''Paul Miliukov and the Quest for a Liberal Russia'', 1880–1918, p. 142.</ref><ref>James W. Long, ''From Privileged to Dispossessed: The Volga Germans'', 1860–1917, p. 207.</ref>

The Kadets' liberal economic program favored the workers' right to an [[eight-hour day]]<ref>Peter Gatrell, ''Government, Industry and Rearmament in Russia, 1900–1914: The Last Argument of Tsarism'', p. 81.</ref> and the right to take strike action. The Kadets "were unwaveringly committed to full citizenship for all of Russia's minorities" and supported [[Jewish emancipation]].<ref>Rogger, p. 20.</ref> The party drew significant support from [[History of the Jews in Russia|Jews]]<ref>Rogger, p. 20.</ref> until 1916,<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hn0aEQAAQBAJ | isbn=978-0-19-762935-2 | title=A Nation of Refugees: Russia's Jews in World War I | date=2024 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> and [[Volga Germans]] and a significant number of each group were active party members.<ref>Rogger, p. 20.</ref><ref>Long, pp. 207–208.</ref> On the other hand, the Kadets adhered to [[Russian nationalism]] as they largely based their identity on "Russian nation" or the "Russian people" as something opposed to the state bureaucracy; since 1905, they drifted towards statism, and their views on foreign politics were based on  the view of international politics as a "national struggle", and they generally advocated for [[Russian imperialism]], describing Russians as ''Staatsvolk'', and the Russian Empire as their nation-state. However, they differed from the hardline ethnocentric Russian nationalists, as they understood Russians rather as a political identity and defended the rights of ethnic minorities and nations of Russia to have cultural authonomies and to enter the Russian nation. Such views and [[Pan-Slavism]], which they shared with the other moderate right-wing parties, drove them into very hostile attitude towards Germany and Austria-Hungary during the World War I,<ref name="n"/><ref name="n1"/><ref name="n2"/><ref name="n3"/><ref name="n4"/> and by 1917, they were strongly nationalist and defensist;<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4LTDQAAQBAJ | isbn=978-1-107-13032-6 | title=The Russian Revolution, 1917 | date=2 February 2017 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> during the [[Russian Civil War]], they became proponents of [[military dictatorship]] and territorial integrity of the Russian Empire, and were the strongest supporters of the [[White movement|Whites]] next to the nationalist parties.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6Pzj_dzxAwC | isbn=978-0-7618-4200-2 | title=The Lost Opportunity: Attempts at Unification of the Anti-Bolsheviks:1917-1919: Moscow, Kiev, Jassy, Odessa | date=15 September 2008 | publisher=University Press of America }}</ref>

== Radical origins (1905–1906) ==
The Constitutional Democratic Party was formed in Moscow on 12–18 October 1905 at the height of the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]] when [[Tsar]] [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] was forced to sign the [[October Manifesto]] granting basic [[civil liberties]]. The Kadets were to the immediate left of the [[Octobrists]], another new formed party organized at the same time. Unlike the Octobrists, who were committed to [[constitutional monarchy]] from the start, the Kadets were at first ambiguous on the subject, demanding [[universal suffrage]] (including women's suffrage) and a [[Constituent Assembly]] that would determine the country's form of government. This radicalism was despite the fact 60% of Kadets were nobles.<ref>Orlando Figes, The People's Tragedy</ref> The Kadets were one of the parties invited by the reform-minded Prime Minister [[Sergei Witte]] to join his cabinet in October–November 1905, but the negotiations broke down over the Kadets' radical demands and Witte's refusal to drop notorious reactionaries like [[Petr Nikolayevich Durnovo]] from the [[Sergei Witte's Cabinet|cabinet]].

With some socialist and revolutionary parties boycotting the election to the [[State Duma (Russian Empire)#First Duma|First Duma]] in February 1906, the Kadets received 37% of the urban vote and won over 30% of the seats in the Duma. They interpreted their electoral win as a mandate and allied with the left-leaning peasant [[Trudovik]] faction, forming a majority in the Duma. When their declaration of legislative intent was rejected by the government at the start of the parliamentary session in April, they adopted a radical oppositionist line, denouncing the government at every opportunity. On 9 July, the government announced that the Duma was dysfunctional and dissolved it. In response, 120 Kadet and 80 Trudovik and [[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party|Social Democrat]] deputies went to in [[Vyborg]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]] (and thus beyond the reach of Russian police) and responded with the [[Vyborg Manifesto]] (or the "Vyborg Appeal"), written by Miliukov. In the manifesto, they called for passive resistance, non-payment of taxes and draft avoidance. The appeal failed to have an effect on the population at large and proved both ineffective and counterproductive, leading to a ban on its authors, including the entire Kadet leadership, from participation in future Dumas. This was further accentuated by the force of the tsar trying to control and deteriorate the power of the Duma.

It was not until later in 1906, with the revolution in retreat, that the Kadets abandoned revolutionary and [[Republicanism|republican]] aspirations and declared their support for a constitutional monarchy. The government remained suspicious of the Kadets until the fall of the monarchy in 1917. Finnish [[Liberalism|liberal]] politician and professor of jurisdiction and politology [[Leo Mechelin]] was expelled 1903–1904 when the Kadets were preparing to form a party. Mechelin cooperated with them and wrote them a liberal constitution for Russia to be enforced when they would get into power. At the time of Vyborg Manifesto, Mechelin was already the leader of the Finnish government, or "Mechelin's senate" (1905–1908), which implemented the [[Universal suffrage|universal right to vote]] and freedoms of [[Freedom of expression|expression]], [[Freedom of the press|press]], [[Freedom of assembly|congregation]] and [[Freedom of association|association]].

== Parliamentary opposition (1906–1917) ==
When the [[State Duma (Russian Empire)#Second Duma|Second Duma]] was convened on 20 February 1907, the Kadets found themselves in a difficult position. Their leadership was not represented in the Duma after the Vyborg Manifesto fiasco and their numbers were reduced to about 100. Although still the largest faction in the Duma, they no longer dominated the parliament and their attempts to concentrate on lawmaking were frustrated by radicals on the left and on the right who saw the Duma as a propaganda tool. Although the Kadets had moderated their position in the Second Duma, they refused to vote in May 1907 for a resolution denouncing revolutionary violence which gave the government of [[Pyotr Stolypin]] a pretext to dissolve the Second Duma on 3 June 1907 and change the electoral law to drastically limit the representation of leftist and liberal parties.

Due to the changes in the electoral law, the Kadets were reduced to a relatively small (54 seats) opposition group in the [[State Duma (Russian Empire)#Third Duma|Third Duma]] (1907–1912). Although excluded from the more important Duma committees, the Kadets were not entirely powerless and could determine the outcome of certain votes when allied with the centrist Octobrist faction against right-wing nationalist deputies. With the revolution crushed by 1908, they moderated their position even further as they voted to denounce revolutionary violence, no longer sought confrontation with the government and concentrated on influencing legislation whenever possible. By 1909, Miliukov could claim that the Kadets were now "the opposition of His Majesty, not the opposition to His Majesty", which caused only moderate dissent among the left-leaning faction of the party.

Although the Kadets, allied with the Progressive faction and the Octobrists, were able to push some liberal bills (religious freedoms, freedom of the press and of the labor unions) through the Duma, the bills were either diluted by the upper house of the parliament or vetoed by the tsar. The failure of their legislative program further discredited the Kadets' strategy of peaceful change through gradual reform.

In 1910, the government rekindled its pre-revolutionary [[Russification]] campaign in an attempt to restrict minority rights, notably drastically curtailing Finland's autonomy. Most Kadets were opposed to these policies and allied with the left-wing of the Octobrists tried to blunt them as much as possible, but they were unsuccessful. However, a minority of Kadets headed by [[Pyotr Struve]] supported a moderate version of Russification, which threatened to split the party. With the increase in popular discontent after the [[Lena massacre]] on 4 April 1912 and a continuous decline in party membership after 1906, the rift in the party became more pronounced. Kadet leaders on the left like Central Committee member [[Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov]] argued that the Duma experience had been a failure and that "constructive work" was pointless under an autocratic government. Kadet leaders on the right like Central Committee members [[Vasily Maklakov]], [[Mikhail Chelnokov]], [[Nikolai Gredeskul]] and [[Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams]]{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} argued for a shift to the right. The disagreements were temporarily put aside in July 1914 at the outbreak of [[World War I]] when the Kadets unconditionally supported the government and found an outlet for their energies in various kinds of relief work under the umbrella of the All-Russian Union of Zemstvos and the All-Russian Union of Cities.

Once the initial outburst of national unity feelings died down in mid-1915 as Russian retreat from [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] showed the government's incompetence, the Kadets, together with the Progressive faction, the Octobrist faction and a part of the Nationalist faction in the Duma, formed the [[Progressive Bloc (Russia)|Progressive Bloc]] in August 1915 which was critical of the government's prosecution of the war and demanded a government of "popular confidence". As Russia's defeats in the war multiplied, the Kadets' opposition became more pronounced, culminating in Miliukov's speech in the Duma in October 1916 when he all but accused government ministers of treason.

== 1917 Revolution ==
[[File:Svoboda i Kultura logo, 1917.svg|thumb|240px|Logo of ''Svoboda i Kultura [Let There Be Light! "Freedom and Culture" 1917]'', a Kadet magazine put out by [[Semyon Frank]] in 1917]]
During the [[February Revolution]] of 1917, Kadet deputies in the Duma and other prominent Kadets formed the core of the newly formed [[Russian Provisional Government]] with five portfolios. Although exercising limited power in a situation known as [[Dual power (Russian Revolution)|dual power]], the Provisional Government immediately attempted to deal with issues of the many nationalities in the Russian Empire. They introduced legislation abolishing all limitations based on religion and nationality and introduced an element of [[self-determination]] by transferring power from governors-general to local representatives. They issued a decree recognising [[Poland|Polish]] autonomy, more as a symbolic gesture in light of the German occupation of this territory. However, this tendency was limited as most of the ministers feared a break up of the empire. One of the Kadet leaders, [[Georgy Lvov|Prince Lvov]], became Prime Minister and Miliukov became Russia's Foreign Minister. A radical party just 11 years earlier, after the February Revolution the Kadets occupied the rightmost end of the political spectrum since all monarchist parties had been dissolved and the Kadets were the only openly functioning non-socialist party remaining.

The Kadets' position in the Provisional Government was compromised when Miliukov's promise to the [[Triple Entente|Entente]] allies to continue the war (18 April) was made public on 26 April. The resulting government crisis led to Miliukov's resignation and a power-sharing agreement with moderate socialist parties on 4–5 May. The Kadets' position was further eroded during the July crisis when they resigned from the government in protest against concessions to the Ukrainian independence movement. The coalition was reformed later in July under [[Alexander Kerensky]] and survived yet another government crisis in early September. [[Sergei Fedorovich Oldenburg]] was Minister of Education and served briefly as chair of the short-lived Commission on Nationality Affairs. The Kadets had become a liability for their socialist coalition partners and an evidence of the treason of the moderated socialists, exposed by [[Bolshevik]] propaganda.  By the summer of 1917, many prominent Kadets were supporters of [[Lavr Kornilov]] during the [[Kornilov affair]].<ref>[[Stephen Kotkin]], ''Stalin'' (Vol. 1: ''Paradoxes of Power'', 1878-1928''), Penguin Books, 2014, p. 187.</ref>

With the Bolshevik seizure of power on 25–26 October and subsequent transfer of political power to the [[Soviet (council)|Soviet]]s, Kadet and other anti-Bolshevik newspapers were closed down and the party was suppressed by the new regime because of its support for Kornilov and [[Kaledin]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/nov/28.htm | title=Decree on the Arrest of the Leaders of the Civil War Against the Revolution }}</ref>

== Russian Civil War and decline (1918–1940) ==
After the Bolshevik victory in the [[Russian Civil War]], most of the Kadet leadership was forced to emigrate and continued publishing newspapers abroad ("[[Vozrojdénie]]") until [[World War II]]. However, Oldenburg negotiated a working relationship between the Russian Academy of Science and the Bolsheviks, signing an agreement that the Academy supported the Soviet State in February 1918.

== Refoundation ==
A party called [[Constitutional Democratic Party – Party of Popular Freedom]] was founded in the then-[[Russian SFSR]] in 1990 and based on the program of the historical Kadet party. However, the party soon drifted into hardline nationalist politics and joined the national-communist [[National Salvation Front (Russia)|National Salvation Front]] and supported the Supreme Soviet against President Yeltsin.

== List of prominent Kadets ==
* [[Konstantin Balmont]]
* [[Nikolai Gredeskul]]
* [[Nikolai Ivanovich Kareev]]
* [[Vasily Klyuchevsky]]
* [[Alexander Alexandrovich Kornilov]]
* [[Solomon Krym]]
* [[Prince Georgy Lvov]]
* [[Vasily Maklakov]]
* [[Pavel Miliukov]]
* [[Sergey Muromtsev]]
* [[Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov]]
* [[Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov]]
* [[Sergei Fedorovich Oldenburg]]
* [[Moisei Yakovlevich Ostrogorsky]]
* [[Sofia Panina]]
* [[Igor Stravinsky]]
* [[Pyotr Struve]]
* [[Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams]]
* [[Vladimir Vernadsky]]
* [[Maxim Vinaver]]

== Electoral history ==
=== State Duma ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" 
|-
!rowspan=2|Year
!rowspan=2|Party leader
!colspan=3|Performance
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Status
|-
!Votes
!Percentage
!Seats
|-
|'''[[1906 Russian legislative election|1906]]'''
|[[Pavel Milyukov]]
|Unknown
|Unknown
|{{composition bar|179|478|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party}}}}
|1st
|{{yes2|Majority}}
|-
|'''[[January 1907 Russian legislative election|1907 (January)]]'''
|[[Pavel Milyukov]]
|Unknown
|Unknown
|{{composition bar|98|518|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party}}}}
|2nd
|{{no2|Minority}}
|-
|'''[[October 1907 Russian legislative election|1907 (October)]]'''
|[[Pavel Milyukov]]
|Unknown
|Unknown
|{{composition bar|54|509|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party}}}}
|2nd
|{{no2|Minority}}
|-
|'''[[1912 Russian legislative election|1912]]'''
|[[Pavel Milyukov]]
|Unknown
|Unknown
|{{composition bar|59|509|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party}}}}
|4th
|{{no2|Minority}}
|}

=== Constitutional Assembly ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" 
|-
!rowspan=2|Year
!rowspan=2|Party leader
!colspan=3|Performance
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Status
|-
!Votes
!Percentage
!Seats
|-
|'''[[1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election|1917]]'''
|[[Pavel Milyukov]]
|2,088,000
|4.7%
|{{composition bar|17|703|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party}}}}
|3rd
|{{no2|Minority}}
|}
== See also ==
* [[Contributions to liberal theory]]
* [[Liberal democracy]]
* [[Liberalism by country]]
* [[Liberalism in Russia]]
* [[Liberalism]]
* [[List of liberal parties]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* Melissa Stockdale. "The Constitutional Democratic Party" in ''Russia Under the Last Tsar'', edited by [[Anna Geifman|Geifman, Anna]], Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1999, {{ISBN|1-55786-995-2}}, pp.&nbsp;164–169.

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[[Category:Constitutional Democratic Party| ]]
[[Category:Defunct liberal political parties|Russia 1905]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1905]]
[[Category:Political parties of the Russian Revolution]]
[[Category:Political parties in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1917]]
[[Category:Liberal parties in Russia]]
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[[Category:Anti-communist parties]]
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