Editing Convergent Technologies

{{short description|Former American computer company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Convergent Technologies, Inc.
| logo = File:Convergent Technologies logo.svg
| logo_size = 
| logo_alt = 
| logo_caption = 
| logo_padding = 
| image = 
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = 
| trading_name = 
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = <!-- Use ISO 639-1 code, e.g. "fr" for French. For multiple names in different languages, use {{Lang|[code]|[name]}}. -->
| romanized_name = 
| former_name = 
| type = 
| traded_as = 
| ISIN = 
| industry = [[Computer hardware]]
| genre = 
| fate = Purchased by [[Unisys]] in 1988
| predecessor = <!-- or: | predecessors = -->
| successor = <!-- or: | successors = -->
| founded = <!-- if known: {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} in [[city]], [[state]], [[country]] -->1979
| founders = [[Allen Michels]]<br />Bob Garrow<br />Kal Hubler<br />Ben Wegbreit
| defunct = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| hq_location = 
| hq_location_city = [[Santa Clara, California]], U.S.
| hq_location_country = 
| num_locations = 
| num_locations_year = <!-- Year of num_locations data (if known) -->
| area_served = <!-- or: | areas_served = -->
| key_people = 
| products = Multi-processor computer<br />Work stations<br />Personal computers
| brands = 
| production = 
| production_year = <!-- Year of production data (if known) -->
| services = 
| revenue = 
| revenue_year = <!-- Year of revenue data (if known) -->
| operating_income = 
| income_year = <!-- Year of operating_income data (if known) -->
| net_income = <!-- or: | profit = -->
| net_income_year = <!-- or: | profit_year = --><!-- Year of net_income/profit data (if known) -->
| aum = <!-- Only for financial-service companies -->
| assets = 
| assets_year = <!-- Year of assets data (if known) -->
| equity = 
| equity_year = <!-- Year of equity data (if known) -->
| owner = <!-- or: | owners = -->
| members = 
| members_year = <!-- Year of members data (if known) -->
| num_employees = 1300<ref name="InfoWorldIndustryWorkhorse"/>
| num_employees_year = 1984<!-- Year of num_employees data (if known) -->
| website = https://www.unisys.com
| divisions = 
| subsid = 
| module = <!-- Used to embed other templates -->
| ratio = <!-- Basel III ratio, for BANKS ONLY -->
| rating = <!-- credit rating, for BANKS ONLY -->
| footnotes = 
| intl = <!-- Set positively ("true"/"yes"/etc) if company is international, otherwise omit -->
}}

'''Convergent Technologies, Inc.''', was an American [[computer]] company formed by a small group of people who left [[Intel|Intel Corporation]] and [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] in 1979.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peddie|first1=Jon|title=The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR|date=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781447149323|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6a8_AAAAQBAJ&q=%22Convergent+Technologies%22+%2B+%22Allen+Michels%22&pg=PA162|accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref> Among the founders were CEO [[Allen Michels]], VP Engineering Bob Garrow, head of marketing Kal Hubler, and operating system architect Ben Wegbreit.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lammers|first1=Susan M.|title=Programmers at work, Volume 1|date=1986|publisher=Microsoft Press|isbn=9780914845713|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoYwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ben+Wegbreit%22+harvard|accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mini-micro Systems, Volume 13|date=1980|publisher=Cahners Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqVPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Convergent+Technologies%22+%2B+%22Bob+Garrow%22|accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref> Convergent was primarily an OEM vendor with their computers resold by other manufacturers such as ADP, AT&T, [[Burroughs Corporation|Burroughs]], [[Four-Phase Systems]], [[Gould Electronics|Gould]], [[Mohawk Data Sciences|Mohawk]], Monroe Data Systems, NCR, and [[Prime Computer|Prime]].<ref name="bonfire">{{cite web |last1=Blank |first1=Steve |title=Bonfire of the Vanities |date=5 August 2011 |url=https://steveblank.com/2011/08/05/bonfire-of-the-vanities/}}</ref> The company was purchased by [[Unisys]] in 1988.

==History==
The Distributed Systems division was responsible for the IWS, AWS, and NGEN.<ref name="InfoWorldIndustryWorkhorse" />

In 1982, Convergent formed the Data Systems division to focus on a multi-processor computer known as the MegaFrame, "the first system upgradable from super-minicomputer to mainframe". The division was headed by Ben Wegbreit and also responsible for the MiniFrame.<ref name="InfoWorldIndustryWorkhorse">{{cite news|last1=Shea|first1=Tom|title=The Industry Workhorse: Convergent Technologies designs computers for name-brand makers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44|pages=44–45|publisher=InfoWorld|date=23 July 1984}}</ref> [[Steve Blank]], in charge of division marketing, went on to found several Silicon Valley startups, including [[Epiphany, Inc.|E.piphany]], and {{as of|2012 |lc=yes}} lectures on technology startups at [[Stanford University]] and elsewhere; Jon Huie was in charge of Software; Richard Lowenthal was in charge of Hardware.

Convergent also formed the Advanced Information Products division, with Matt Sanders taking lead of the new division.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=Barbara |title=California Hardware |journal=Byte Magazine |issue=November 1983 |pages=58}}</ref> He was tasked with developing a computer for the low-end market (price target $499).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=Barry M. |title=Make It New: A History of Silicon Valley Design |date=September 4, 2015 |page=67}}</ref> The "Ultra" team was assembled and their pioneering mobile computing product, the WorkSlate, released in November 1983.

The Special Projects division was responsible for the AT&T products.<ref name="InfoWorldIndustryWorkhorse" />

Former [[Hewlett-Packard]] executive Paul C. Ely Jr. took over as CEO in January 1985.<ref name="founderquits" /><ref name="elytosave" /> That year ''[[UnixWorld]]'' reported that Convergent was the "only supermicro supplier that has succeeded in moving its product through large-volume OEM channels", unlike competitors like [[Fortune Systems]]. The company giving equity stakes and manufacturing licenses to OEMs like [[Burroughs Corporation]] had encouraged such relationships. Its prices were so low as to be sometimes unprofitable, the magazine said.<ref name="serlin198511">{{Cite magazine |last=Serlin |first=Omri |date=November 1985 |title=Whatever Happened to the Supermicro Market? |url=https://archive.org/details/Unix_World_Vol02_10.pdf/page/n17/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=2025-05-17 |magazine=Unix World |pages=16-19}}</ref>

Michels, Sanders, Wegbreit, and another executive left in October 1985 to form [[Stardent Inc.#Ardent Computer Corporation|The Dana Group]].<ref name="ComputerIndustry">{{cite news|last1=McEnaney|first1=Maura|title=Michels sees evolving niche for personal supercomputer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvU799ixIbcC&pg=PA115|accessdate=13 November 2017|publisher=Computer Industry|date=20 October 1986}}</ref><ref name="founderquits">{{cite news |title=Founder quits Convergent |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/10/31/Founder-quits-Convergent/2986499582800/ |publisher=UPI |date=October 31, 1985}}</ref> Shortly after, Convergent purchased 40% of Baron Data Systems for $14.6 million.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McEnaney|first1=Maura|title=Convergent invests in Baron|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O90MzD9_kawC&q=%22Convergent+Technologies%22+%2B+%22Allen+Michels%22&pg=PA154|accessdate=13 November 2017|publisher=Computer World|date=18 November 1985}}</ref> Then purchased the remainder of Baron in May 1987, for $33 million.

Convergent reached an agreement to acquire [[3Com]] in March 1986, but the merger was called off at the last moment.

[[Unisys]] bought Convergent Technologies in 1988,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pollack|first1=Andrew|title=Company News - Unisys Says It Will Buy Convergent|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/11/business/company-news-unisys-says-it-will-buy-convergent.html|accessdate=15 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=11 August 1988}}</ref> after which Convergent Technologies became Unisys Network Computing Group (NCG).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/unisys_corp_puts_ely_in_charge_of_2000m_unix_group |title=UNISYS Corp Puts Ely in Charge of $2,000m UNIX Group |author=CBR Staff Writer |date=December 13, 1988 |website=Tech Monitor |publisher=New Statesman Media Group Ltd |access-date=November 29, 2021}}</ref>

==Products==
===IWS===
Introduced in 1980,<ref>{{cite web |title=NGEN Family Overview |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/convergent/ngen/brochures/NGEN_Brochure_Oct84.pdf |page=5 |publisher=Convergent Technologies}}</ref> Convergent's first product was the IWS (Integrated Workstation) based on a 5&nbsp;MHz [[Intel 8086]] microprocessor, with optional [[Intel 8087]] math coprocessor. The WS-110 integrated the processor, memory I/O, and video display control boards along with two [[Multibus]] slots into a unique "lectern" situated next to the monitor and integrated into a common base.  The WS-120 placed these boards along with five Multibus slots in a floor-standing enclosure. Floor-standing mass storage units would also be integrated into a system. The video hardware supported "soft fonts" allowing the character set to be changed in RAM rather than a fixed character set in ROM. 

[[Burroughs Corporation|Burroughs]] sold the IWS as the [[Burroughs B20|B22]], [[NCR Voyix|NCR]] sold it as the WorkSaver 100, and [[Savin (photocopiers)|Savin]] released the Information Station 2000.<ref name="Savin">{{cite journal |last1=Beeler |first1=Jeffry |title=Savin Comes Out With Two OA Systems |journal=Computerworld |date=December 28, 1981 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_ACDiwEnJYC&pg=PA129}}</ref>

===AWS===
Introduced in November 1981,<ref>{{cite news |title=Convergent Adds Desktops |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94T9BTjdzT0C&pg=RA1-PA17 |publisher=ComputerWorld |date=November 23, 1981 |pages=49–50}}</ref> the next product was a cost-reduced desktop version called the AWS (Application Workstation) utilizing an [[Intel 8275]] CRT controller instead of the custom video board used in the IWS. The IWS and AWS were compatible and ran in an [[RS-422]] clustered environment under the proprietary [[Convergent Technologies Operating System]] (CTOS).<ref name="NetworkWorld">{{cite news|last1=Petrosky|first1=Mary|title=CTI strives for diversity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxwEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Convergent+Technologies%22&pg=PA9|accessdate=13 November 2017|publisher=Network World|date=20 July 1987}}</ref> In December 1982, Convergent announced the AWS Turbo Color Graphics Workstation using the [[NEC 7220]] graphics controller with 128 KB display memory.<ref>{{cite news |title=New systems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA63 |work=InfoWorld |date=Dec 20, 1982}}</ref>

The AWS was sold by Burroughs as the [[Burroughs B20|B21]], by [[Groupe Bull|Bull]] as the Corail B4000, by [[Prime Computer]] as the Prime Producer 100 (a word processing workstation), by NCR as the WorkSaver 200, and by Savin as the Information Station 1000.<ref name="Savin" />

===MegaFrame===
Available in August 1983,<ref>{{cite web |title=Grows from 8 to 128 users in the field |url=http://www.1000bit.it/ad/bro/convergent/Convergent-Tech-PR-MegaFrame.pdf |publisher=Convergent Technologies}}</ref> the MegaFrame (S/1280) consisted of up to eight 10&nbsp;MHz Motorola 68010-based "Application Processors" running [[UNIX System III]]-derived CTIX talking to 8&nbsp;MHz [[Intel 80186]]-based I/O processor boards each running their own scaled-down versions of CTOS: File Processor ("fpCTOS"), Cluster Processor ("cpCTOS"), Terminal Processor ("tpCTOS"), and [[Storage Module Device|SMD]]/Storage Processor ("spCTOS"). Each processor had its own RAM: 512 KB to 4 MB for the Application Processors, and 256 KB to 768 KB for the I/O processors. Up to 36 boards could be installed in a system: six in the base enclosure, with another six per expansion enclosure (five expansion enclosures maximum).<ref>{{cite book |title=MegaFrame Product Overview |date=January 24, 1985 |publisher=Convergent Technologies |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/convergent/68K/megaframe/B-02-00129-00_MegaFame_Product_Overview_Jan85.pdf}}</ref> Each File Processor could support up to four disks.

The MegaFrame was resold by Burroughs/Unisys as the XE550 running CENTIX and BTOS, and originally sold as the XE500 and XE520 without the Application Processors. Motorola/Four-Phase resold the MegaFrame as the System 6600.

===NGEN===
[[File:CTOS-B25.JPG|thumb|250px|A Burroughs B25 computer, which is a rebadged NGEN]]
The AWS was replaced by the modular NGEN (Next Generation) workstation in late 1983,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hayes |first1=Thomas |title=Convergent's New Challenge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/24/business/convergent-s-new-challenge.html |work=New York Times |date=January 24, 1984}}</ref> based on the [[Intel 80186]] microprocessor. To Burroughs (and Unisys) users the NGEN was known as the [[Burroughs B25|B25]] and to Prime Computer users as the Prime Producer 200. [[Groupe Bull|Bull]] sold the NGEN as the [[Bull Questar|Questar]] 400, and NCR sold it as the WorkSaver 300.<ref>{{cite news |title=NCR introduces line of desktop workstations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyjys2kz1RQC&q=ncr+%22worksaver+300%22&pg=PA55 |publisher=ComputerWorld |date=August 27, 1984}}</ref> The NGEN was also sold with an MS-DOS version running on top of CTOS. It was sold as the M1000 by McDonnell Douglas Computer Systems Company (previously known as [[Microdata Corporation]]) who included a copy of their [[Pick operating system|Pick]]-based Reality [[relational database]] which ran on MS-DOS.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Microdata's natural language |journal=Practical Computing |date=March 1984 |page=23 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Practical-Computing/80s/Practical-Computing-1984-03-S-OCR.pdf}}</ref> [[Datapoint]] released the NGEN as the Vista-PC running MS-DOS.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Datapoint joins micro fray with 16-bit, MS-DOS entry |journal=Computerworld |date=June 11, 1984 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLbHc0Acrm4C&dq=DataPoint+VISTA-PC&pg=PA4}}</ref> [[Mohawk Data Sciences]] released the NGEN-based MDS HERO, and [[Telenorma]]/[[Bosch (company)|Bosch]] released the Isy.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Computerwoche |title=Telefonbauer TN steigt in Datentechnik ein |url=https://www.computerwoche.de/a/telefonbauer-tn-steigt-in-datentechnik-ein,1168178 |lang=de |date=8 March 1985 |publisher=IDG Business Media GmbH |access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> Other OEMs were the Gould Power Station and [[A.B. Dick Company|A. B. Dick]] Knowledge Worker.

Later models - the NGEN Series 286 (Burroughs B28), 386 (Burroughs B38), and 386i (Burroughs B39) - kept pace with Intel CPU development through the [[Intel 80386]]. (A successor to the NGEN called the SuperGen and based on the [[Intel 80486]] was introduced in 1993 by Unisys, approximately 5 years after it had acquired Convergent Technologies.)

===WorkSlate===
Released in November 1983, the WorkSlate, an early tablet-style personal computer system, was designed and marketed by Convergent, with the industrial design done by [[Mike Nuttall]]. It was 1" thick and the size of a sheet of paper. Its primary user interface was a spreadsheet. The WorkSlate utilized a mini-cassette for voice- and data-recording and for loading a range of pre-packaged add-on applications called TaskWare to handle jobs such as the management of personal expenses, calendars, etc. At that time there was no facility to download such "apps" over the Internet, so they were available only on the mini-cassettes.<ref name="InfoworldWorkSlate">{{cite news|last1=Stern|first1=Marc|title=Review:WorkSlate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iy4EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Convergent+Technologies%22&pg=PA60|accessdate=13 November 2017|publisher=InfoWorld|date=16 April 1984}}</ref> The WorkSlate was developed in a highly compressed twelve-month development cycle which resulted in inadequate testing and a sub-optimal product which sold poorly.<ref name="elytosave">{{cite news |last1=Winter |first1=Christine |title=ELY'S COMING TO SAVE CONVERGENT? |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-02-06-8501070785-story.html |publisher=Chicago Tribune |date=February 6, 1985}}</ref> It was discontinued in the summer of 1984.<ref name="elytosave" />

===MiniFrame===
Convergent introduced the [[Motorola 68010]]-based MiniFrame in May 1984 running CTIX.<ref name="InfoWorldMiniFrame">{{cite news|last=Shea|first=Tom|title=Convergent Shipping Miniframe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ui4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16|access-date=13 November 2017|publisher=InfoWorld|page=16|date=28 May 1984}}</ref> The MiniFrame came with 512 KB on the motherboard and could be extended with up to four stackable expansion boards (Ethernet, eight RS-232 ports, 512 KB memory boards), with a max of 2 MB RAM using three memory boards. The MiniFrame was used as the basis to develop the AT&T UNIX PC.

NCR and Burroughs were two resellers of the MiniFrame.<ref name="InfoWorldIndustryWorkhorse"/> Gould sold the MiniFrame as the Powerstation 2000 running UTX/2000.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Connolly |first1=James |title=Gould Powerseries gets low-end addition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAUpSdv4AO4C&pg=PA59 |publisher=ComputerWorld |date=May 21, 1984 |pages=59, 73}}</ref> Motorola resold the MiniFrame as the System 6300 under the [[Four-Phase Systems]] Series 6000.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Four-Phase Series 2000, 4000, 5000, and 6000 |journal=Datapro Research Corporation |date=February 1985 |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/datapro/programmable_terminals/Datapro_C21_Four-Phase.pdf}}</ref> Motorola/Four-Phase pioneered development of international character support for Unix platforms for their [[EMEA]] business using the CTOS/CTIX equipment.

===AT&T UNIX PC===
{{main|AT&T UNIX PC}}
Convergent developed the first [[Motorola 68010]] OEM UNIX product for AT&T, the [[AT&T UNIX PC]], released in March 1985. The UNIX PC integrated a number features (Stream-based I/O, Multinational Language Support) to the Intel AT&T UNIX base (SVR3.2). Convergent also offered this machine directly as the S/50.

===AT&T Personal Terminal 510===
Convergent developed the integrated voice/data Personal Terminal 510A (analog) and 510D (digital) for AT&T,<ref>{{cite web |title=Base for computer, computer terminal or similar article |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/USD295748S}}</ref> introduced in March 1985. The 510A was for use with [[Plain old telephone service|POTS]] lines, and the 510D for use with the AT&T System 75/85 PBX. The terminals featured a unique gel-based 9" touch screen providing a soft, cushiony feel.

===MightyFrame===
Released in 1986, Convergent used the [[Motorola 68020]] and [[Motorola 68040|68040]] in their [[VMEbus|VME]]-based MightyFrame systems (S/80, S/120, S/221, S/222, S/280, S/320, S/480, S/640), all running CTIX.

===Server PC===
The 20-MHz 386-based Server PC running CTIX/386 (SVR3) was released in 1987. [[Merge (software)|Merge 386]] allowed Unix and DOS applications to run simultaneously, allowing the machine to function as both a PC server and 32-user Unix machine.<ref>{{cite news |title=CONVERGENT TECHNOLOGIES BUILDS PC SERVER TO SUPPORT 64 MICROS AROUND 20MHz 80386 |url= https://techmonitor.ai/technology/convergent_technologies_builds_pc_server_to_support_64_micros_around_20mhz_80386 |date=July 21, 1987}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|34em}}

==External links==
*[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/convergent Bitsavers.org:  Convergent archive]
*[https://www.unisys.com/ Unisys]

{{Unisys}}

[[Category:1988 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1979]]
[[Category:American companies disestablished in 1988]]
[[Category:Computer companies established in 1979]]
[[Category:Computer companies disestablished in 1988]]
[[Category:Defunct computer companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Defunct computer systems companies]]
[[Category:Unisys]]
[[Category:Xerox spin-offs]]