Editing Consumers' Research

{{Short description|US non-profit organization}}

'''Consumers' Research''' is an American [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Established in 1929, it was a founding organization in the [[Consumer movement|consumer protection]] movement. It turned to the right after its sale in 1981 to a conservative publisher.<ref name="Mufson2023" />

The organization was established by [[Stuart Chase]] and [[F. J. Schlink]] after the success of their book ''[[Your Money's Worth]]'' galvanized interest in [[Product testing|testing products]] on behalf of consumers. It published a monthly magazine called ''Consumers' Research Bulletin''. Leading staff from this organization, thwarted in their efforts to establish a [[collective bargaining]] unit of a [[trade union|labor union]], protested and left to form [[Consumers Union]] in 1936. The magazine published by Consumers Union, initially ''Consumers Union Reports'' and now called ''[[Consumer Reports]]'', gained popularity and market share over the ''Bulletin'' and largely supplanted its relevance.

The organization stopped assessing products in the 1980s after its acquisition by [[M. Stanton Evans]] and was mostly dormant by the early 2000s. It was resuscitated in the 2020s as a Republican-aligned group.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vogel |first1=Kenneth P. |title=Leonard Leo Pushed the Courts Right. Now He's Aiming at American Society. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/12/us/politics/leonard-leo-courts-dark-money.html |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=12 October 2022}}</ref> It has launched campaigns targeting "[[Woke|wokeness]]", including "[[Corporate sociopolitical activism|woke capitalism]]" and [[environmental, social, and corporate governance]] (ESG) initiatives in corporate America.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nichols |first1=Hans |date=April 16, 2023 |title=Conservatives plot text warnings on "woke" products |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/04/14/conservatives-plot-text-warning-woke-products |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=Axios}}</ref>

==Early history==
Consumers' Research published comparative test results on brand-name products and publicized [[deceptive advertising]] claims.<ref name="McGovern2004">{{Cite book | first = Charles | last = McGovern | contribution = Consumption | editor-last = Whitfield | editor-first = Stephen J. | title = A Companion to 20th-Century America | year = 2004 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/companionto20thc0000unse/page/346 346] | publisher = Blackwell | isbn = 0-631-21100-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/companionto20thc0000unse/page/346 }}</ref>

===Founding===
[[File:89 Bowerstown Road, Bowerstown, NJ.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Bowerstown, New Jersey|Bowerstown]] offices of Consumers' Research, built 1934–35]]
In 1927 Schlink and Chase, encouraged by the public response to the publishing of their book ''Your Money's Worth'', solicited financial, editorial, and technical support from patrons of other activist magazines to support the creation of an organization to offer consumers the unbiased services of "an economist, a scientist, an accountant, and goodness knows what more."{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=18}} Schlink founded this organization, Consumers' Research, and migrated the existing subscriber base of a [[White Plains, New York]] organization's ''Consumer's Club Commodity List'' to support the ''Consumers' Research Bulletin'' published by his new organization.{{sfn|Mayer|1989|p=21}} This was a publication with the mission to "investigate, test and report reliably … hundreds of common commodities purchased."{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=18}} This magazine would "accept no money or compensation of any kind from manufacturers, dealers, advertising agencies or other commercial enterprises."{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=18}} In 1927 the circulation of the bulletin was 565; by 1932 there were 42,000 subscribers.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=18}} In addition to the magazine the organization also published books, pamphlets, and reports.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=18}}

[[File:Bowerstown Road, Bowerstown, NJ - former research laboratory.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Research laboratory, built 1939–40]]
In 1933, Schlink and [[Arthur Kallet]], a board member of Consumers' Research and former colleague of Schlink at the [[American Standards Association]], published ''[[100,000,000 Guinea Pigs]]''.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=18}} The book was to become one of the best-selling books of the decade and the metaphor of consumers being [[guinea pig]]s exploited by commercial enterprises moved readers as an appropriate description of the public during the [[Great Depression|Depression]].<ref name="McGovern2004" />{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=18}}  Consumers' Research moved in 1933 to [[Washington, New Jersey]] and later the [[Bowerstown, New Jersey|Bowerstown]] in [[Washington Township, Warren County, New Jersey|Washington Township, New Jersey]].{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=19}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Gregory L. |title=An Inventory to the Records of Consumers' Research, Inc., 1910–1983, bulk 1928–1980 |url=http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/ead/manuscripts/consumers_introf.html |publisher=Special Collections and University Archives, [[Rutgers University Libraries]] |date=January 1995 |access-date=2007-11-27 |archive-date=2007-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202122000/http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/ead/manuscripts/consumers_introf.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the move Schlink began to take more control over the management of the organization and rapidly hired and fired many staff.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=19}} When Schlink established Consumers’ Research he appointed his wife and close friends to compose the majority of seats on the board of directors, and staff noted that he held control of hiring, firing, and the organization's editorial and budget decisions. When the organization grew the staff began to question its mission.{{sfn|Mayer|1989|p=21}}

===Schlink's control and resulting protests===
In 1927 at the start of publication ''Consumers' Research Bulletin'' discussed conceptual issues, but by 1934 ratings of products and guidance for purchases filled more than 75% of each issue.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=19}} Around this time Chase left the organization to pursue other interests, and Schlink began to take more control over management.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=19}} By 1935 Consumers’ Research had a staff of 50, used 200 consultants, and was sponsored by such respected and established journalists such as Alexander Crosby of ''[[The Nation]]'', Arthur Kellog of ''[[The Survey]]'', and George Soule of ''[[The New Republic]]''.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=19}} Each of these also wrote in their own magazines about consumer activism.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=19}}

In the spring of 1935, the workers began to openly complain about management practices.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=20}} In August 1935 many workers formed a chapter of the Technical, Editorial, and Office Assistant's Union.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=20}} In response to this, Schlink fired John Heasty, the appointed president of the union, and the union organizers responded with a strike at Consumers Research.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=20}} Schlink counter-responded to the strike by hiring [[strikebreakers]] and armed security and by filing legal grievances against protestors. The negative publicity this dispute attracted pleased Consumers' Research critics.{{sfn|Mayer|1989|p=22}}

===Kallet seeks a solution===
The positions between Consumers' Research and the strikers became more entrenched and less reconcilable, and the strikers began to have more discussions about the working conditions of employees.{{sfn|Mayer|1989|p=22}} [[Arthur Kallet]] emerged as a leader who proposed the creation of a new organization which would evaluate products and take into account the working conditions under which those products were created.{{sfn|Mayer|1989|p=22}} The organization proposed would also engage in and promote boycotts, educational campaigns, and have alliances with other organizations, which were activities Consumers Research avoided.{{sfn|Mayer|1989|p=22}}

At the end of 1935, the protesters called for mediation.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=20}} [[Reinhold Niebuhr]], a religious philosopher, chaired an arbitration group which included the [[American Civil Liberties Union]]'s [[Roger Nash Baldwin]], the educator [[George Counts]], and the socialist [[Norman Thomas]].{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=20}} Schlink rejected this arbitration and the Consumers' Research board of directors accused the strikers of being [[Communism|communists]].{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=21}}

The new organization, [[Consumers Union]], which was founded by Kallet and an [[Amherst College]] professor [[Colston Warne]], published its first magazine ''Consumers Union Reports'' in May 1936.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=23}} The previous strike was very successful at drawing attention to the protesters and the magazine was founded with public attention and support.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=23}} Within two years the circulation of this new magazine surpassed the subscriptions to ''Consumers' Research Bulletin'', which the organization continued to publish.{{sfn|Silber|1983|p=23}} As of 1987 it had less than 1% of the subscribers which Consumers Union's magazine had.{{sfn|Mayer|1989|p=22}}

===Accomplishments===
From its New Jersey location, Consumers' Research continually organized petitions to [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] urging him to establish a federal Department of the Consumer.{{sfn|Warne|1993|p=118}} This department would organize all consumer protection agencies and have as goals the prevention of monopoly and prevention of fraud to consumers.{{sfn|Warne|1993|p=118}} Because of Consumers' Research, and women's groups, and home economics activists, there were a Consumer Advisory Board, a labor advisory committee, and a business advisory committee in the [[National Recovery Administration]].{{sfn|Warne|1993|p=119}} In 1933 Roosevelt appointed [[Mary Harriman Rumsey]] to head the Consumer Advisory Board.{{sfn|Warne|1993|p=119}} [[Caroline F. Ware]], [[Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)|Paul Douglas]], [[Walton Hale Hamilton]], and [[Dexter Keezer]] were other consumer representatives involved in this effort.{{sfn|Warne|1993|p=119}}

===Legacy===
Consumers' Research was a founding organization in the [[consumer protection]] movement.

The establishment of Consumers Union, directly resulting from the staff dismissals and walkouts from Consumers' Research, was one of the major events influencing the consumer movement after [[World War I]].{{sfn|Mayer|1989|p=22}} Other important organizations formed in the same era were the [[New Deal]] programs aimed at promoting economic recovery after the [[Great Depression]] by increasing consumer representation in the market, with the Consumer Advisory Board within the [[National Recovery Administration]] and the Consumers' Counsel within the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] being notable among them.{{sfn|Mayer|1989|p=22}}

==Later history==
===1980s sale and turn to conservatism===
In 1981, Consumers' Research was sold to conservative commentator [[M. Stanton Evans]]. Evans had chaired the [[American Conservative Union]], led the [[National Journalism Center]], and served as editor for ''[[National Review]]'' and ''[[Human Events]]''. The organization moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C., and abandoned assessing products, closing its New Jersey testing laboratories by 1983. The organization relied on reports from the government for its articles and saw a decrease in readership for its magazine. Evans held the role of editor at the magazine until 2002.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Applegate |first1=Edd |title=The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94906-8 |page=390 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZLtCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22consumers%20research%22&pg=PA390 |language=en |chapter=Consumers' Research}}</ref><ref name="Mufson2023"/>

In March 2020, Will Hild became the organization's executive director. From 2020 to 2021, the annual budget of Consumers' Research budget increased from $800,000 to $8 million, with significant funding coming from [[Donors Trust]], which as a [[donor advised fund]] allows for donor anonymity. The organization has become a key actor in conservative efforts to limit [[socially responsible investing]], particularly [[environmental, social, and corporate governance]] (ESG) initiatives by corporations. Consumers' Research is the main donor to the Republican-led State Financial Officers Foundation.<ref name="Mufson2023">{{cite news |last1=Mufson |first1=Steven |date=January 30, 2023 |title=This group is sharpening the GOP attack on 'woke' Wall Street |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/30/climate-change-sustainable-investing/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

In December 2022, Consumers' Research and 13 state attorneys general called for an investigation of the investment management firm [[The Vanguard Group]]. The investment firm caved, withdrawing its pledges to cut greenhouse gas emissions and leaving the Net Zero Asset Managers Alliance coalition. Consumers' Research has also levied attacks against companies it alleges promote liberal agendas.<ref name="Mufson2023"/> 

===Targeting "wokeness"===
In 2021, Consumers' Research launched an ad campaign to combat "[[Woke|wokeness]]" in corporate America, targeting companies by name, including [[Major League Baseball]], [[Ticketmaster]], [[Coca-Cola]], [[American Airlines]] and [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 2021 |title=New Campaign Against 'Woke Companies' Slams Them for Not Being Woke Enough |url=https://reason.com/2021/05/19/new-campaign-against-woke-companies-slams-them-for-not-being-woke-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723000321/https://reason.com/2021/05/19/new-campaign-against-woke-companies-slams-them-for-not-being-woke-enough/ |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=[[Reason.com]]}}</ref> In 2023, Consumers' Research launched a "woke alerts" digital advertising campaign that has targeted companies including [[Target Corporation|Target]], [[Bank of America]], [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[BlackRock]], and [[Anheuser-Busch]], which was the subject of a [[Bud Light boycott|consumer boycott of Bud Light]] in 2023 in which Consumers' Research played a central role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=2024-07-18 |title=Rightwinger Leonard Leo helped fuel Bud Light boycott, tax filings show |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/18/bud-light-boycott-funding |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718124146/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/18/bud-light-boycott-funding |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In 2022, insurance company [[State Farm]] partnered with GenderCool, a group whose mission is to present positive stories about transgender and nonbinary youth, to support a program providing LGBTQ-themed children's books to teachers and libraries in Florida. Consumers' Research ran an advertising campaign calling State Farm "a creepy neighbor" and accusing the insurance company of targeting children with books about gender identity. After an online uproar, State Farm dropped its support of the GenderCool partnership.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bella |first1=Timothy |date=May 24, 2022 |title=State Farm drops support of LGBTQ kids books after conservative furor |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/05/24/state-farm-lgbtq-childrens-books/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525155139/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/05/24/state-farm-lgbtq-childrens-books/ |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wang |first1=Amy |date=25 May 2022 |title=Portland publisher caught in controversy as State Farm drops LGBTQ kids books program in Florida |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/books/2022/05/portland-publisher-caught-in-controversy-as-state-farm-drops-lgbtq-kids-books-program-in-florida.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616155216/https://www.oregonlive.com/books/2022/05/portland-publisher-caught-in-controversy-as-state-farm-drops-lgbtq-kids-books-program-in-florida.html |archive-date=16 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=oregonlive |publisher=[[The Oregonian]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Consumers' Research launched a multi-million dollar advertising campaign targeting [[BlackRock]] and [[Larry Fink]] over [[environmental, social, and corporate governance]] (ESG) investments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Treene |first1=Alayna |title=Conservatives' war on BlackRock |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/08/18/blackrock-esg-conservatives |access-date=30 May 2024 |publisher=Axios |date=August 17, 2022}}</ref> In 2023, Consumers' Research gave congressional leaders "a detailed roadmap for dismantling the environmental, social and governance (ESG) movement," calling ESG "an existential threat to our liberty." The report alleged that "some of the largest asset managers in the world have leveraged Americans' savings to coerce corporations to adopt critical race theory, boycott states with Republican governments, fund employees' abortions, and divest from investment in drilling for oil and natural gas, among a wide range of other left-wing causes."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nichols |first1=Hans |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Scoop: GOP's "existential" attack plan on ESG |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/03/08/republicans-esg-hearings-questions |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=Axios |publisher=}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Consumer Reports]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Silber|first=Norman Isaac|title=Test and protest|year=1983|publisher=Holmes and Meier|location=New York|isbn=08419-0749-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Mayer|first=Robert N.|title=The consumer movement : guardians of the marketplace|year=1989|publisher=[[Twayne Publishers]]|location=Boston|isbn=0805797181|edition=1. print.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye}}
* {{cite book|last=Warne|first=Colston E.|author-link=Colston Warne|title=The consumer movement : lectures|year=1993|publisher=Family Economics Trust Press|location=[[Manhattan, Kan.]]|isbn=1881331016|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000warn}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://consumersresearch.org/}}
* [http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/ead/manuscripts/consumers_introf.html An Inventory to the Records of Consumers' Research, Inc., 1910-1983. (MC 3)] Finding aid to the archival collection held by Special Collections and University Archives, Rutgers University Libraries. Includes a detailed history of Consumers' Research, a chronology of events, brief biographies of the major people involved, a description of the contents of the collection, and a container list.
* {{cite web|title=Mary Catherine Phillips – Consumers' Research |url=https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=94693 |publisher=[[The Historical Marker Database]]}}

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[[Category:Consumer organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Consumer magazines]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1929]]
[[Category:Conservative organizations in the United States]]