Editing Consummation

{{short description|First sex act as part of a marriage or relationship}}
{{about|the consummation of marriages}}
[[File:52-aspetti di vita quotidiana, amore,Taccuino Sanitatis, Cas.jpg|thumb|240px|Illustration from ''[[Tacuinum Sanitatis]]'', a medieval handbook by [[Ibn Butlan]] on health and wellness]]
The '''consummation of a marriage''', or simply '''consummation''', is the first officially credited act of [[sexual intercourse]] following [[marriage]]. In many traditions and statutes of civil or religious law, the definition usually refers to [[Penile-vaginal intercourse|penile–vaginal penetration]] (i.e., [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual]]), and some religious doctrines hold an additional requirement prohibiting [[Birth control|contraception]].<ref name="pcd">{{cite book | last=Hardon, S.J. | first=John | author-link=John Hardon | isbn=0-385-23238-1 | title=Pocket Catholic Dictionary | year=1985 | page=91 | publisher=Image Books | contribution=Consummated Marriage}}</ref> In this sense, "a marriage is consummated only if the conjugal act performed deposits [[semen]] in the [[vagina]]."<ref name="Arias2016">{{cite journal |last1=Arias |first1=Joseph |title="Validity" and "Liceity" in Conjugal Acts: A Reply to Stephen Napier on the HIV-Condom Debate |journal=The Linacre Quarterly |date=August 2016 |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=330–345 |doi=10.1080/00243639.2016.1209401|pmid=27833210 |pmc=5102196 }}</ref>

The religious, cultural, or legal significance of consummation may arise from theories of marriage as having the purpose of [[Human reproduction|producing]] legally recognized [[Lineal descendant|descendants]] of both [[Intimate partner|partners]], or of [[Legitimacy (family law)|providing sanction]] to their [[sexual acts]] together, or both, and its absence may amount to treating a ''[[marriage ceremony]]'' as falling short of ''completing'' the state of being married, or as creating a marriage which may later be repudiated. Thus, in some legal systems, a marriage may be [[Annulment|annulled]] if it has [[Sexless marriage|not been consummated]]. Consummation is also relevant in the case of a [[common-law marriage]]. The historical importance of consummation has resulted in the development of various [[Bedding ceremony|bedding rituals]].

In addition to these formal and literal usages, the term also exists in informal and less precise usage to refer to a sexual landmark in relationships of varying intensity and duration.

==Legislation==

===Civil marriage===
The relevance of consummation in a [[civil marriage]] varies by jurisdiction. For example, under section 12 of the [[Matrimonial Causes Act 1973]], a refusal or inability to consummate a marriage is a ground of [[Annulment#Annulment in England and Wales|annulment in England and Wales]],<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/18?view=extent#section-12 Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 (c. 18), s. 12] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511201916/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/18?view=extent |date=2018-05-11 }}</ref> but this only applies to heterosexual marriage because Paragraph 4 of schedule 4 of the [[Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013]] specifically excludes non-consummation as a ground for the annulment of a [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/30/schedule/4/paragraph/4|title=Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315132422/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/30/schedule/4/paragraph/4|archive-date=2016-03-15}}</ref> Other [[common law]] jurisdictions, such as [[Australia]], have abolished the legal concept of consummation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.familylawcourts.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/FLC/Home/Publications/Family+Court+of+Australia+publications/FCOA_Applying_decree_nullity |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527114938/http://familylawcourts.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/FLC/Home/Publications/Family+Court+of+Australia+publications/FCOA_Applying_decree_nullity |archive-date=2015-05-27 }}</ref><ref>'''Note''': in Australia non-consummation as ground of annulment was abolished in 1975; see Dickey, A. (2007) ''Family Law'' (5th Ed) Also in 1975, Australia introduced no-fault divorce, so specific grounds of divorce such as adultery, cruelty, desertion, have all been abolished.{{cite web |url=http://www.familylawcourts.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/FLC/Home/Family+Law+Principles/No+fault+divorce/ |title=No fault divorce |access-date=2015-04-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316232908/http://www.familylawcourts.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/FLC/Home/Family+Law+Principles/No+fault+divorce/ |archive-date=2015-03-16 }}</ref>

In some countries, such as [[Egypt]], [[Syria]],<ref>{{Citation | publisher = UNHCR | url = http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,464db4f52,465161be2,3ae6ad796b,0.html | title = Syria: Social repercussions of a marriage between a male Druze and a Muslim woman | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019190012/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,464db4f52,465161be2,3ae6ad796b,0.html | archive-date = 2012-10-19 }}</ref> [[Jordan]],<ref>{{Citation|url=http://jordan.usembassy.gov/acs_marriage_in_jordan2.html |title=Marriage in Jordan |publisher=Jordan embassy |place=USA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006030656/http://jordan.usembassy.gov/acs_marriage_in_jordan2.html |archive-date=2011-10-06 }}</ref> the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.dubaifaqs.com/marriage-in-dubai.php | title = Marriage and weddings | publisher = Dubai, UAE FAQs | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110903010415/http://www.dubaifaqs.com/marriage-in-dubai.php | archive-date = 2011-09-03 }}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Yemen]], [[Libya]], [[Mauritania]], and [[Indonesia]],<ref>{{Citation | url = http://bccvisalaw.com/marriage/marriage_in_indonesia.php | title = Marriage in Indonesia | publisher = BCC Visa Law | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111103042404/http://bccvisalaw.com/marriage/marriage_in_indonesia.php | archive-date = 2011-11-03 | access-date = 2015-04-08 }}</ref> religious marriage is the only legally binding marriage. In other countries, a religious marriage without civil registration may or may not be legally binding.

===Common law marriage===
{{Main article|Common-law marriage}}

In the case of common law marriage, consummation may be a required component in the creation of the marriage itself.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

===Religious marriage===
{{further|Marriage#Religion}}
According to traditional [[Christian theology|Christian theological interpretations]], "It is intended by God for the husband to be the one to break his wife's [[hymen]]", which when perforated during intercourse creates a [[Covenant (religion)#Christianity|blood covenant]] that seals the bond of [[Christian views on marriage|holy matrimony]] between husband and wife.<ref name="Gentry2021">{{cite book |last1=Gentry |first1=Harold |title=Intimacy |date=21 January 2021 |publisher=[[Thomas Nelson (publisher)|WestBow Press]] |isbn=978-1-6642-1232-9 |language=en}}</ref> Consummation is particularly relevant in a [[Marriage in  the Catholic Church|Catholic marriage]]. Within the [[Catholicism|Catholic Church]], if a matrimonial celebration takes place (ratification) but the spouses have not yet engaged in intercourse (consummation), then the marriage is said to be a marriage ''[[ratum sed non consummatum]]''. Such a marriage, regardless of the reason for non-consummation, can be dissolved by the [[pope]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P6R.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law - IntraText|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105060902/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P6R.HTM|archive-date=2007-01-05}}</ref> Additionally, an inability or an intentional refusal to consummate the marriage is probable grounds for an [[Declaration of nullity|annulment]]. [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Catholic canon law]] defines a marriage as consummated when the "spouses have performed between themselves in a human fashion a conjugal act which is suitable in itself for the procreation of offspring, to which marriage is ordered by its nature and by which the spouses become one flesh".<ref>canon 1061 §1</ref> Thus some theologians, such as [[John Hardon|Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J.]], state that intercourse with [[contraception]] does not consummate a marriage.<ref name="pcd"/>

==Virginity==
In many traditions, consummation is an important act because it suggests the bride's [[virginity]]; the [[Hymen|presence of blood]] is erroneously taken as definitive confirmation that the woman was a virgin.<ref>''Marriage Customs of the World: From Henna to Honeymoons'', by George Monger, pp 82-84</ref>

==Controversies==
{{Seealso|Discrimination against asexual people#Institutionalised discrimination}}
In the [[family law]] defining [[civil marriage]] in some jurisdictions, particularly those where the civil [[marriage law]]s remain influenced by [[religion]] (albeit they are officially secular), non-consummation of a marriage may be a ground for [[annulment]] (an annulment is different from a [[divorce]] because it usually acts retrospectively). This stipulation has been in recent years heavily criticized on a wide variety of grounds, ranging from the mixing of religious doctrine into secular law, to being degrading to women given its negative historical connotations of ownership of the wife.<ref name="Family Law pp. 96-99">''Family Law: Text, Cases, and Materials'', by Sonia Harris-Short, Joanna Miles, pp. 96-99</ref> It has been argued that the purpose of this ground is not clear: it is neither procreation (the act need not end in pregnancy, and neither is there a need of the ''possibility'' of it, given the fact the consummation is legally valid even if one or both parties is sterile), neither is it the expectation of sexual satisfaction in marriage (one single act of sexual intercourse is sufficient, even if the spouse following the consummation says they will never again engage in intercourse).<ref>''Body Lore and Laws Essays on Law and the Human Body'', edited by: Andrew Bainham, Shelley Day Sclater, Martin Richards, pp 171- 182</ref> Andrew Bainham argues that this law (in [[England and Wales]]) is outdated and must be abolished "in a modern society committed to equality and human rights in personal relationships".<ref>''Body Lore and Laws Essays on Law and the Human Body'', edited by: Andrew Bainham, Shelley Day Sclater, Martin Richards, pp 175</ref>

In a 2001 report, the [[Law Society of Ireland]]'s Law Reform advocated abolishing the concept of a [[voidable marriage]] altogether (since divorce had been introduced in 1996) and criticized the consummation ground, writing the following:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lawsociety.ie/Documents/committees/lawreform/Nullity2.pdf|title=Page Not Found|website=www.lawsociety.ie|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092125/https://www.lawsociety.ie/Documents/committees/lawreform/Nullity2.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|access-date=2015-04-08}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The rationale behind this ground is not immediately apparent. It is not concerned with the capacity of either or both parties to procreate, still less with the ability of the parties to satisfy each other sexually during the marriage.{{nbsp}}[...] It remains a rather curious anomaly in the law, a relic perhaps of medieval times, when the first act of intercourse was thought to 'mark' a new bride as the 'property' of her husband. Whatever its origins, it is not entirely clear what modern purpose this ground serves and it is suggested that it should be dispensed with.}}

Another concern is [[sexual violence]], especially since in most countries the criminalization of [[marital rape]] is recent, having occurred from the 1970s onwards; the maintaining in law of the concept of consummation is argued to foster cultural and societal attitudes and understandings of marriage that make it more difficult to acknowledge these violations; and to be a remainder of an oppressive tradition.<ref name="Family Law pp. 96-99"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solicitorsjournal.com/blog/case-point-consummation-legal-oddity|title=Case in point - Is consummation a legal oddity? - Solicitors Journal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416100405/http://www.solicitorsjournal.com/blog/case-point-consummation-legal-oddity|archive-date=2015-04-16}}</ref> Commenting on the case of ''R v R'', which criminalised marital rape in England and Wales, Harris-Short and Miles write:

{{blockquote|[A] historical view again throws useful light on the matter: until 1991, husbands were permitted to have sexual intercourse with their wives regardless of whether they were then actually consenting, the original act of consummation and the resultant marital status entitling the husband to sexual relations thereafter.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HVqcAQAAQBAJ&q=a+historical+view+again+throws&pg=PA96 ''Family Law: Text, Cases, and Materials''], by Sonia Harris-Short, Joanna Miles, pp. 96</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1991/12.html|title=R. v R [1991] UKHL 12 (23 October 1991)|website=Bailii.org|access-date=2017-03-30}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[Nullity (conflict)]]
* [[Sexless marriage]]
* [[Nisheka]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09707a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Sacrament of Marriage]
{{Wedding}}

[[Category:Intimate relationships]]
[[Category:Human sexuality]]
[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Personal life]]
[[Category:Sex and the law]]
[[Category:Sexual acts]]
[[Category:Wedding]]