Editing Coreopsis

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Coreopsisgigantea.jpg
|image_caption = ''Coreopsis gigantea''
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Coreopsis
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<!--1753-->
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = Many, see text
|synonyms =
*''Acispermum'' <small>Neck.</small>
*''Calliopsis'' <small>Rchb.</small>
*''Chrysomelea'' {{small|Tausch}}
*''Coreopis'' {{small|Gunnerus}}, orth. var.
*''Coreopsoides'' {{small|Moench}}
*''Cymbaecarpa'' {{small|Cav.}}
*''Diplosastera'' {{small|Tausch}}
*''Leachia'' {{small|Cass.}}
*''Lophactis'' {{small|Raf.}}
*''Odoglossa'' {{small|Raf.}}
*''Pugiopappus'' <small>A.Gray</small>
*''Selleophytum'' <small>Urb.</small>
*''Vernasolis'' {{small|Raf.}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>{{cite web |title=''Coreopsis'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60437222-2 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Coreopsis''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|ɒr|iː|ˈ|ɒ|p|s|ᵻ|s}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref>) is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Asteraceae]]. Common names include '''calliopsis''' and '''tickseed''', a name shared with various [[tickseed|other plants]].

==Description==
These plants range from {{convert|46|–|120|cm|0|abbr=off}} in height. The flowers are usually yellow with a toothed tip, but can also be yellow-and-red bicolor or pink.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://mtcubacenter.org/trials/coreopsis/|title=Coreopsis For the Mid-Atlantic Region Research Report|date=December 2015|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> They have showy flower heads with involucral [[bract]]s in two distinct series of eight each, the outer being commonly connate at the base. The flat fruits are small and dry and look like insects.

There are nearly 40 species of ''Coreopsis'', all of which are [[native plant|native]] to [[North America|North]], [[Central America|Central]], and [[South America]].<ref name = powo/> The name ''Coreopsis'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] words {{lang|grc|κόρις}} ({{Translation|grc|koris}}), meaning "[[Bed bug|bedbug]]", and {{lang|grc|ὄψις}} ({{Translation|grc|opsis}}), meaning "view", referring to the shape of the [[achene]].<ref name=Kim>{{cite journal |title=ITS sequences and phylogenetic relationships in ''Bidens'' and ''Coreopsis'' (Asteraceae) |first=Seung-Chul |last=Kim |author2=Daniel J. Crawford |author3=Mesfin Tadesse |author4=Mary Berbee |author5=Fred R. Ganders |author6=Mona Pirseyedi |author7=Elizabeth J. Esselman  |date=July–September 1999 |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=480–493 |doi=10.2307/2419701|jstor=2419701 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esMPU5DHEGgC  |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: A-C |year=2000 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-2675-2 |page=615}}</ref>

==Species==
39 species are currently accepted by ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''.<ref name = powo/>
{{div col}}
*''[[Coreopsis aristulata]]'' {{small|LeBlond, Sorrie & Weakley}}
*''[[Coreopsis auriculata]]'' {{small|L.}}
*''[[Coreopsis bakeri]]'' {{small|E.E.Schill.}}
*''[[Coreopsis basalis]]'' {{small|(A.Dietr.) S.F.Blake}}
*''[[Coreopsis bolanosana]]'' {{small|Panero & Villaseñor}}
*''[[Coreopsis breviligulata]]'' {{small|Sagást. & Sánchez Vega}}
*''[[Coreopsis buchii]]'' {{small|(Urb.) S.F.Blake}}
*''[[Coreopsis canescentifolia]]'' {{small|Sagást.}}
*''[[Coreopsis falcata]]'' {{small|F.E.Boynton}}
*''[[Coreopsis floridana]]'' {{small|E.B.Sm.}}
*''[[Coreopsis gladiata]]'' {{small|Walter}}
*''[[Coreopsis glaucodes]]'' {{small|S.F.Blake & Sherff}}
*''[[Coreopsis grandiflora]]'' {{small|Hogg ex Sweet}}
*''[[Coreopsis imbricata]]'' {{small|Sherff}}
*''[[Coreopsis integra]]'' {{small|S.F.Blake}}
*''[[Coreopsis integrifolia]]'' {{small|Poir.}}
*''[[Coreopsis intermedia]]'' {{small|Sherff}}
*''[[Coreopsis killipii]]'' {{small|Sherff}}
*''[[Coreopsis lanceolata]]'' {{small|L.}}
*''[[Coreopsis leavenworthii]]'' {{small|Torr. & A.Gray}}
*''[[Coreopsis linifolia]]'' {{small|Nutt.}}
*''[[Coreopsis longula]]'' {{small|S.F.Blake}}
*''[[Coreopsis maysillesii]]'' {{small|Sherff}}
*''[[Coreopsis mollicula]]'' {{small|Sagást. & Sánchez Vega}}
*''[[Coreopsis multifida]]'' {{small|DC.}}
*''[[Coreopsis nudata]]'' {{small|Nutt.}}
*''[[Coreopsis nuecensis]]'' {{small|A.Heller}}
*''[[Coreopsis nuecensoides]]'' {{small|E.B.Sm.}}
*''[[Coreopsis paludosa]]'' {{small|M.E.Jones}}
*''[[Coreopsis palustris]]'' {{small|Sorrie}}
*''[[Coreopsis peruviana]]'' {{small|Sagást.}}
*''[[Coreopsis piurana]]'' {{small|Sherff}}
*''[[Coreopsis poloe]]'' {{small|Sagást. & Zapata}}
*''[[Coreopsis pubescens]]'' {{small|Elliott}}
*''[[Coreopsis rosea]]'' {{small|Nutt.}}
*''[[Coreopsis spectabilis]]'' {{small|A.Gray}}
*''[[Coreopsis teotepecensis]]'' {{small|Paray}}
*''[[Coreopsis tinctoria]]'' {{small|Nutt.}}
*''[[Coreopsis wrightii]]'' {{small|(A.Gray) H.M.Parker ex E.B.Sm.}}
{{div col end}}

===Formerly placed here===
{{div col}}
* ''[[Bidens alba]]'' <small>(L.) DC.</small> (as ''C. alba'' <small>L.</small>)
* ''[[Bidens aristosa]]'' <small>(Michx.) Britton</small> (as ''C. aristosa'' <small>Michx.</small>)
* ''[[Bidens aurea]]'' <small>(Aiton) Sherff</small> (as ''C. aurea'' <small>Aiton</small>)
* ''[[Bidens mitis]]'' <small>(Michx.) Sherff</small> (as ''C. mitis'' <small>Michx.</small>)
* ''[[Bidens trichosperma]]'' <small>(Michx.) Britton</small> (as ''C. trichosperma'' <small>Michx.</small>)
* ''[[Cosmos bipinnatus]]'' <small>Cav.</small> (as ''C. formosa'' <small>Bonato</small>)
* ''[[Cosmos parviflorus]]'' <small>(Jacq.) Pers.</small> (as ''C. parviflora'' <small>Jacq.</small>)
* ''[[Electranthera cuneifolia]]'' {{small|(Greenm.) Mesfin, D.J.Crawford & Pruski}} (as ''C. cuneifolia'' {{small|Greenm.}})
* ''[[Electranthera mutica]]'' {{small|(DC.) Mesfin, D.J.Crawford & Pruski}} (as ''C. mutica'' {{small|DC.}})
* ''[[Epilepis rudis]]'' {{small|Benth.}} (as ''C. rudis'' <small>(Benth.) Hemsl.</small>)
* ''[[Iostephane heterophylla]]'' <small>(Cav.) Hemsl.</small> (as ''C. heterophylla'' <small>Cav.</small>)
*''[[Leptosyne bigelovii]]'' {{small|(A.Gray) A.Gray}} (as ''C. bigelovii'' {{small|(A.Gray) Voss}})
*''[[Leptosyne californica]]'' {{small|Nutt.}} (as ''C. californica'' {{small|(Nutt.) H.Sharsm.}})
*''[[Leptosyne calliopsidea]]'' {{small|(DC.) A.Gray}} (as ''C. calliopsidea'' {{small|(DC.) A.Gray}})
*''[[Leptosyne douglasii]]'' {{small|DC.}} (as ''C. douglasii'' {{small|(DC.) H.M.Hall}})
*''[[Leptosyne gigantea]]'' {{small|Kellogg}} (as ''C. gigantea'' {{small|(Kellogg) H.M.Hall}})
*''[[Leptosyne hamiltonii]]'' {{small|Elmer}} (as ''C. hamiltonii'' {{small|(Elmer) H.Sharsm.}})
*''[[Leptosyne maritima]]'' {{small|(Nutt.) A.Gray}} (as ''C. maritima'' {{small|(Nutt.) Hook.f.}})
*''[[Leptosyne stillmanii]]'' {{small|A.Gray}} (as ''C. stillmanii'' {{small|(A.Gray) S.F.Blake}})
* ''[[Simsia amplexicaulis]]'' <small>(Cav.) Pers.</small> (as ''C. amplexicaulis'' <small>Cav.</small>)
* ''[[Simsia foetida]]'' <small>(Cav.) S.F.Blake</small> (as ''C. foetida'' <small>Cav.</small>)
* ''[[Thelesperma filifolium]]'' <small>(Hook.) A.Gray</small> (as ''C. filifolia'' <small>Hook.</small>)
* ''[[Verbesina alternifolia]]'' <small>(L.) Britton ex Kearney</small> (as ''C. alternifolia'' <small>L.</small>)<ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |title=Species Records of ''Coreopsis'' |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?14101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120132848/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?14101 |archive-date=January 20, 2009 |access-date=February 9, 2011 |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref>
* ''[[Verbesina occidentalis]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Thomas Walter (botanist)|Walter]]</small> (as ''C. alata'' <small>Cav. Pursh</small>)
{{div col end}}

==Taxonomy==
''Coreopsis'' is a variable genus closely related to ''[[Bidens]]''. In fact, neither ''Coreopsis'' nor ''Bidens'', as defined in the 20th century, is strictly [[monophyletic]]. ''Coreopsis'' is best described as [[paraphyletic]]. Previously (1936), ''Coreopsis'' was classified into 11 sections and 114 species, but the African species were subsequently reclassified as ''Bidens'', leaving the North and South American species, some 75–80 in all, under ''Coreopsis''. 45 species are in the 11 North American sections, and the remaining 35 are in the South American section ''Pseudoagarista''. The North American species fall into two broad groups, with 5 sections and 12 species in Mexico and North America and the remaining 5 sections and 26 species in Eastern North America.<ref name=Kim/>

One group which does seem to be monophyletic consists of [[temperate]] species from North America, including five sections of ''Coreopsis'', ''[[Bidens coronata]]'' and ''[[Bidens tripartita]]'', and the genus ''[[Thelesperma]]'' (five species).<ref name="crawford2005">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.2.330 | title = Phylogeny of Eastern North American Coreopsis (Asteraceae-Coreopsideae): insights from nuclear and plastid sequences, and comments on character evolution | year = 2005 | author = Crawford, D. J. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | pages = 330–6 | last2 = Mort | first2 = M. E. | issue = 2 | pmid = 21652409 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Plants of the World Online]] accepts the genera ''[[Anacis]]'' {{small|Schrank}},<ref>{{cite web |title=''Anacis'' Schrank |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:7604-1 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref> ''[[Electranthera]]'' {{small|Mesfin, D.J.Crawford & Pruski}},<ref>{{cite web |title=''Electranthera'' Mesfin, D.J.Crawford & Pruski |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60472675-2 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref> ''[[Epilepis]]'' {{small|Benth.}},<ref>{{cite web |title=''Epilepis'' Benth. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:8803-1 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref> ''[[Leptosyne]]'' {{small|DC.}},<ref>{{cite web |title=''Leptosyne'' DC. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30060022-2 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref> and ''[[Silphidium]]'' {{small|(Torr. & A.Gray) Mesfin & D.J.Crawford}},<ref>{{cite web |title=''Silphidium'' (Torr. & A.Gray) Mesfin & D.J.Crawford |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77333296-1 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref> which other authorities, including the Global Compositae Database, treat as synonyms of ''Coreopsis''. Plants of the World Online treats ''Selleophytum'' as a synonym of ''Coreopsis''.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Selleophytum'' Urb. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:297352-2 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref>

===Sections===
[[File:Coreopsis lanceolata - flower view 02.jpg|thumb|''[[Coreopsis lanceolata]]'']]
[[File:Coreopsis lanceolata - flower view 01.jpg|thumb|''Coreopsis lanceolata'']]
One classification (GRIN) of the genus consists of eleven sections,<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?14101 |title=Genus: ''Coreopsis'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=January 6, 2011 |access-date=February 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629212557/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?14101 |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> shown by [[cladistic]] relationships with number of species in parentheses.<ref name="Kim" />

:''Coreopsis'' sect. ''Pseudoagarista'' (35)

==== Section Anathysana ====
* ''[[Coreopsis cyclocarpa]]'' <small>S.F.Blake</small>

==== Section Calliopsis ====
* ''[[Coreopsis bicolor]]''
* ''[[Coreopsis leavenworthii]]'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray</small> &ndash; Leavenworth's tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis paludosa]]'' <small>M.E.Jones</small>
* ''[[Coreopsis tinctoria]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> &ndash; plains coreopsis

==== Section Coreopsis ====
* ''[[Coreopsis auriculata]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> &ndash; lobed tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis bakeri]]'' <small>E.E.Schill.</small>
* ''[[Coreopsis basalis]]'' <small>(A.Dietr.) S.F.Blake</small> &ndash; goldenmane tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis grandiflora]]'' <small>Hogg ex Sweet</small> &ndash; large-flowered tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis intermedia]]'' <small>Sherff</small> &ndash; goldenwave tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis lanceolata]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; lance coreopsis, lance-leaf tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis nuecensis]]'' <small>A.Heller</small> &ndash; crown tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis nuecensoides]]'' <small>E.B.Sm.</small> &ndash; Rio Grande tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis pubescens]]'' <small>Elliott</small> &ndash; star tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis wrightii]]'' <small>(A.Gray) H.M.Parker</small> &ndash; rock tickseed

==== Section Electra ====
* ''[[Coreopsis cuneifolia]]'' <small>Greenm.</small>
* ''[[Coreopsis mexicana]]''
* ''[[Coreopsis mutica]]'' <small>DC.</small>

==== Section Eublepharis ====
* ''[[Coreopsis floridana]]'' <small>E.B.Sm.</small> &ndash; Florida tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis gladiata]]'' <small>Walter</small> &ndash; coastalplain tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis integrifolia]]'' <small>Poir.</small> &ndash; fringeleaf tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis linifolia]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> &ndash; Texas tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis nudata]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> &ndash; Georgia tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis palustris]]'' <small>Sorrie</small> &ndash; swamp tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis rosea]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> &ndash; pink tickseed

==== Section Gyrophyllum (syn. Palmatae) ====
* ''[[Coreopsis delphiniifolia]]'' <small>Lam.</small> &ndash; larkspurleaf tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis major]]'' <small>Walter</small> &ndash; greater tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis palmata]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> &ndash; stiff tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis pulchra]]'' <small>F.E.Boynton</small> &ndash; woodland tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis tripteris]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; tall tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis verticillata]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; whorled tickseed

==== Section Leptosyne ====
* ''[[Coreopsis douglasii]]'' <small>(DC.) H.M.Hall</small> &ndash; Douglas's tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis californica]]'' <small>(Nutt.) H.Sharsm.</small> &ndash; California tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis stillmanii]]'' <small>(A.Gray) S.F.Blake</small> &ndash; Stillman's tickseed

==== Section Pseudoagarista ====
South America, 35 species
* ''[[Coreopsis mcvaughii]]'' <small>D.J.Crawford</small>
* ''[[Coreopsis petrophila]]'' <small>A.Gray</small>
* ''[[Coreopsis petrophiloides]]'' <small>B.L.Rob. & Greenm.</small>
* ''[[Coreopsis spectabilis]]'' [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Coreopsis spectabilis'' |publisher=International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/198203-1 |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=www.ipni.org}}</ref>

==== Section Pugiopappus ====
* ''[[Coreopsis bigelovii]]'' <small>([[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]) Voss</small> &ndash; Bigelow's tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis calliopsidea]]'' <small>(DC.) A.Gray</small> &ndash; leafstem tickseed
* ''[[Coreopsis hamiltonii]]'' <small>(Elmer) H. Sharsm.</small> &ndash; Mount Hamilton tickseed

==== Section Silphidium ====
* ''[[Coreopsis latifolia]]'' <small>Michx.</small> &ndash; broadleaf tickseed

==== Section Tuckermannia ====
* ''[[Coreopsis gigantea]]'' <small>(Kellogg) H.M.Hall</small> &ndash; giant coreopsis
* ''[[Coreopsis maritima]]'' <small>(Nutt.) Hook.f.</small> &ndash; sea dahlia

==Distribution and habitat==
North American ''Coreopsis'' can be found in two habitats in the wild, growing along roadsides and open fields throughout the Eastern United States and Canada. In this environment the plant will self-sow.

==Ecology==
''Coreopsis'' species are a source of [[nectar]] and [[pollen]] for insects.<ref name=":0" /> The species is known to provide food to caterpillars of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including ''[[Coleophora acamtopappi]]''.

==Cultivation==
''Coreopsis'' can grow in a garden as a border plant, or in a container, preferring well-drained soil. Deadheading the flowers ensures it does not become weedy. Using the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) [[hardiness zone]]s will identify what soil and climate is preferred for different cultivars or species.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=COREO2|title=tickseed|website=USDA plants website|publisher=USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> Notable species found in cultivation are ''C.&nbsp;grandiflora'' and ''C.&nbsp;verticillata'', as well as their various [[cultivar]]s.[[File:coreopsis in Kansas.jpg|thumb|''Coreopsis'', Kansas wildflower]]
The sunny, summer-blooming, daisy-like flowers are popularly planted in gardens to attract butterflies. Both [[annual (plant)|annual]] and [[perennial (plant)|perennial]] types are grown in the home garden (USDA hardiness zone 7a/6b).<ref name=":0" /> In the Mid-Atlantic region, insects such as bees, hover flies, and wasps are often observed visiting the flowers.<ref name=":0" />

== Culture ==
All ''Coreopsis'' species were designated the [[List of U.S. state and territory flowers|state wildflower]] of the U.S. state of [[Florida]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |last=Main |first=Martin B. |author2=Ginger M. Allen |title=Florida State Symbols |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw209 |access-date=February 9, 2011 |work=Electronic Data Information Source |publisher=University of Florida IFAS Extension}}</ref> In the [[language of flowers]], ''Coreopsis'' means to be always cheerful, while ''Coreopsis arkansa'' in particular stands for love at first sight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language of Flowers - Flower Meanings, Flower Sentiments |url=http://www.languageofflowers.com/flowermeaning.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124141728/http://languageofflowers.com/flowermeaning.htm |archive-date=2016-11-24 |access-date=2016-11-26 |website=www.languageofflowers.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=108000 Flora of North America: Coreopsis]
*{{Wikispecies-inline}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{US state flowers}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1362995}}
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[[Category:Coreopsis| ]]
[[Category:Asteraceae genera]]
[[Category:Flora of the Americas]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Symbols of Florida]]