Editing Container Security Initiative

{{Short description|Security program by the U.S. CBP}}
{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
[[File:Container Security Initiative Emblem.jpg|right|framed]]
The '''Container Security Initiative''' ('''CSI''') was launched in 2002 by the U.S. [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection|Bureau of Customs and Border Protection]] (CBP), an agency of the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CONTAINER SECURITY: MAJOR INITIATIVES AND RELATED INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS|url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/sdtetlb20041_en.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423144506/https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/sdtetlb20041_en.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2021 }}</ref> Its purpose was to increase security for container [[cargo]] shipped to the United States. As the CBP puts it, the intent is to "extend [the] zone of security outward so that American borders are the last line of defense, not the first."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Office|first=U. S. Government Accountability|title=Container Security: Expansion of Key Customs Programs Will Require Greater Attention to Critical Success Factors|url=https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-03-770|access-date=2021-04-23|website=gao.gov|language=en}}</ref>

==Rationale==
[[Containerization|Containerized]] shipping is a critical component of [[international trade]]. According to the CBP:

* About 90% of the world's trade is transported in cargo [[containerization|container]]s.
* Almost half of incoming U.S. trade (by value) arrives by containers on board [[Container ship|ships]].
* Nearly seven million cargo containers arrive on ships and are offloaded at U.S. [[seaport]]s each year.

As [[terrorism|terrorist]] organizations have increasingly turned to destroying economic infrastructure to make an impact on nations, the vulnerability of international shipping has come under scrutiny. Under the CSI program, the screening of containers that pose a risk for terrorism is accomplished by teams of CBP officials deployed to work in concert with their host [[nation]] counterparts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=- THE CONTAINER SECURITY INITIATIVE AND THE CUSTOMS-TRADE PARTNERSHIP AGAINST TERRORISM: SECURING THE GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN OR TROJAN HORSE?|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-109shrg21825/html/CHRG-109shrg21825.htm|access-date=2021-04-23|website=govinfo.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Container Security Guide {{!}} What is Container Security {{!}} Snyk|url=https://snyk.io/learn/container-security/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=snyk.io|language=en-US}}</ref>

==CSI core elements==
[[File:Mobile VACIS Gamma-ray Image.jpeg|right|thumb|300px|Gamma-ray image of a truck with cargo container]]
CSI consists of four core elements:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Container Security Initiative|url=https://www.oocl.com/eng/resourcecenter/customeradvisories/usacanada/Pages/containersecurityinitiative.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|website=oocl.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911170311/http://www.oocl.com:80/eng/resourcecenter/customeradvisories/usacanada/Pages/containersecurityinitiative.aspx |archive-date=11 September 2012 }}</ref>

* Using intelligence and automated information to identify and target containers that pose a risk for terrorism.
* Pre-screening those containers that pose a risk at the port of departure before they arrive at U.S. ports.
* Using [[cargo scanning|detection technology]] to quickly pre-screen containers that pose a risk.
* Using smarter, tamper-evident containers.

The initial CSI program has focused on implementation at the top 20 ports shipping approximately two-thirds of the container volume to the United States. Smaller ports, however, have been added to the program at their instigation, and participation is open to any port meeting certain volume, equipment, procedural, and information-sharing requirements. Future plans include expansion to additional ports based on volume, location, and strategic concerns.

Much of the original idea behind the CSI program stemmed from the work of [[James Giermanski]], who was an early proponent of Supply Chain Security.<ref>{{Cite web|title=James Giermanski Says Bungled Container Security Initiatives Call the S&T Directorate into Question|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/james-giermanski-says-bungled-container-security-initiatives-call-st-directorate-question|access-date=2021-04-23|website=The Maritime Executive|language=en}}</ref>

==Global impact==
The CSI program offers its participant countries the [[Reciprocity (international relations)|reciprocal]] opportunity to enhance their own incoming shipment security. CSI partners can send their [[customs]] officers to major U.S. ports to target ocean-going, containerized cargo to be [[export]]ed from the U.S. to their countries. Likewise, CBP shares information on a [[Bilateralism|bilateral]] basis with its CSI partners. Japan and [[Canada]] are currently taking advantage of this reciprocity.

CSI has also inspired and informed global measures to improve shipping security. In June 2002, the [[World Customs Organization]] unanimously passed a resolution that will enable ports in all 161 of the member nations to begin to develop programs along the CSI model. On 22 April 2004, the [[European Union]] and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security signed an agreement that calls for the prompt expansion of CSI throughout the [[European Community]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anonymous|date=2016-09-13|title=United States of America|url=https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/business/international-affairs/international-customs-cooperation-mutual-administrative-assistance-agreements/united-states-america_en|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Taxation and Customs Union – European Commission|language=en}}</ref>

== Participating ports ==

=== U.S. ports ===

* ''NOTE: Information is needed here on ports participating in reciprocal agreements.''

=== Foreign ports ===

47 foreign CSI ports are operational as of 2006-09-29. They include:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Halifax, Montreal, and Vancouver, Canada (March 2002)
* Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2002-09-02)
* Le Havre, France (2002-12-02)
* Marseille, France (2005-01-07)
* [[Bremerhaven]], Germany (2003-02-02)
* Hamburg, Germany (2003-02-09)
* Antwerp, Belgium (2003-02-23)
* Zeebrugge, Belgium (2004-10-29)
* Singapore (2003-03-10)
* Yokohama, Japan (2003-03-24)
* Tokyo, Japan (2004-05-21)
* Hong Kong, China (2003-05-05)
* Gothenburg, Sweden (2003-05-23)
* Felixstowe, United Kingdom (UK) (2003-05-24)
* Liverpool, Thamesport, Tilbury, and Southampton, UK. (2004-11-01)
* Genoa, Italy (2003-06-16)
* La Spezia, Italy (2003-06-23)
* Livorno, Italy (2004-12-30)
* Naples, Italy (2004-09-30)
* Gioia Tauro, Italy (2004-10-31)
* Pusan, Korea (2003-08-04)
* Durban, South Africa (2003-12-01)
* Port Klang, Malaysia (2004-03-08)
* Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia (2004-08-16)
* Piraeus, Greece (2004-07-27)
* Algeciras, Spain (2004-07-30)
* Nagoya and Kobe, Japan (2004-08-06)
* Laem Chabang, Thailand (2004-08-13)
* Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE) (2005-03-26)
* Shanghai, China (2005-04-28)
* Shenzhen, China (2005-06-24)
* Kaohsiung, Republic of China (Taiwan) (2005-07-25)
* [[Port of Santos|Santos, Brazil]] (2005-09-22)
* Colombo, Sri Lanka (2005-09-29)
* Buenos Aires, Argentina (2005-11-17)
* Lisbon, Portugal (2005-12-14)
* Port Salalah, Oman (2006-03-08)
* [[Puerto Cortes]], [[Honduras]] (2006-03-25)
* Caucedo, Dominican Republic (2006)
* Kingston, Jamaica (2006)
* Freeport, Bahamas (2006)
{{div col end}}

There are currently{{when|date=October 2022}} 58 foreign ports participating in the Container Security Initiative, accounting for 85 percent of container traffic bound for the United States, according to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.

Currently Operational Ports<ref>[https://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/gc_1165872287564.shtm  Container Security Initiative Ports, U.S. Department of Homeland Security website | reviewed on Sept 25, 2011 ]</ref>

'''In the Americas'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Montreal, Vancouver, and Halifax, Canada (March 2002)
*Santos, Brazil
*Buenos Aires, Argentina
*Puerto Cortes*, Honduras
*Caucedo, Dominican Republic
*Kingston, Jamaica
*Freeport, The Bahamas
*Balboa, Colon, and Manzanillo, Panama
*Cartagena, Colombia
{{div col end}}

'''In Europe:'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2002-09-02)
*Bremerhaven and Hamburg, Germany
*Antwerp and Zeebrugge, Belgium
*Le Havre and Marseille, France
*Gothenburg, Sweden
*La Spezia, Genoa, Naples, Gioia Tauro, and Livorno, Italy
*Felixstowe, Liverpool, Thamesport, Tilbury, and Southampton, United Kingdom (U.K.)
*Piraeus, Greece
*Algeciras, Barcelona, and Valencia, Spain
*Lisbon, Portugal
{{div col end}}

'''In Asia and the Middle East'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Singapore*
*Yokohama, Tokyo, Nagoya, and Kōbe, Japan
*Hong Kong
*Busan* (Pusan), South Korea
*Port Klang and Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia
*Laem Chabang, Thailand
*Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
*Shenzhen and Shanghai
*Kaohsiung and Chi-Lung
*Colombo, Sri Lanka
*Port Salalah*, Oman
*Port Qasim, Pakistan
*Ashdod, Israel
*Haifa, Israel
{{div col end}}

'''In Africa:'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Alexandria, Egypt
*Durban, South Africa
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Supply Chain Security]]
* [[List of seaports]]
* [[Port security]]
* [[SAFE Port Act]] 2006 (H.R. 4954)
* [[Ship transport]]
* [[Global Trade Exchange]]
* [[Denise Krepp]]
* [[James Giermanski]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/policy_issues/customs_security/cooperation_3thcountries/index_en.htm European Commission: Taxation and Customs Union – Security cooperation with third countries]
* [https://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/gc_1165872287564.shtm U.S. D.H.S.: Container Security Initiative]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040624065756/http://www.wcoomd.org/ie/index.html World Customs Organization]
* [http://www.aapa-ports.org/ American Association of Port Authorities]

''This article incorporates text from the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection's pages and documents on the Container Security Initiative, modified for a more global perspective.''

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:International security]]
[[Category:United States and weapons of mass destruction]]
[[Category:United States Department of Homeland Security]]
[[Category:Intermodal containers]]