Editing Corisco

{{Short description|Island of Equatorial Guinea}}
{{Infobox island
| name               = Corisco
| native_name        = <!-- or |local_name= -->
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| image_name         = Corisco Island Equatorial Guinea.jpg
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| image_map_alt      = Corisco Island and Elobey Islands
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| image_map_caption  = Corisco Island and Elobey Islands
| pushpin_map        = Equatorial Guinea
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| area_km2           = 14
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| highest_mount      = 35 m
| country            = {{EQG}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = 
| country_admin_divisions = [[Litoral (Equatorial Guinea)|Litoral]]
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| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Insular Region (Equatorial Guinea)|Insular Region]]
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| timezone1          = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
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'''Corisco''', '''Mandj,''' or '''Mandyi''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-11 |title=Isla de Corsico {{!}} Marine World Database |url=http://www.anchorageworld.com/content/isla-de-corisco |access-date=2022-08-01 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511055122/http://www.anchorageworld.com/content/isla-de-corisco |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> is a small [[island]] of [[Equatorial Guinea]], located {{convert|29|km|0|abbr=on}} southwest of the [[Río Muni]] estuary that defines the border with [[Gabon]]. Corisco, whose name derives from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] word for lightning, has an area of {{convert|14|km2|0|abbr=on}}, and its highest point is {{convert|35|m|0|abbr=on}} [[Height above mean sea level|above sea level]]. The most important settlement on the island is [[Gobe, Corisco|Gobe]].

==History==
During the Iron Age (49 BC - 1401 AD) and before the arrival of the Portuguese, the island was densely settled. The most important evidence of human occupation comes from the area of Nandá, near the eastern coast, where dozens of prehistoric burials have been excavated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/37893|title=Arqueología en el Estuario del Muni (Guinea Ecuatorial)|first1=Xurxo|last1=Ayán Vila|first2=Alfredo|last2=González-Ruibal|first3=Sonia|last3=García-Rodríguez|first4=Carlos|last4=Otero Vilariño|first5=Llorenç|last5=Picornell Gelabert|first6=Manuel|last6=Sánchez-Elipe Lorente|first7=Mario|last7=Trigo|first8=Francesca|last8=Bayre|first9=Alba|last9=Valenciano Mañé|first10=Yolanda|last10=Porto Tenreiro|website=digital.csic.es|date=June 15, 2011|accessdate=November 15, 2022|via=digital.csic.es|doi=10.13039/501100003767}}</ref> These burials belong to two different periods: Early Iron Age (50 BC - 450 AD) and Middle Iron Age (1000-1150 AD). During the first period, the islanders deposited bundles of human bones and iron implements (axes, bracelets, spears, spoons, [[iron currency]]) in shallow pits dug in the sand. During the second period, tombs have been documented where the corpses (not preserved) lay surrounded by pots, probably containing food and alcoholic beverages. The deceased were interred with their adornments (collars, bracelets and anklets) and a few personal possessions (knives and adzes).

When Portuguese sailors arrived in the Mino Estuary in 1471, they noted that the islands in the area were mainly unpopulated. They named Corisco after 'lightning', due to the gales they experienced around the island.<ref name="LeoneKnauf2015">{{cite book|author1=Mark P. Leone|author2=Jocelyn E. Knauf|title=Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJy4CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA430|date=27 May 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-12760-6|pages=430}}</ref> After more than three centuries of abandonment, when it was sporadically visited by European sailors, Corisco was settled by the [[Benga people]].<ref name="LeoneKnauf2015"/> They arrived during the second half of the 18th century attracted by the prospects of trade with the Europeans. The island was later acquired by [[Spain]] in 1843, as a result of an arrangement made by [[Juan José Lerena y Barry]] with Benga king [[Bonkoro I]]. Bonkoro I died in 1846 and was succeeded by his son [[Bonkoro II]], but due to rivalries on the island, Bonkoro II moved to [[São Tomé]], and [[Munga I]] ruled in Corisco 1848 to 1858, his son [[Munga II]] taking over, and meeting the explorer [[Manuel Iradier]] in the 1870s.

In general, the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] paid little attention to Corisco. In the early part of the 20th century it was part of the administration of [[Elobey, Annobón, and Corisco]], and [[postage stamp]]s were issued under that name. It became an integral part of Equatorial Guinea upon independence.

Corisco and the surrounding waters of [[Corisco Bay]] have become of interest in recent years for their [[oil]] prospects. A consortium of [[Elf Aquitaine]] and [[Petrogab]] began prospecting in 1981. The area is disputed with [[Gabon]] because of the perceived value of the oil.  In February 2003, Gabonese Defence Minister [[Ali Bongo|Ali-Ben Bongo Ondimba]] visited the islands and re-stated Gabon's claim to them.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=39104&SelectRegion=West_Africa "Gabon-Equatorial Guinea: UN mediates dispute over Corisco Bay islands"], IRIN, January 23, 2004.</ref> Prior to 2025, there had been efforts to settle the territorial disputes between Equatorial Guinea and Gabon through mediation and litigation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-01-23 |title=The New Humanitarian {{!}} UN mediates dispute over Corisco Bay islands |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2004/01/23/un-mediates-dispute-over-corisco-bay-islands |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.thenewhumanitarian.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea/Gabon: Border dispute heads to the Hague {{!}} African Energy |url=https://www.africa-energy.com/news-centre/article/equatorial-guineagabon-border-dispute-heads-hague |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.africa-energy.com}}</ref> On May 19, 2025, the [[International Court of Justice]] issued its decision that legal title to the [[Mbanie Island]], and two other smaller islets, Cocoteros and Conga, was held by Spain, which then transferred it to Equatorial Guinea upon its independence in 1968, not Gabon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=International Court of Justice sides with Equatorial Guinea in Gabon island dispute |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgq204n1vxo |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Corisco International Airport]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* X. Ayán Vila et al., Arqueología en el Estuario del Muni (Guinea Ecuatorial). ''Revista de Arqueología'', 362: 24–33.
*{{cite book|author=Manuel Iradier Bulfi|title=Fragmentos de un diario de viajes de exploración en la zona de Corisco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jq0oAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=25 August 2012|year=1878|publisher=Fortanet}}
*{{cite book|author1=Mary Henrietta Kingsley|author2=Albert Carl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther|author3=William Forsell Kirby|title=Travels in West Africa: Congo Francais, Corisco and Cameroons|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsinwestaf00kinggoog|accessdate=25 August 2012|year=1897|publisher=Macmillan}}
* [[Max Liniger-Goumaz]], ''Small is not always beautiful: The Story of Equatorial Guinea'' (1989, {{ISBN|0-389-20861-2}}) p.&nbsp;7.
*{{cite book|author=José Muñoz y Gaviria|title=Crónica de las Islas de Fernando Póo, Corisco y Annobon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_1RAAAAcAAJ|accessdate=25 August 2012|year=1870|publisher=Rubio}}
*{{cite book|author=Francisco Salvadó y Cos|title=Colección de apuntes preliminares sobre la lengua benga: ó sea, Intrucción a una gramática de este idióma que se habla en la isla de Corisco, pueblos de su bahía é islas adyacentes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UywOAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=25 August 2012|year=1891|publisher=Impr. de A. Pérez Cubrull}}

==External links==
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[[Category:Islands of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Gabon]]
[[Category:Equatorial Guinea–Gabon border]]