Editing Constitutional monarchy

{{Short description|Form of government}}
{{redirect|Ceremonial monarchy|other uses|crowned republic}}
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{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2025}}
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'''Constitutional monarchy''', also known as '''limited monarchy''', '''parliamentary monarchy''' or '''democratic monarchy''', is a form of [[monarchy]] in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.{{sfn|Blum|Cameron|Barnes|1970|pp=2Nnk67–268}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tridimas |first1=George |title=Constitutional monarchy as power sharing |journal=[[Constitutional Political Economy]] |date=2021 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=431–461 |doi=10.1007/s10602-021-09336-8 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stepan |first1=Alfred |last2=Linz |first2=Juan J. |last3=Minoves |first3=Juli F. |date=2014 |title=Democratic Parliamentary Monarchies |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_democracy/v025/25.2.stepan.html |journal=Journal of Democracy |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=35–36 |doi=10.1353/jod.2014.0032 |issn=1086-3214 |s2cid=154555066|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Constitutional monarchies differ from [[Absolute monarchy|absolute monarchies]] (in which a monarch is the only decision-maker) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework. A constitutional monarch in a parliamentary [[democracy]] is a hereditary symbolic head of state (who may be an emperor, king or queen, prince or grand duke) who mainly performs representative and civic roles but does not exercise executive or policy-making power.<ref name="e278">{{cite web|first=Elliot |last=Bulmer | title=Constitutional Monarchs in Parliamentary Democracies |publisher =International IDEA| url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/constitutional-monarchs-in-parliamentary-democracies-primer.pdf | access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> 

Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as [[Liechtenstein]], [[Monaco]], [[Morocco]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Bhutan]], where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as the [[United Kingdom]] and other [[Commonwealth realm]]s, the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Spain]], [[Belgium]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Lesotho]], [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Japan]], where the monarch retains significantly less, if any, personal discretion in the exercise of their authority. On the surface level, this distinction may be hard to establish, with numerous liberal democracies restraining monarchic power in practice rather than written law, e.g., the [[constitution of the United Kingdom]], which affords the monarch substantial, if limited, legislative and executive powers.

''Constitutional monarchy'' may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political ceremonial [[head of state]] under the [[constitution]], whether codified or [[Uncodified constitution|uncodified]].{{sfn|Kurian|2011|p={{page needed|date=December 2015}}}} While most monarchs may hold formal authority and the government may legally operate in the monarch's name, in the form typical in Europe the monarch no longer personally sets [[public policy]] or chooses political leaders. Political scientist [[Vernon Bogdanor]], paraphrasing [[Thomas Macaulay]], has defined a constitutional monarch as "A sovereign who reigns but does not rule".{{sfn|Bogdanor|1996|pp=407–422}}

In addition to acting as a visible symbol of [[national unity]], a constitutional monarch may hold formal powers such as [[dissolving parliament]] or giving [[royal assent]] to legislation. However, such powers generally may only be exercised strictly in accordance with either written constitutional principles or unwritten constitutional conventions, rather than any personal political preferences of the sovereign. 

In ''[[The English Constitution]]'', British political theorist [[Walter Bagehot]] identified three main political rights which a constitutional monarch may freely exercise: the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn. Many constitutional monarchies still retain significant authorities or political influence, however, such as through certain [[reserve power]]s, and may also play an important political role.

The Commonwealth realms share the same person as [[hereditary monarchy]] under the [[Westminster system]] of constitutional governance. Two constitutional monarchies&nbsp;– [[Monarchy of Malaysia|Malaysia]] and [[Monarchy of Cambodia|Cambodia]]&nbsp;– are [[elective monarchies]], in which the ruler is periodically selected by a small [[electoral college]].

Some use the concept of '''semi-constitutional monarch''' to identify constitutional monarchies where the monarch retains substantial powers, on a par with a [[President (government title)|president]] in a [[Presidential system|presidential]] or [[semi-presidential system]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecpr.eu/Events/PaperDetails.aspx?PaperID=30190&EventID=95 |title=Semi presidential systems and semi constitutional monarchies: A historical assessment of executive power-sharing |last1=Anckar |first1=Carsten |last2=Akademi |first2=Åbo |year=2016 |publisher=European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214014519/https://ecpr.eu/Events/PaperDetails.aspx?PaperID=30190&EventID=95 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Strongly limited constitutional monarchies, such as those of the [[monarchy of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] and [[monarchy of Australia|Australia]], have been referred to as [[crowned republic]]s by writers [[H. G. Wells]] and Glenn Patmore.<ref>{{cite web |title = 64. The British Empire in 1914. Wells, H.G. 1922. A Short History of the World |url = https://www.bartleby.com/86/64.html |access-date = 27 April 2021 |website = bartleby.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Patmore |first = Glenn |url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/635291529 |title = Choosing the Republic |year=  2009 |publisher = UNSW Press |isbn = 978-1-74223-200-3 |location = Sydney, NSW |page = 105 |oclc = 635291529 }}</ref>

==History==

The oldest constitutional monarchy dating back to ancient times was that of the [[Hittites]]. They were an [[ancient Anatolian people]] that lived during the [[Bronze Age]] whose king had to share his authority with an assembly, called the ''[[Pankus|Panku]]'', which was the equivalent to a modern-day deliberative assembly or a legislature. Members of the ''Panku'' came from scattered noble families who worked as representatives of their subjects in an adjutant or subaltern federal-type landscape.<ref>{{citation |date=12 September 2008 |title=The Hittites |work=smie.co |url=http://www.smie.co/html/cultural_history/hittites/hittites_3.shtml |access-date=21 November 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020063846/http://www.smie.co/html/cultural_history/hittites/hittites_3.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2015}}{{sfn|Akurgal|2001|p=118}}

According to [[Herodotus]], [[Demonax (lawmaker)|Demonax]] created a constitutional monarchy for King [[Battus III of Cyrene|Battus III]] the Lame, of [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], when [[Cyrenaica]] had become an unstable state, in about 548 BC.<ref name=Histories>{{cite book |title=The histories|author=Herodotus|translator=George Rawlinson|publisher=Penguin Random House|year=1997|url=https://files.romanroadsstatic.com/materials/herodotus.pdf|pages=304}}</ref>

=== Constitutional and absolute monarchy ===

====England, Scotland and the United Kingdom====

In the [[Kingdom of England]], the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 furthered the constitutional monarchy, restricted by laws such as the [[Bill of Rights 1689]] and the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], although the first form of constitution was enacted with [[Magna Carta]] of 1215. At the same time, in [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], the [[Convention of Estates (1689)|Convention of Estates]] enacted the [[Claim of Right Act 1689]], which placed similar limits on the Scottish monarchy.

[[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] was the last monarch to veto an Act of Parliament when, on 11 March 1708, she blocked the [[Scottish Militia Bill]]. However Hanoverian monarchs continued to selectively dictate government policies. For instance [[King George III]] constantly blocked [[Catholic Emancipation in Britain|Catholic Emancipation]], eventually precipitating the resignation of [[William Pitt the Younger]] as prime minister in 1801.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hague|first1=William|title=William Pitt the Younger|date=2004|publisher=HarperCollins|location=London|isbn=0007147198|pages=469–472|edition=1st}}</ref> The sovereign's influence on the choice of prime minister gradually declined over this period. [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IV]] was the last monarch to dismiss a prime minister, when in 1834 he removed [[Lord Melbourne]] as a result of Melbourne's choice of [[Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord John Russell]] as Leader of the House of Commons.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hurd|first1=Douglas|title=Robert Peel – a biography|date=2007|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|isbn=978-0297848448|pages=169–170|edition=1st}}</ref><ref name="Mitchell">{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=L.G.|title=Lord Melbourne 1779–1848|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0198205929|page=147|edition=}}</ref> [[Queen Victoria]] was the last monarch to exercise real personal power, but this diminished over the course of her reign. In 1839, she became the last sovereign to keep a prime minister in power against the will of Parliament when the [[Bedchamber crisis]] resulted in the retention of Lord Melbourne's administration.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=L.G.|title=Lord Melbourne 1779–1848|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0198205929|pages=241–242|edition=}}</ref> By the end of her reign, however, she could do nothing to block the unacceptable (to her) premierships of [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]], although she still exercised power in appointments to the Cabinet. For example, in 1886 she vetoed Gladstone's choice of [[Hugh Childers]] as War Secretary in favour of [[Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=John|title=CB - A life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman|url=https://archive.org/details/cblifeofsirhenry0000wils|url-access=registration|date=1973|publisher=Constable and Company Limited|location=London|isbn=009458950X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cblifeofsirhenry0000wils/page/161 161–162]|edition=}}</ref>

Today, the role of the British monarch is by convention effectively ceremonial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament and Crown |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/relations-with-other-institutions/parliament-crown/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=UK Parliament}}</ref> The [[British Parliament]] and the [[Government of the United Kingdom|Government]] – chiefly in the office of [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] – exercise their powers under [[Royal prerogative|"royal (or Crown) prerogative"]]: on behalf of the monarch and through powers still formally possessed by the monarch.{{sfn |Dunt|2015}}{{sfn|Parliamentary staff|2010}}

No person may accept significant public office without swearing an [[Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom)|oath of allegiance to the King]].{{sfn|Sear|2001|page=3}} With few exceptions, the monarch is bound by [[Constitutional conventions of the United Kingdom|constitutional convention]] to act on the [[advice (constitutional)|advice]] of the government.

====Continental Europe====
Poland developed the first constitution for a monarchy in continental Europe, with the [[Constitution of 3 May 1791]]; it was the second single-document constitution in the world just after the first republican [[Constitution of the United States]]. Constitutional monarchy also occurred briefly in the early years of the [[French Revolution]], but much more widely afterwards. [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] is considered the first monarch proclaiming himself as an embodiment of the nation, rather than as a divinely appointed ruler; this interpretation of monarchy is germane to continental constitutional monarchies. German philosopher [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], in his work ''[[Elements of the Philosophy of Right]]'' (1820), gave the concept a philosophical justification that concurred with evolving contemporary political theory and the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] Christian view of natural law.{{sfn|Hegel|1991|p={{page needed|date=December 2015}} }} Hegel's forecast of a constitutional monarch with very limited powers whose function is to embody the national character and provide constitutional continuity in times of emergency was reflected in the development of constitutional monarchies in Europe and Japan.{{sfn|Hegel|1991|p={{page needed|date=December 2015}} }}

==== Executive monarchy versus ceremonial monarchy ==== <!-- Linked to by [[Fumimaro Konoe]] -->
{{More citations needed|section|date=September 2024}}
There exist at least two different types of constitutional monarchies in the modern world – executive and ceremonial.<ref name=":0">Ginsburg, Tom and Rodriguez, Daniel B. and Weingast, Barry R., The Functions of Constitutional Monarchy: Why Kings and Queens Survive in a World of Republics (21 May 2023). Northwestern Public Law Research Paper No. 23-29, U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 831, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4454620 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4454620</ref> In executive monarchies (also called ''semi-constitutional monarchies''), the monarch wields significant (though not [[Absolute monarchy|absolute]]) power. The monarchy under this system of government is a powerful political (and social) institution. By contrast, in ceremonial monarchies, the monarch holds little or no actual power or direct political influence, though they frequently still have a great deal of social and cultural influence.

Ceremonial and executive monarchy should not be confused with democratic and non-democratic monarchical systems. For example, in Liechtenstein and Monaco, the ruling monarchs wield significant executive power. However, while they are theoretically very powerful within their small states, they are ''not'' absolute monarchs and have very limited ''[[de facto]]'' power compared to the [[Monarchy#Monarchies in the Muslim world|Islamic monarchs]], which is why their countries are generally considered to be [[liberal democracies]] and not undemocratic.<ref name=":0" /> For instance, when [[Hereditary Prince Alois]] of Liechtenstein threatened to veto a possible approval of a [[2011 Liechtenstein referendums|referendum to legalize abortion in 2011]], it came as a surprise because the prince had not vetoed any law for over 30 years<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2011 |title=Liechtenstein prince threatens to veto referendum |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2011/09/08/liechtenstein-prince-threatens-to-veto-referendum/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> (in the end, this was moot, as the proposal was not approved).

=== Modern constitutional monarchy ===
As originally conceived, a constitutional monarch was head of the [[executive branch]] and quite a powerful figure even though their power was limited by the constitution and the elected parliament. Some of the framers of the U.S. Constitution may have envisioned the president as an elected constitutional monarch, as the term was then understood, following [[Baron de Montesquieu|Montesquieu's]] account of the separation of powers.{{sfn|Montesquieu|1924|p={{page needed|date=December 2015}} }}

The present-day concept of a constitutional monarchy developed in the United Kingdom, where they democratically elected parliaments, and their leader, the [[prime minister]], exercise power, with the monarchs having ceded power and remaining as a titular position. In many cases, the monarchs, while still at the very top of the political and social hierarchy, were given the status of "servants of the people" to reflect the new, egalitarian position. In the course of [[France]]'s [[July Monarchy]], [[Louis-Philippe I]] was styled "King of the French" rather than "King of France".

Following the [[unification of Germany]], [[Otto von Bismarck]] rejected the British model. In the constitutional monarchy established under the [[Constitution of the German Empire]] which Bismarck inspired, the [[Kaiser]] retained considerable actual executive power, while the [[Chancellor of Germany#Empire (1871–1918)|Imperial Chancellor]] needed no parliamentary vote of confidence and ruled solely by the imperial mandate. However, this model of constitutional monarchy was discredited and abolished following Germany's defeat in the [[First World War]]. Later, [[Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] could also be considered a constitutional monarchy, in that there was a [[King of Italy|king]] as the titular head of state while actual power was held by [[Benito Mussolini]] under a constitution. This eventually discredited the Italian monarchy and led to its abolition in 1946. After the [[Second World War]], surviving European monarchies almost invariably adopted some variant of the constitutional monarchy model originally developed in Britain.

Nowadays a [[parliamentary democracy]] that is a constitutional monarchy is considered to differ from one that is a [[republic]] only in detail rather than in substance. In both cases, the titular head of state{{snd}}monarch or president{{snd}}serves the traditional role of embodying and representing the nation, while the government is carried on by a cabinet composed predominantly of elected [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]].

However, three important factors distinguish monarchies such as the [[United Kingdom]] from systems where greater power might otherwise rest with [[Parliament]]. These are:
* The [[royal prerogative]], under which the monarch may exercise power under certain very limited circumstances
* [[Sovereign immunity]], under which the monarch may ''do no wrong'' under the law because the [[responsible government]] is instead deemed accountable
* The immunity of the monarch from some taxation or restrictions on property use

Other privileges may be nominal or ceremonial (e.g., where the executive, judiciary, police or armed forces act on the authority of or owe [[allegiance]] to the Crown).

Today slightly more than a quarter of constitutional monarchies are [[Western Europe]]an countries, including the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Monarchy of Spain|Spain]], the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Monarchy of Belgium|Belgium]], [[Monarchy of Norway|Norway]], [[Monarchy of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Monarchy of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], [[Monarchy of Monaco|Monaco]], [[Monarchy of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] and [[Monarchy of Sweden|Sweden]]. However, the two most populous constitutional monarchies in the world are in Asia: [[Monarchy of Japan|Japan]] and [[Monarchy of Thailand|Thailand]]. In these countries, the [[prime minister]] holds the day-to-day powers of governance, while the monarch retains residual (but not always insignificant) powers. The powers of the monarch differ between countries. In Denmark and in Belgium, for example, the monarch formally appoints a representative to preside over the creation of a [[coalition government]] following a parliamentary election, while in Norway the King chairs special meetings of the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]].

In nearly all cases, the monarch is still the nominal chief executive, but is bound by convention to act on the advice of the Cabinet. However, a few monarchies (most notably [[Japan]] and [[Sweden]]) have amended their constitutions so that the monarch is no longer the nominal chief executive.

There are fifteen constitutional monarchies under King [[Charles III]], which are known as [[Commonwealth realm]]s.{{sfn|Royal Household staff|2015b}} Unlike some of their continental European counterparts, the Monarch and his Governors-General in the Commonwealth realms hold significant "reserve" or "prerogative" powers, to be wielded in times of extreme emergency or constitutional crises, usually to uphold parliamentary government. For example, during the [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis]], the Governor-General dismissed the Australian Prime Minister [[Gough Whitlam]]. The [[Australian Senate]] had threatened to block the Government's [[budget]] by refusing to pass the necessary appropriation bills. On 11 November 1975, Whitlam intended to call a half-Senate election to try to break the deadlock. When he sought the Governor-General's approval of the election, the Governor-General instead dismissed him as Prime Minister. Shortly after that, he installed leader of the opposition [[Malcolm Fraser]] in his place. Acting quickly before all parliamentarians became aware of the government change, Fraser and his allies secured passage of the appropriation bills, and the Governor-General dissolved Parliament for a [[double dissolution]] election. Fraser and his government were returned with a massive majority. This led to much speculation among Whitlam's supporters as to whether this use of the Governor-General's reserve powers was appropriate, and whether [[Republicanism in Australia|Australia should become a republic]]. Among supporters of constitutional monarchy, however, the event confirmed the monarchy's value as a source of checks and balances against elected politicians who might seek powers in excess of those conferred by the constitution, and ultimately as a safeguard against dictatorship.

In Thailand's constitutional monarchy, the monarch is recognized as the Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Upholder of the Buddhist Religion, and Defender of the Faith. The immediate former King, [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]], was the longest-reigning monarch in the world and in all of Thailand's history, before passing away on 13 October 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dewan|first1=Angela|title=Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/13/asia/thai-king-bhumibol-adulyadej-dies/index.html|website=CNN Regions+|date=13 October 2016 |publisher=|access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> Bhumibol reigned through several political changes in the Thai government. He played an influential role in each incident, often acting as mediator between disputing political opponents. (See Bhumibol's role in [[Bhumibol Adulyadej#Role in Thai politics|Thai Politics]].) Among the powers retained by the Thai monarch under the constitution, [[Lèse majesté in Thailand|lèse majesté]] protects the image of the monarch and enables him to play a role in politics. It carries strict criminal penalties for violators. Generally, the Thai people were reverent of Bhumibol. Much of his social influence arose from this reverence and from the socioeconomic improvement efforts undertaken by the royal family.

In the United Kingdom, a frequent debate centres on when it is appropriate for a British monarch to act. When a monarch does act, political controversy can often ensue, partially because the neutrality of the crown is seen to be compromised in favour of a [[partisan (political)|partisan]] goal, while some [[political scientist]]s champion the idea of an "interventionist monarch" as a check against possible illegal action by politicians. For instance, the monarch of the United Kingdom can theoretically exercise an absolute veto over legislation by withholding royal assent. However, no monarch has done so since 1708, and it is widely believed that this and many of the monarch's other political powers are [[lapsed power]]s.

== List of current constitutional monarchies ==
{{Main list|List of current monarchies}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=December 2022|reason=No cites for the individual countries categorized}}

There are currently 43 monarchies worldwide.

===Ceremonial constitutional monarchies===
{|
|valign="top" style="width:20em;"|
* {{Flagg|uxx|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group="lower-alpha">[[Commonwealth realm|Commonwealth realms]], which share [[Charles III|the same person]] as their monarch.</ref>
* {{Flagg|uxx|Australia}} [[Monarchy of Australia|Australia]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
* {{Flagg|uxx|Bahamas}} [[Monarchy of the Bahamas|The Bahamas]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
* {{Flagg|uxx|Belgium}} [[Monarchy of Belgium|Belgium]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Belize}} [[Monarchy of Belize|Belize]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
* {{Flagg|uxx|Cambodia}} [[Monarchy of Cambodia|Cambodia]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Canada}} [[Monarchy of Canada|Canada]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
* {{Flagg|uxx|Denmark}} [[Monarchy of Denmark|Denmark]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Grenada}} [[Monarchy of Grenada|Grenada]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
* {{Flagg|uxx|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]]<ref name="Indonesia" group=lower-alpha>[[Indonesia]], a [[Presidential republic|presidential republic]], has a province with a monarch as its ceremonial head.</ref>
** {{Flagg|uxx|Special Region of Yogyakarta}} [[Special Region of Yogyakarta]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Jamaica}} [[Monarchy of Jamaica|Jamaica]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
|valign="top"  style="width:20em;"|
* {{Flagg|uxx|Japan}} [[Emperor of Japan|Japan]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Lesotho}} [[King of Lesotho|Lesotho]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Luxembourg}} [[Monarchy of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Malaysia}} [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia|Malaysia]]
** {{flagg|uxx|Johor}} [[Sultan of Johor|Johor]]
** {{flagg|uxx|Kedah}} [[Sultan of Kedah|Kedah]]
** {{flagg|uxx|Kelantan}} [[Sultan of Kelantan|Kelantan]]
** {{flagg|uxx|Negeri Sembilan}} [[Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan|Negeri Sembilan]]
** {{flagg|uxx|Pahang}} [[Sultan of Pahang|Pahang]]
** {{flagg|uxx|Perak}} [[Sultan of Perak|Perak]]
** {{flagg|uxx|Perlis}} [[Raja of Perlis|Perlis]]
** {{flagg|uxx|Selangor}} [[Sultan of Selangor|Selangor]]
** {{flagg|uxx|Terengganu}} [[Sultan of Terengganu|Terengganu]]
|valign="top" style="width:20em;"|
* {{Flagg|uxx|Netherlands}} [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|The Netherlands]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|New Zealand}} [[Monarchy of New Zealand|New Zealand]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
* {{Flagg|uxx|Norway}} [[Monarchy of Norway|Norway]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Papua New Guinea}} [[Monarchy of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
* {{Flagg|uxx|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
* {{Flagg|uxx|Saint Lucia}} [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
* {{Flagg|uxx|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
* {{Flagg|uxx|Solomon Islands}} [[Monarchy of Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
* {{Flagg|uxx|South Africa}} [[South Africa]]<ref name="South Africa" group=lower-alpha>[[South Africa]], a [[Parliamentary republic|parliamentary republic with an executive president]], has a province with a monarch as its ceremonial head.</ref>
** {{Flagg|uxx|KwaZulu-Natal}} [[KwaZulu-Natal]]<ref>{{cite act|title= KwaZulu-Natal Traditional Leadership and Governance Act, 2005|type=Act|date=2005 |institution=KwaZulu-Natal Legislature|at=Section 17|url= https://archive.opengazettes.org.za/archive/ZA-NL/2006/provincial-gazette-ZA-NL-no-6460-dated-2006-01-16.pdf|access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref>
* {{Flagg|uxx|Spain}} [[Monarchy of Spain|Spain]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Sweden}} [[Monarchy of Sweden|Sweden]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Thailand}} [[Monarchy of Thailand|Thailand]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Tuvalu}} [[Monarchy of Tuvalu|Tuvalu]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
* {{Flagg|uxx|United Kingdom}} [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]<ref name="Commonwealth" group=lower-alpha/>
|}
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

===Executive constitutional monarchies===
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
* {{Flagg|uxx|Bahrain}} [[King of Bahrain|Bahrain]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Bhutan}} [[Monarchy of Bhutan|Bhutan]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Jordan}} [[King of Jordan|Jordan]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Kuwait}} [[Emir of Kuwait|Kuwait]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Liechtenstein}} [[Monarchy of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Monaco}} [[Monarchy of Monaco|Monaco]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Morocco}} [[King of Morocco|Morocco]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Qatar}} [[Emir of Qatar|Qatar]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|Tonga}} [[List of monarchs of Tonga|Tonga]]
* {{Flagg|uxx|United Arab Emirates}} [[President of the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]]<ref name="UAE" group=lower-alpha>In the case of the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[President of the United Arab Emirates|president]] functions as the head of state of a federation of seven [[Absolute monarchy|absolute monarchies]], and is ''[[de jure]]'' elected by the [[Federal Supreme Council|Supreme Council]]; the [[List of prime ministers of the United Arab Emirates|prime minister]] is ''de jure'' appointed and is the head of government. The president and prime minister are ''[[de facto]]'' the rulers of the absolute monarchies of [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]] and [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], respectively.</ref>
}}
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== Former constitutional monarchies ==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2015}}
* The [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] was a constitutional monarchy under [[Mohammad Zahir Shah]] from 1964 to 1973.
* The [[Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq]] was a constitutional monarchy until 1958 when [[King Faisal II]] was deposed in a military coup.
* The [[Anglo-Corsican Kingdom]] was a brief period in the [[history of Corsica]] (1794–1796) when the island broke with [[Revolutionary France]] and sought military protection from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]. Corsica became an independent kingdom under [[George III]] of the United Kingdom, but with its own elected parliament and a written constitution guaranteeing local autonomy and democratic rights.
* [[Barbados]] from gaining its independence in 1966 until 2021, was a constitutional monarchy in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] with a [[Governor-General of Barbados|Governor-General]] representing the [[Monarchy of Barbados]]. After an extensive history of [[Republicanism in Barbados|republican]] movements, a republic was declared on 30 November 2021.
* [[Brazil]] from 1822, with the proclamation of independence and rise of the [[Empire of Brazil]] by [[Pedro I of Brazil]] to 1889, when [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]] was deposed by a military coup.
* [[Third Bulgarian Empire|Tsardom of Bulgaria]] until 1946 when [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Tsar Simeon]] was deposed by the communist assembly.
* Many [[republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] were constitutional monarchies for some period after their independence, including [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] (1910–1961), [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]) (1948–1972), [[Monarchy of Fiji|Fiji]] (1970–1987), [[Queen of the Gambia|Gambia]] (1965–1970), [[Queen of Ghana|Ghana]] (1957–1960), [[Queen of Guyana|Guyana]] (1966–1970), [[Queen of Mauritius|Mauritius]] (1968–1992), [[Queen of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] (1962–1976), and [[Monarchy of Barbados|Barbados]] (1966–2021).
* [[Egypt]] was a constitutional monarchy starting from the later part of the [[Khedivate of Egypt|Khedivate]], with parliamentary structures and a responsible khedival ministry developing in the 1860s and 1870s. The constitutional system continued through the Khedivate period and developed during the [[Sultanate of Egypt|Sultanate]] and then [[Kingdom of Egypt]], which established an essentially democratic liberal constitutional regime under the [[Egyptian Constitution of 1923]]. This system persisted until the declaration of [[History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser#Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)|a republic]] after the [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]] coup in 1952. For most of this period, however, Egypt was [[History of Egypt under the British|occupied by the United Kingdom]], and overall political control was in the hands of British colonial officials [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Egypt|nominally accredited as diplomats]] to the Egyptian royal court but actually able to overrule any decision of the monarch or elected government.
* The [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] was a constitutional monarchy though its ruler, [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]], was simultaneously an [[Autocracy|autocrat]] and [[Absolute monarchy|absolute ruler]] in Russia.
* [[France]], several times from 1789 through the 19th century. The transformation of the [[Estates General of 1789]] into the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] initiated an ad-hoc transition from the absolute monarchy of the ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' to a new constitutional system. France formally became an executive constitutional monarchy with the promulgation of the [[French Constitution of 1791]], which took effect on 1 October of that year. This first French constitutional monarchy was short-lived, ending with the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of the [[French First Republic]] after the [[Insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. Several years later, in 1804, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] proclaimed himself Emperor of the French in what was ostensibly a constitutional monarchy, though modern historians often call his reign as an absolute monarchy.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} The [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]] (under [[Louis XVIII]] and [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]), the [[July Monarchy]] (under [[Louis-Philippe]]), and the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] (under [[Napoleon III]]) were also constitutional monarchies, although the power of the monarch varied considerably between them and sometimes within them.
* The [[German Empire]] from 1871 to 1918, (as well as earlier confederations, and the monarchies it consisted of) was also a constitutional monarchy—see [[Constitution of the German Empire]].
* [[Greece]] until 1973 when [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]] was deposed by the [[Greek military junta of 1967–74|military government]]. The decision was formalized by a [[Greek plebiscite, 1974|plebiscite]] 8 December 1974.
* [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Hawaii]], which was an absolute monarchy from its founding in 1810, transitioned to a constitutional monarchy in 1840 when [[King Kamehameha III]] promulgated the kingdom's [[1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|first constitution]]. This constitutional form of government continued until the monarchy was overthrown in an 1893 [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii#Coup d.27état|coup]].
* The [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. In 1848–1849 and 1867–1918 as part of [[Austria-Hungary]]. In the interwar period (1920–1944) [[Hungary]] remained a constitutional monarchy without a reigning monarch.
* [[Iceland]]. The Act of Union, a 1 December 1918 agreement with Denmark, established Iceland as a [[Monarchy of Iceland|sovereign kingdom]] united with Denmark under a common king. Iceland abolished the monarchy and became a republic on 17 June 1944 after the Icelandic constitutional referendum, 24 May 1944.
* [[Dominion of India|India]] was a constitutional monarchy, with [[George VI]] as head of state and [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|the Earl Mountbatten]] as [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]], for a brief period between gaining its independence from the British on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]] and becoming a republic when it adopted [[Constitution of India|its constitution]] on 26 January 1950, henceforth celebrated as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].
* [[Pahlavi Iran]] under [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi]] was a constitutional monarchy, which had been originally established during the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] in 1906.
* [[Italy]] until 2 June 1946, when a referendum proclaimed the end of the Kingdom and the beginning of the Republic.
* The [[Kingdom of Laos]] was a constitutional monarchy until 1975, when [[Savang Vatthana|Sisavang Vatthana]] was forced to abdicate by the communist [[Pathet Lao]].
* [[Malta]] was a constitutional monarchy with [[Elizabeth II]] as Queen of Malta, represented by a Governor-General appointed by her, for the first ten years of independence from 21 September 1964 to the declaration of the Republic of Malta on 13 December 1974.
* [[Mexico]] was twice an Empire. The [[First Mexican Empire]] lasted from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823, with [[Agustín de Iturbide|Agustin I]] elected as emperor. Then, the [[Monarchism in Mexico|Mexican monarchists]] and conservatives, with the help of the Austrian and Spanish crowns and [[Napoleon III of France]], elected [[Maximilian of Mexico|Maximilian of Austria]] as [[Emperor of Mexico]]. This constitutional monarchy lasted three years, from 1864 to 1867.
* [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] until 1918 when it merged with [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] and other areas to form [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].
* [[Nepal]] until 28 May 2008, when [[King Gyanendra]] was deposed, and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was declared.
* Nigeria was a constitutional monarchy from its independence in 1960 till it became a Republic in 1963. It's only monarch was Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Nigeria.
* [[Ottoman Empire]] from 1876 until 1878 and again from 1908 until the dissolution of the empire in 1922.
* [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] was a constitutional monarchy for a brief period between gaining its independence from the British on [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|14 August 1947]] and becoming a republic when it adopted the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|first Constitution of Pakistan]] on 23 March 1956. The [[Dominion of Pakistan]] had a total of two monarchs ([[George VI]] and [[Elizabeth II]]) and four [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-Generals]] ([[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] being the first). [[Republic Day (Pakistan)|Republic Day]] (or Pakistan Day) is celebrated every year on 23 March to commemorate the adoption of its Constitution and the transition of the Dominion of Pakistan to the [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]].
* The [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], formed after the [[Union of Lublin]] in 1569 and lasting until the final partition of the state in 1795, operated much like many modern European constitutional monarchies (into which it was officially changed by the establishment of the [[Constitution of 3 May 1791]], which historian [[Norman Davies]] calls "the first constitution of its kind in Europe").{{sfn|Davies|1996|page=699}} The legislators of the unified state truly did not see it as a monarchy at all, but as ''a republic under the presidency of the King'' . Poland–Lithuania also followed the principle of {{Lang|la|Rex regnat et non gubernat}}, had a bicameral parliament, and a collection of entrenched legal documents amounting to a constitution along the lines of the modern [[United Kingdom]]. The King was elected and had the duty of maintaining the people's rights.
* [[Portugal]] was a monarchy since 1139 and a constitutional monarchy from 1822 to 1828, and again from 1834 until 1910, when [[Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel II]] was overthrown by a military coup. From 1815 to 1825 it was part of the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] which was a constitutional monarchy for the years 1820–23.
* [[Kingdom of Romania]] from its establishment in 1881 until 1947 when [[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]] was forced to abdicate by the communists.
* [[Kingdom of Serbia]] from 1882 until 1918, when it merged with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs into the unitary Yugoslav Kingdom, that was led by the Serbian [[Karadjordjevic]] dynasty.
* [[Trinidad and Tobago]] was a constitutional monarchy with [[Elizabeth II]] as [[Queen of Trinidad and Tobago]], represented by a [[Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago|Governor-General]] appointed by her, for the first fourteen years of independence from 31 August 1962 to the declaration of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on 1 August 1976. Republic Day is celebrated every year on 24 September.
* [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] from 1918 (as [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]) until 1929 and from 1931 (as [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]) until 1945 when the communist government abolished the monarchy under [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]].
* [[State of Vietnam|Vietnam]] was a semi-constitutional monarchy from 1949 to 1955, [[Bảo Đại]] was its emperor but he was called the Head of State (''Quốc trưởng''), political power was also in the hands of the government and the National Advisory Council. Vietnam under Bảo Đại planned to organize parliamentary elections and promulgate a constitution, but not in time due to the progress of the [[First Indochina War|war]].

== Other variants of constitutional monarchies ==
{{more sources needed section|date=May 2025}}
* [[Andorra]] is a [[diarchy]], being headed by [[co-princes of Andorra|two co-princes]]: the [[bishop of Urgell]] and the [[president of France]].
* [[Andorra]], [[Monaco]] and [[Liechtenstein]] are the only countries with reigning princes.
* [[Belgium]] is the only remaining explicit [[popular monarchy]]: the formal title of its [[Monarchy of Belgium|king]] is ''King of the Belgians'' rather than ''King of Belgium''. Historically, several defunct constitutional monarchies followed this model; the Belgian formulation is recognized to have been modelled on the title "King of the French" granted by the [[Charter of 1830]] to monarch of the [[July Monarchy]].
* [[Japan]] is the only country remaining with an [[Emperor of Japan|emperor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/seido/seido.html|title=The Imperial Institution – The Imperial Household Agency|website=kunaicho.go.jp}}</ref>
* [[Luxembourg]] is the only country remaining with a [[grand duke]].
* [[Malaysia]] is a [[Federation|federal]] country with an [[elective monarchy]]: the [[King of Malaysia]] (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) is selected from among nine [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|state]] rulers who are also constitutional monarchs themselves.
* [[Papua New Guinea]]. Unlike in most other Commonwealth realms, sovereignty is constitutionally vested in the citizenry of Papua New Guinea and the preamble to the constitution states "that all power belongs to the people—acting through their duly elected representatives". The monarch has been, according to section 82 of the constitution, "requested by the people of Papua New Guinea, through their Constituent Assembly, to become [monarch] and Head of State of Papua New Guinea" and thus acts in that capacity.
* [[Spain]]. [[Constitution of Spain|The Spanish Constitution]] does not recognize the [[King of Spain|Spanish Monarch]] as the ''sovereign'', but as the [[head of state]] [Section 56(1)]. It states "National Sovereignty belongs to the [[Spanish people|Spanish People]], from whom all state powers emanate." [Section 1(2)]. [https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/normas/constitucion/detalleconstitucioncompleta/index.html?lang=en#t2 Spanish Constitution | Spanish Senate]
* [[United Arab Emirates]] is a [[Federation|federal]] country with an [[elective monarchy]], the [[President of the United Arab Emirates|President or Ra'is]], being selected from among the rulers of the seven [[emirates of the United Arab Emirates|emirates]], each of whom is a hereditary absolute monarch in their own emirate.

== See also ==
* [[Australian Monarchist League]]
* [[Criticism of monarchy]]
* [[Monarchism]]
* [[Figurehead]]
* [[Parliamentary republic]]
* [[Reserve power]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |last = Akurgal |first = Ekrem |year=2001 |title = The Hattian and Hittite civilizations |page=118 |location=Ankara |publisher = Turkish Ministry of Culture |isbn=975-17-2756-1 }}
* {{citation |last1=Blum |first1=Jerome |last2=Cameron  |first2=Rondo |last3=Barnes |first3=Thomas G. |year=1970 |title = The European World |location = Boston |publisher= Little, Brown |volume = 1 |oclc=76819 |pages=267–268 }}
* {{citation |last=Bogdanor |first=Vernon |author-link=Vernon Bogdanor |year=1996 |url=http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/3/407 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171020064121/https://academic.oup.com/pa/article-abstract/49/3/407/1592600/The-Monarchy-and-the-Constitution?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2017 |title=The Monarchy and the Constitution |journal=[[Parliamentary Affairs]] |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=407–422 |doi=10.1093/pa/49.3.407 |url-access=subscription }} – excerpted from {{citation |ref=none |first=Vernon |last=Bogdanor |year=1995 |title = The Monarchy and the Constitution |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }}
* {{citation |last=Boyce |first=Peter |year=2008 |title=The Queen's Other Realms |publisher=Federation Press |location=Annandale |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kY-Tk0-quyoC |isbn=978-1-86287-700-9 }}
* {{citation |last = Davies |first = Norman |title = Europe: A History |year=1996 |publisher = Oxford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/699 699] |isbn=0-19-820171-0 }}
* {{citation |editor-last = Dunt |editor-first = Ian |year = 2015 |url = http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/monarchy/ |access-date = 13 September 2011 |title = Monarchy – Background |website = politics.co.uk }}
* {{citation |last = Hegel |first = G. W. F. |author-link = G. W. F. Hegel |year=1991 |orig-year=1820  |title = Elements of the Philosophy of Right |editor-first = Allen W. |editor-last = Wood |translator-first = H. B. |translator-last = Nisbet |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn = 0-521-34438-7 }} – originally published as Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel, ''Philosophie des Rechts''.
* {{citation |first = George Thomas |last = Kurian |url = http://library.cqpress.com/teps/encyps_315.1 |title = Constitutional Monarchy |encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Political Science |publisher = CQ Press |year = 2011 |doi = 10.4135/9781608712434 |isbn = 978-1933116440 |url-access = subscription }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation |last=McCannon |first=John |year=2006 |title = Barron's how to Prepare for the AP World History Examination |edition = 2nd, illustrated |publisher = Barron's Educational Serie |isbn=978-0764132711 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9UuH2pwQOI4C&pg=PA177 177]–178}} – England and the Netherlands in the 17th and 18th centuries were parliamentary democracies.
* {{citation |last = Montesquieu |first=  Charles-Louis, Baron de |author-link = Baron de Montesquieu |year=1924 |title = The Spirit of Laws |publisher = Legal Classics Library }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Orr |editor-first=Campbell |year=2002 |title = Queenship in Britain, 1660–1837: Royal Patronage, Court Culture, and Dynastic Politics |edition=illustrated |publisher = Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0719057694 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z92wf0IMv6EC&pg=PA3 3]}}
* {{citation |date = 21 April 2010 |url = http://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/crown-prerogative/ |access-date = 13 September 2011 |title = Crown Prerogative |website = Official website of the British Parliament |ref={{harvid|Parliamentary staff|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last = Patmore |first = Glenn |title = Choosing the Republic |year = 2009 |publisher = UNSW Press |isbn=978-1-74223-015-3 |page =[https://books.google.com/books?id=hc4p65yM_hYC&dq=%22Crowned+republic%22&pg=PB105 105] }}
* {{citation |date = 12 December 2015 |url = http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx |title = What is constitutional monarchy? |website = Official website of the British Monarchy |ref={{harvid|Royal Household staff|2015a}}}}
* {{citation |date = 12 December 2015 |url = http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/QueenandCommonwealth/WhatisaCommonwealthRealm.aspx |title = What is a Commonwealth realm? |website = Official website of the British Monarchy |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101202194643/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/QueenandCommonwealth/WhatisaCommonwealthRealm.aspx |archive-date = 2 December 2010 |ref={{harvid|Royal Household staff|2015b}}}}
* {{citation |last=Schmitt |first=Carl |orig-year=1928 |year=2008 |title = Constitutional Theory |edition = illustrated
|editor-first = Jeffrey
|editor-last = Seitzer
|translator-first = Jeffrey |translator-last = Seitzer
|publisher = Duke University Press |isbn=978-0822340119 |pages=313–[https://books.google.com/books?id=Oc7kELb-bJwC&pg=PA314 314] }}
* {{citation |last = Sear |first = Chris |year = 2001 |url = http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP01-116 |title = Research Paper 01/116 |format = PDF |website = Official website of the British Parliament }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation|ref=none |author-link=John Locke|last=Locke |first=John |title=Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration |editor-first=Ian |editor-last=Shapiro |edition=with essays by John Dunn, Ruth W. Grant and Ian Shapiro |location=New Haven |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2003 |orig-year=1690 |isbn=0-300-10017-5}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constitutional Monarch}}
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Constitutional state types]]