Editing Controlled natural language

{{short description|Subset of a natural language}}
'''Controlled natural languages''' ('''CNLs''') are subsets of [[natural language]]s that are obtained by restricting the grammar and vocabulary in order to reduce or eliminate [[ambiguity]] and complexity. Traditionally, controlled languages fall into two major types: those that improve readability for human readers (e.g. non-native speakers),
and those that enable reliable automatic [[Semantic analysis (linguistics)|semantic analysis]] of the language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages |url=https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article/40/1/121/1455/A-Survey-and-Classification-of-Controlled-Natural |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=direct.mit.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Controlled Natural Languages for language generation in artificial cognition |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6907843 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=[[IEEE]]}}</ref>

The first type of languages (often called "simplified" or "technical" languages), for example [[ASD Simplified Technical English]], Caterpillar Technical English, [[IBM]]'s Easy English, are used in the industry to increase the quality of technical documentation, and possibly simplify the [[Computer-assisted translation|semi-automatic translation]] of the documentation. These languages restrict the writer by general rules such as "Keep sentences short", "Avoid the use of [[pronoun]]s", "Only use dictionary-approved words", and "Use only the [[active voice]]".<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.mt-archive.info/CLT-2003-Obrien.pdf |title=Controlling Controlled English – An Analysis of Several Controlled Language Rule Sets |first=Sharon |last=O'Brien |year=2003 |book-title=Proceedings of EAMT-CLAW |access-date=2011-12-30 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181833/http://www.mt-archive.info/CLT-2003-Obrien.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The second type of languages have a formal syntax and [[formal semantics (natural language)|formal semantics]], and can be mapped to an existing [[formal language]], such as [[first-order logic]]. Thus, those languages can be used as [[knowledge representation language]]s,<ref>Schwitter, Rolf. "[http://staff.um.edu.mt/mros1/cnl2010/TALKS/schwitter_tutorial.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation]." Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.</ref> and writing of those languages is supported by fully automatic [[consistency]] and redundancy checks, [[query answering]], etc.

==Languages==
Existing controlled natural languages include:<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1162/COLI_a_00168|title = A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages|year = 2014|last1 = Kuhn|first1 = Tobias|journal = Computational Linguistics|volume = 40|pages = 121–170|s2cid = 14586568|doi-access = free|arxiv = 1507.01701}}</ref><ref name="Pool2006">{{cite journal | first = Jonathan | last = Pool | url = http://utilika.org/pubs/etc/ambigcl/clweb.html | title = Can Controlled Languages Scale to the Web? | year = 2006 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090815035716/http://utilika.org/pubs/etc/ambigcl/clweb.html | archive-date = 2009-08-15 }}</ref>

{{div col}}
* [[ASD Simplified Technical English]]
* [[Attempto Controlled English]]<ref>{{cite conference |author1=Norbert E. Fuchs |author2=Kaarel Kaljurand |author3=Gerold Schneider | title = Attempto Controlled English Meets the Challenges of Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, Interoperability and User Interfaces | book-title = FLAIRS 2006 | date = 2006 | url = http://attempto.ifi.uzh.ch/site/publications/papers/FLAIRS0601FuchsN.pdf }}</ref>
* [[Aviation English]]
* [[Basic English]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ogden|first1=Charles Kay|title=Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar|date=1930|publisher=Paul Treber & Co., Ltd.|location=London}}</ref>
* [[ClearTalk]]
* [[Common Logic]] Controlled English<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jfsowa.com/clce/specs.htm|title=Common Logic Controlled English|website=www.jfsowa.com|access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref>
* [[Distributed Language Translation]] Esperanto
* [[Easy Japanese]]
* [[E-Prime]]
* [[Français fondamental]]
* [[Gellish|Gellish Formal English]]
* Interlingua-IL sive [[Latino sine flexione]] ([[Giuseppe Peano]])
* Logical English<ref>Kowalski, R., Dávila, J., Sartor, G. and Calejo, M., 2023. Logical English for law and education. In Prolog: The Next 50 Years (pp. 287-299). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.</ref>
* ModeLang<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wasik|first1=Szymon|last2=Prejzendanc|first2=Tomasz|last3=Blazewicz|first3=Jacek|title=ModeLang: A New Approach for Experts-Friendly Viral Infections Modeling|journal=Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine|date=2013|volume=2013|page=320715|doi=10.1155/2013/320715|pmid=24454531|pmc=3878415|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Newspeak]] (fictional)
* Processable English (PENG)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schwitter|first1=Rolf|last2=Tilbrook|first2=M|title=PENG: Processable ENGlish|journal=Technical Report, Macquarie University, Australia|date=2004}}</ref>
* [[Seaspeak]]
* [[Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules]]
* [[Special English]]
{{div col end}}

==Encoding==
[[IETF]] has reserved {{code|simple}} as a [[BCP 47]] [[IETF language tag|variant subtag]] for simplified versions of languages.<ref name="Everson">{{cite web |last1=Everson |first1=Michael |author1-link=Michael Everson |title=Registration form for 'simple' |url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/simple.txt |publisher=IANA |access-date=22 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Constructed language]]
* [[Knowledge representation and reasoning]]
* [[Natural language processing]]
* [[Controlled vocabulary]]
* [[Controlled language in machine translation]]
* [[Structured English]]
* [[Word-sense disambiguation]]
* [[Simple English Wikipedia]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://sites.google.com/site/controllednaturallanguage/ Controlled Natural Languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308080234/https://sites.google.com/site/controllednaturallanguage/ |date=2021-03-08 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Controlled Natural Language}}
[[Category:Controlled natural languages| ]]
[[Category:Natural language processing]]