Editing Cooper test

{{Short description|Physical fitness test}}
{{Hatnote|For the legal test for overturning a conviction in English law, please see [[Lurking doubt]].}}

The '''Cooper test''' which was designed by [[Kenneth H. Cooper]] in 1968 for [[US military]] use is a [[physical fitness]] test.<ref name=aerobics>{{cite book |last1= Cooper |first1= Kenneth H. |authorlink1= Kenneth H. Cooper |title= Aerobics |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lzxxbhuKCxgC&q=editions:2AhzqbwhuU8C |date= January 1969 |publisher= [[Bantam Books]] |isbn= 978-0-553-14490-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cooperaerobics.com/About-Cooper/Dr--Kenneth-Cooper.aspx |title=Cooper Aerobics - Dr. Kenneth Cooper |accessdate=2010-06-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011213536/http://www.cooperaerobics.com/About-Cooper/Dr--Kenneth-Cooper.aspx |archivedate=2010-10-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/fitnessevalandassessment/a/12MinRun.htm | title=Cooper Test: A 12-Minute Run to Check Aerobic Fitness | access-date=2010-06-19 | archive-date=2016-03-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306054902/http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/fitnessevalandassessment/a/12MinRun.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> In its original form, the point of the test is to run as far as possible within 12 minutes. Pacing is important, as the participant will not cover a maximal distance if they begin with a pace too close to an all out sprint. The outcome is based on the distance the test person ran, their age and their gender.

It is a very hard test to perform in larger groups. For athletes, the length of the run is considered to be that of a short distance run, since everything above 3&nbsp;km is rated "long distance"—which means the runner will primarily use their [[muscle|"red", slow oxidative muscle cells]].

For comparison the 2 miles (3,218.7 meters) world best is 7:54.10 set by [[Jakob Ingebrigtsen]] and the [[5000 meters]] outdoor world record of [[Joshua Cheptegei]] is 12:35.36. With the same average speed, this would give 4768 metres for the Cooper test. The 2 miles world best for women is held by [[Meseret Defar]] with 8:58.58 and [[Faith Kipyegon]]'s world record time for the outdoor 5000 meters is 14:05.20.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-category/world-records | title=World Athletics }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-category/world-best-performances | title=World Athletics }}</ref>

==Interpretation of results==
The following is an example of the many tables that exist for the test:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Cooper Test
|-
! Age
! M/F
! Excellent
! Good
! Fair
! Bad
! Very Bad
|-
! rowspan="2" |11-12
| style="background-color:#DEF" | M
| style="background-color:#DEF" | > 2600 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2250–2600 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2050–2250 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 1950–2050 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | < 1950m
|-
| F
| > 1950 m
| 1750–1950 m
| 1500–1750 m
| 1300–1500 m
| < 1300 m
|-
! rowspan="2" | 13-14
| style="background-color:#DEF" | M
| style="background-color:#DEF" | > 2700 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2400–2700 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2200–2399 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2100–2199 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | < 2100 m
|-
| F
| > 2000 m
| 1900–2000 m
| 1600–1899 m
| 1500–1599 m
| < 1500 m
|-
! rowspan=2 | 15-16
| style="background-color:#DEF" | M
| style="background-color:#DEF" | > 2800 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2500–2800 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2300–2499 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2200–2299 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | < 2200 m
|-
| F
| > 2100 m
| 2000–2100 m
| 1700–1999 m
| 1600–1699 m
| < 1600 m
|-
! rowspan=2 | 17-19
| style="background-color:#DEF" | M
| style="background-color:#DEF" | > 3000 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2700–3000 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2500–2699 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2300–2499 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | < 2300 m
|-
| F
| > 2300 m
| 2100–2300 m
| 1800–2099 m
| 1700–1799 m
| < 1700 m
|-
! rowspan=2 | 20-29
| style="background-color:#DEF" | M
| style="background-color:#DEF" | > 2800 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2400–2800 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2200–2399 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 1600–2199 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | < 1600 m
|-
|F
| > 2700 m
| 2200–2700 m
| 1800–2199 m
| 1500–1799 m
| < 1500 m
|-
! rowspan=2 | 30-39
| style="background-color:#DEF" | M
| style="background-color:#DEF" | > 2700 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2300–2700 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 1900–2299 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 1500–1899 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | < 1500 m
|-
| F
| > 2500 m
| 2000–2500 m
| 1700–1999 m
| 1400–1699 m
| < 1400 m
|-
! rowspan=2 | 40-49
| style="background-color:#DEF" | M
| style="background-color:#DEF" | > 2500 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2100–2500 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 1700–2099 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 1400–1699 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | < 1400 m
|-
| F
| > 2300 m
| 1900–2300 m
| 1500–1899 m
| 1200–1499 m
| < 1200 m
|-
! rowspan=2 | 50+
| style="background-color:#DEF" | M
| style="background-color:#DEF" | > 2400 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2000–2400 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 1600–1999 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 1300–1599 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | < 1300 m
|-
| F
| > 2200 m
| 1700–2200 m
| 1400–1699 m
| 1100–1399 m
| < 1100 m
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Cooper test (Experienced athletes)
|-
! Gender
! Excellent
! Good
! Average
! Bad
! Terrible
|-
| style="background-color:#DEF" | Male
| style="background-color:#DEF" | > 3700 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 3400–3700 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 3100–3399 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | 2800–3099 m
| style="background-color:#DEF" | < 2800 m
|-
| Female
| > 3000 m
| 2700–3000 m
| 2400–2699 m
| 2100–2399 m
| < 2100 m
|}

=== VO2 max estimate ===
The results can be correlated with [[VO2 max|VO<sub>2</sub> max]] by inverting the linear regression values presented in the original publication.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Kenneth H. |title=A Means of Assessing Maximal Oxygen Intake: Correlation Between Field and Treadmill Testing |journal=JAMA |date=15 January 1968 |volume=203 |issue=3 |pages=203 |doi=10.1001/jama.1968.03140030033008 |url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1968.03140030033008 |language=en |issn=0098-7484|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Formula:

:<math>\mathrm{VO_2\; max} = {d_{12} - 504.9 \over 44.73}</math>

where d<sub>12</sub> is distance (in metres) covered in 12 minutes, alternatively

:<math>\mathrm{VO_2\; max} = {35.97 \cdot d(\text{miles})_{12} - 11.29}</math>

where d(miles)<sub>12</sub> is distance (in miles) covered in 12 minutes.

== Practical use ==
For practical use, precise monitoring presents a challenge. Not all military bases have a running track, and tracking soldiers' laps and positions after 12 minutes is difficult. Testing is easier to administer when the distance is fixed and the finishing time measured. In his original book, Cooper also provided an alternate version of the test, based on the time to complete a 1.5 mile run.<ref name=aerobics></ref>

Most armies and police agencies of the world use a fixed distance. This is not exactly a Cooper test but a reasonable practical compromise as long as the distance is of sufficient length to put a continuous load on the cardiovascular system for 10 or more minutes. For example, the British Army uses 1.5 miles, the Australian Army uses 2.4 kilometers, the US Army uses 2 miles and the US Marine Corps 3 miles. For each base the course is measured and local corrections (elevation, conditions, etc.) applied. Soldiers are sent off in waves, and timed over the finish line by some [[Physical Training Instructor|PTIs]] with a stopwatch.

For personal trainers, the Cooper Test, when carried out on a treadmill, is a reliable and repeatable method for measuring a client's progress.

As a standard test this test should to be performed only under standard conditions:

* Between 50 and 75 °F (10 to 25 °C) with 75% maximum humidity.
* On a standard 400 m [[Tartan track]] or similar.
* The candidate should not suffer from respiratory problems.

The test formula given by Cooper is not considered to be useful for untrained pupils.<ref>[http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/8585 Library of the Heidelberg University: Evaluation of the COOPER-Tests from a performance-physiological perspective] Retrieved 3 July 2014</ref>
Regression analysis within in a study of sedentary male subjects revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.93, P<0.001) with direct VO2Max measurements with a modified formula: 

:<math>\mathrm{VO_2\; max} = {21.01 \cdot d(\text{kilometers})_{12} - 11.04}</math>

where d(kilometers)<sub>12</sub> is distance (in kilometers) covered in 12 minutes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=A. |title=Validity of cooper's 12-minute run test for estimation of maximum oxygen uptake in male university students. |journal=Biology of Sport |date=2015 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=59 |doi=10.5604/20831862.1127283 |s2cid=16427810 |language=en }} Retrieved 7 Jun 2024</ref>

== Football referees ==
The Cooper test was one of the most commonly used fitness tests to measure the fitness levels of both amateur and professional football referees, including referees from the [[The Football Association|FA]] (English Football Association). More recently, many countries have decided to stop relying on the Cooper Test, claiming that the Cooper test does not correlate well to a real football match, where players run short sprints rather than at a regular pace. Thus it may not truly indicate if a referee will be able to perform well in a football match. All [[FIFA]] referees are now required to pass the [[HI Intensity Fitness Test]]. National associations are gradually requiring some of their top-tier officials to do the HI Intensity Fitness Test also. Lower level referees are often given a choice to either perform the HI Intensity Fitness Test or the Cooper Test. Nevertheless, the recent trend seems to indicate that the Cooper Test is slowly being phased out.<ref name="The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research">{{cite journal|title=Fitness test results of Hungarian and international-level soccer referees and assistants |last=Bartha|first=C. et, al.|date= Jan 2009|journal=The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research|pmid=19125100|doi=10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818ebb84|volume=23|issue=1|pages=121–6|s2cid=40841714 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="cnn1">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/06/04/world.cup.referees.fitness/index.html|title=World Cup referees outrun players|last=Park|first=Madison|date=4 June 2010|work=CNN.com|access-date=27 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819231322/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-06-04/health/world.cup.referees.fitness_1_referees-elite-soccer-players-soccer-field?_s=PM:HEALTH|archive-date=19 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="smithsonian1">{{cite news|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/How-to-Train-a-World-Cup-Referee.html|title=How to Train a World Cup Referee|last=Morrison|first=Jim|date=22 June 2010|work=Smithsonian.com|accessdate=27 July 2012|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927173446/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/How-to-Train-a-World-Cup-Referee.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Training effect]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Aerobic exercise]]
[[Category:Running]]
[[Category:Sports medicine tests]]
[[Category:Sports terminology]]