Editing Counterregulatory hormone

A '''counterregulatory hormone''' is a [[hormone]] that opposes the action of another.

== Glucose Counterregulation ==

The action of [[insulin]] is counterregulated by [[glucagon]], epinephrine ([[adrenaline]]), norepinephrine ([[noradrenaline]]), [[cortisol]], and [[growth hormone]]. These counterregulatory hormones—the term is usually used in the plural—raise the level of [[glucose]] in the blood by promoting [[glycogenolysis]], [[gluconeogenesis]], [[ketogenesis]], and other [[catabolic]] processes.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00531.2011| pmid=22071156 | title=The physiology and pathophysiology of the neural control of the counterregulatory response| journal=AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology| volume=302| issue=2| pages=R215-23| year=2011| last1=Beall| first1=C.| last2=Ashford| first2=M. L.| last3=McCrimmon| first3=R. J.}}</ref> In healthy people, counterregulatory hormones constitute a principal defense against [[hypoglycemia]], and levels are expected to rise as the glucose falls.

As an example, the exercise-induced reduction in blood glucose is '''counterregulated''' by increases in levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone. The rise in blood concentrations of these '''counterregulatory hormones''' is dependent upon both [[exercise intensity]] and duration, and is proportional to the rate of glucose uptake by the contracting [[skeletal muscle]].

== Blood Pressure Counterregulation ==

Similarly, the [[natriuretic peptide]]s counterregulate against [[renin]], [[angiotensin]], and [[aldosterone]] which elevate [[blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Natriuretic peptides: Physiology, therapeutic potential, and risk stratification in ischemic heart disease |vauthors=Stein BC, Levin RI |journal=Am Heart J |volume=135 |issue=5 |pages=914–23 |date=May 1998 |pmid=9588425 |doi=10.1016/s0002-8703(98)70054-7|doi-access=free }}{{Verify source|date=June 2011}}</ref>

== Reproductive Counterregulation ==

In the reproductive system, [[inhibins]] and [[follistatin]] counterregulate [[activins]], to control [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] and so the release of [[gonads]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Semin Reprod Med |date=August 2004 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=209–17 |title=Inhibins, activins, and follistatin in the aging female and male |vauthors=Hurwitz JM, Santoro N |pmid=15319823 |doi=10.1055/s-2004-831896}}{{Verify source|date=June 2011}}</ref> Inhibins and activins also regulate bone mass.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Mol Cell Endocrinol |date=2009-10-30 |volume=310 |issue=1–2 |pages=11–20 |title=Regulation of osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis by the other reproductive hormones, Activin and Inhibin |vauthors=Nicks KM, Perrien DS, Akel NS, Suva LJ, Gaddy D |pmid=19615428 |pmc=2951729 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.001}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal
|title=Sweet talk in the brain: glucosensing, neural networks, and hypoglycemic counterregulation
|vauthors=Watts AG, Donovan CM |journal=Front Neuroendocrinol
|date=January 2010
|volume=31
|issue=1
|pages=32–43
|pmid=19836412
|pmc=2813965
|doi=10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.10.006
}}
*{{cite journal
|title=Brain glucose sensing, counterregulation, and energy homeostasis.
|vauthors=Marty N, Dallaporta M, Thorens B |journal=Physiology
|date=August 2007
|volume=22
|issue=4
|pages=241–51
|doi=10.1152/physiol.00010.2007
|url=http://physiologyonline.physiology.org/content/22/4/241.full
|pmid=17699877
|url-access=subscription
}}
*{{cite journal
|title=Dopamine and angiotensin as renal counterregulatory systems controlling sodium balance.
|author=Gildea JJ
|journal=Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
|date=January 2009
|volume=18
|issue=1
|pages=28–32
|pmid=19077686
|pmc=2847451
|doi=10.1097/MNH.0b013e32831a9e0b
}}
*{{cite journal
|title=The ANG-(1-7)/ACE2/mas axis in the regulation of nephron function.
|vauthors=Ferrario CM, Varagic J |journal=Am J Physiol Renal Physiol
|date=June 2010
|volume=298
|issue=6
|pages=F1297–305
|pmid=20375118
|pmc=2886811
|doi=10.1152/ajprenal.00110.2010
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Counterregulatory Hormone}}
[[Category:Hormones of glucose metabolism]]