Editing Convolvulaceae

{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{more footnotes|date=May 2013}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Bindweed family
| image = Starr_040711-0402_Ipomoea_imperati.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ipomoea imperati]]''
| taxon = Convolvulaceae
| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| type_genus = ''[[Convolvulus]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = See text
}}
[[File:Jacquemontia paniculata W IMG 2929.jpg|thumb|''[[Jacquemontia paniculata]]'' ]]
[[File:Convolvulus Cephalopodus in Behbahan, Iran (1).jpg|alt=Convolvulus Cephalopodus in Behbahan|thumb|''[[Convolvulus cephalopodus]]'' in [[Behbahan]]]]
'''Convolvulaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ən|ˌ|v|ɒ|l|v|j|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|s|i|.|iː|,_|-|aɪ}}), commonly called the [[bindweed|bindweeds]] or [[morning glory|morning glories]], is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily [[herbaceous]] [[vine]]s, but also include [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[herb]]s. The [[Tuber|tubers]] of several species are edible, the best known of which is the [[sweet potato]]. 

[[File:Ss996sd9.jpg|alt=Convolvulus|thumb|''[[Convolvulus leiocalycinus]]'']]

== Description ==
Convolvulaceae can be recognized by their funnel-shaped, radially symmetrical [[corolla (flower)|corolla]]; the floral formula for the family has five [[sepals]], five fused [[petals]], five epipetalous [[stamens]] (stamens fused to the petals), and a two-part [[syncarpous]] and superior [[gynoecium]]. The stems of these plants are usually winding, hence their Latin name (from ''convolvere'', "to wind"). The leaves are simple and alternate, without [[stipule]]s. In parasitic [[Cuscuta]] (dodder) they are reduced to scales. The fruit can be a capsule, berry, or nut, all containing only two seeds per one [[locule]] (one [[ovule]]/[[ovary (botany)|ovary]]).
[[File:EB1911 Convolvulus sepium.jpg|thumb|left|''Convolvulus sepium'', slightly reduced.]]

The leaves and starchy, [[tuberous root]]s of some species are used as [[food]]stuffs (e.g. [[sweet potato]] and [[Ipomoea aquatica|water spinach]]), and the seeds are exploited for their medicinal value as [[purgative]]s. Some species contain [[ergoline]] [[alkaloids]] that are likely responsible for the use of these species as ingredients in [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] [[Psychoactive drugs|drugs]] (e.g. [[ololiuhqui]]). The presence of ergolines in some species of this family is due to infection by [[fungi]] related to the ergot fungi of the genus ''[[Claviceps]]''. A recent study of Convolvulaceae species, ''[[Ipomoea asarifolia]]'', and its associated [[fungi]] showed the presence of a fungus, identified by [[DNA sequencing]] of 18s and ITS [[ribosomal DNA]] and [[phylogeny|phylogenetic analysis]] to be closely related to fungi in the family [[Clavicipitaceae]], was always associated with the presence of ergoline alkaloids in the plant. The identified fungus appears to be a seed-transmitted, obligate [[biotroph]] growing [[epiphytic]]ally on its host.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ulrike Steiner |author2=Mahalia A. Ahimsa-Müller |author3=Anne Markert |author4=Sabine Kucht |author5=Julia Groß |author6=Nicole Kauf |author7=Monika Kuzma |author8=Monika Zych |author9=Marc Lamshöft |author10=Miroslawa Furmanowa |year=2006 |title=Molecular characterization of a seed transmitted clavicipitaceous fungus occurring on dicotyledoneous plants (Convolvulaceae) |journal=[[Planta (journal)|Planta]] |volume=224 |issue=3 |pages=533–544 |pmid=16525783 |doi=10.1007/s00425-006-0241-0|bibcode=2006Plant.224..533S |s2cid=25682792 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> This finding strongly suggests the unique presence of ergoline alkaloids in some species of the family Convolvulaceae is due to [[symbiosis]] with [[Clavicipitaceae|clavicipitaceous]] fungi. Moreover, another group of compounds, [[loline alkaloids]], commonly produced by some members of the clavicipitaceous fungi (genus ''[[Neotyphodium]]''), has been identified in a convolvulaceous species, but the origin of the loline alkaloids in this species is unknown.<ref name="Tofern et al 1999">{{cite journal |author1=Britta Tofern |author2=Macki Kaloga |author3=Ludger Witte |author4=Thomas Hartmann |author5=Eckart Eich |year=1999 |title=Occurrence of loline alkaloids in ''Argyreia mollis'' (Convolvulaceae) |journal=[[Phytochemistry (journal)|Phytochemistry]] |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1180 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00121-1|bibcode=1999PChem..51.1177T }}</ref>

Members of the family are well known as food plants (e.g. sweet potatoes and [[Ipomoea aquatica|water spinach]]), as showy garden plants (e.g. [[morning glory]]) and as troublesome weeds (e.g. [[bindweed]] (mainly ''[[Convolvulus]]'' and ''[[Calystegia]]'') and [[Cuscuta|dodder]]), while ''[[Humbertia madagascariensis]]'' is a medium-sized tree and ''[[Ipomoea carnea]]'' is an erect shrub. Some parasitic members of this family are also used medicinally.<ref name="oneill_rana_2016">{{cite journal|last1=O'Neill|first1=A.R.|last2=Rana|first2=S.K.|date=2019|title=An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya|journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine|volume=12|issue=14|page=14|doi=10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y|pmid=26912113|pmc=4765049|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Genera==
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
;Tribe Aniseieae
*''[[Aniseia]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
*''[[Odonellia]]'' <small>K.R.Robertson</small>
*''[[Tetralocularia]]'' <small>O'Donell</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1830 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Aniseieae'' |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |access-date=2009-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051553/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1830 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Tribe Cardiochlamyeae
*''[[Cardiochlamys]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
*''[[Cordisepalum]]'' <small>Verdc.</small>
*''[[Dinetus (plant)|Dinetus]]'' <small>[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]] ex Sweet</small>
*''[[Duperreya]]'' <small>Gaudich.</small>
*''[[Poranopsis]]'' <small>Roberty</small>
*''[[Tridynamia]]'' <small>Gagnep.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1831 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Cardiochlamyeae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2009-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051555/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1831 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Tribe Convolvuleae
*''[[Calystegia]]'' <small>[[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]</small> – Bindweed, [[morning glory]]
*''[[Convolvulus]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> – bindweed, morning glory
*''[[Jacquemontia]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
*''[[Polymeria]]'' <small>R.Br.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1832 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Convolvuleae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2009-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051557/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1832 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Tribe Cresseae
*''[[Bonamia]]'' <small>Thouars</small>
*''[[Cladostigma]]'' <small>Radlk.</small>
*''[[Cressa (plant)|Cressa]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Evolvulus]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Hildebrandtia (plant)|Hildebrandtia]]'' <small>Vatke</small>
*''[[Seddera]]'' <small>Hochst.</small>
*''[[Stylisma]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''[[Wilsonia (plant)|Wilsonia]]'' <small>R. Br.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1833 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Cresseae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2009-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051559/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1833 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Tribe Cuscuteae
*''[[Cuscuta]]'' <small>L.</small> – dodder<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1834 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Cuscuteae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2009-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051603/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1834 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
;Tribe Dichondreae
*''[[Dichondra]]'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small>
*''[[Falkia]]'' <small>Thunb.</small>
*''[[Nephrophyllum]]'' <small>A.Rich.</small>
*''[[Petrogenia]]'' <small>I.M.Johnst.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1835 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Dichondreae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2009-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051605/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1835 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Tribe Erycibeae
*''[[Erycibe]]'' <small>Roxb.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1836 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Erycibeae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2009-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051607/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1836 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Tribe Humbertieae
*''[[Humbertia]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1837 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Humbertieae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2009-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051609/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1837 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Tribe Ipomoeeae
*''[[Argyreia]]'' <small>Lour.</small> – [[Hawaiian baby woodrose]]
*''[[Astripomoea]]'' <small>A.Meeuse</small>
*''[[Blinkworthia]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
*''[[Ipomoea]]'' <small>L.</small> – [[morning glory]], [[sweet potato]]
*''[[Lepistemon]]'' <small>Blume</small>
*''[[Lepistemonopsis]]'' <small>Dammer</small>
*''[[Paralepistemon]]'' <small>Lejoly & Lisowski</small>
*''[[Rivea]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
*''[[Stictocardia]]'' <small>Hallier f.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1838 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Ipomoeeae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2009-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051611/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1838 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Tribe Maripeae
*''[[Dicranostyles]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
*''[[Itzaea]]'' <small>Standl. & Steyerm.</small>
*''[[Lysiostyles]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
*''[[Maripa (plant)|Maripa]]'' <small>Aubl.</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1840 |title=Genera of ''Convolvulaceae'' tribe ''Maripeae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2009-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051615/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1840 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Tribe Poraneae
*''[[Calycobolus]]'' <small>Willd. ex Schult.</small>
*''[[Dipteropeltis (plant)|Dipteropeltis]]'' <small>Hallier f.</small>
*''[[Metaporana]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
*''[[Neuropeltis]]'' <small>Wall.</small>
*''[[Neuropeltopsis]]'' <small>Ooststr.</small>
*''[[Porana]]'' <small>Burm.f.</small>
*''[[Rapona]]'' <small>Baill.</small>

;''[[Incertae sedis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Simões|first1=A. R.|last2=Staples|first2=G.|date=2017-04-01|title=Dissolution of Convolvulaceae tribe Merremieae and a new classification of the constituent genera|url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/183/4/561/3739737|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=183|issue=4|pages=561–586|doi=10.1093/botlinnean/box007|issn=0024-4074|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*''[[Camonea]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''[[Daustinia]]'' <small>Buril & Simões</small>
*''[[Decalobanthus]]'' <small>Ooststr.</small>
*''[[Distimake]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''[[Hewittia (plant)|Hewittia]]'' <small>Wight & Arn.</small>
*''[[Hyalocystis]]'' <small>Hallier f.</small>
*''[[Merremia]]'' <small>Dennst. ex Endl.</small> – Hawaiian woodrose
*''[[Operculina]]'' <small>Silva Manso</small>
*''[[Remirema]]'' <small>Kerr</small>
*''[[Xenostegia]]'' <small>D.F.Austin & Staples</small>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{one source|date=August 2020}}
{{Reflist|32em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |author=Daniel F. Austin |year=1973 |title=The American Erycibeae (Convolvulaceae): ''Maripa'', ''Dicranostyles'', and ''Lysiostyles'' I. Systematics |journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=306–412 |doi=10.2307/2395089 |jstor=2395089 |url=http://biostor.org/reference/11998}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040407211521/http://www.fau.edu/divdept/biology/people/daustin/convolv.html Austin, D. F. 1997. Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family)]
*[http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/plants/magnoliophyta/magnoliophytina/magnoliopsida/convolvulaceae/convolvulus/ Convolvulus plant]
*[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/convolvu.htm Convolvulaceae] in [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.]
*{{cite journal |author=Daniel F. Austin |year=2000 |title=Bindweed (''Convolvulus arvensis'', Convolvulaceae) in North America – from medicine to menace |journal=[[Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society]] |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=172–177 |doi=10.2307/3088694 |jstor=3088694}}
*[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140607014900/http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=2147&p=8968 Costea, M. 2007-onwards. Digital Atlas of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae)]
*Lyons, K. E. 2001. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929000808/http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/convarv.html Element stewardship abstract for ''Convolvulus arvensis'' L. field bindweed.] The Nature Conservancy.
*Calif. Dept. of Food and Agriculture. Undated. [http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/weedinfo/convolvulus.htm Field bindweed (''Convolvulus arvensis'' L.)]
*Univ. of Idaho Extension. 1999. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070512200713/http://info.ag.uidaho.edu/homewise/homewise_082399.htm Homewise: No matter what we do, our morning glory weeds come back every year. Any advice? Aug. 23]
*Hodges, L. 2003. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060110085109/http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/horticulture/nf585.htm Bindweed identification and control options for organic production.] NebFacts. Univ. of Nebraska – Lincoln Cooperative Extension
*Univ. of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2003. [http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7462.html Field Bindweed. Pest Notes. Publ. # 7462]
*Washington State Univ. Cooperative Extension. Undated. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070516204041/http://pep.wsu.edu/hortsense/ Hortsense: Weeds: Field bindweed (Wild morningglory): ''Convolvulus arvensis'']
*Sullivan, P. 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110709203435/https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/bindweed.pdf Field bindweed control alternatives.] ATTRA. National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service.
*Lanini, W. T. Undated. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080228052821/http://www.nswg.org/tomlanini.htm Organic weed management in vineyards.] University of California, Davis Cooperative Extension.
*Cox, H. R. 1915. The eradication of bindweed or wild morning-glory. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin 368. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office.
*{{cite book |author=J. L. Littlefield |year=2004 |chapter=Bindweeds |title=Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States |editor=Eric M. Coombs |location=Corvallis OR |publisher=[[Oregon State University Press]] |pages=150–157 |isbn=978-0-87071-029-2}}
*New Mexico State Univ. Cooperative Extension Service. 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090115214047/http://www.cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/CR%20600.pdf Managing ''Aceria malherbae'' gall mites for control of field bindweed.]
*{{cite journal |author=Sue Dockstader |year=2005 |title=Coping with field bindweed without using herbicides |journal=[[Journal of Pesticide Reform]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=6–7 |url=http://www.pesticide.org/solutions/home-and-garden-toolbox/weed-solutions/bindweed |access-date=2012-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422012539/http://www.pesticide.org/solutions/home-and-garden-toolbox/weed-solutions/bindweed |archive-date=2012-04-22 |url-status=dead }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://convolvulaceae.myspecies.info/ Convolvulaceae Unlimited]
*[http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/convolvulaceae_01.htm Convolvulaceae in Topwalks]
*[http://www.flowersinisrael.com/FamConvolvulaceae.html Family Convolvulaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411024328/http://www.flowersinisrael.com/FamConvolvulaceae.html |date=2020-04-11 }} Flowers in Israel

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q145777}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Convolvulaceae| ]]
[[Category:Asterid families]]