Editing Courseulles-sur-Mer

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Expand French|topic=geo|date=December 2008|Courseulles-sur-Mer}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name                   = Courseulles-sur-Mer
|commune status         = [[Communes of France|Commune]]
|image                  = Gare courseulles france dec 2007.JPG
|caption                = The old railway station, converted into a cinema
|image coat of arms     = Blason ville fr Courseulles-sur-Mer (Calvados).svg
|arrondissement         = Caen
|canton                 = Courseulles-sur-Mer
|INSEE                  = 14191
|postal code            = 14470
|mayor                  = Anne-Marie Philippeaux<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
|term                   = 2020&ndash;2026
|intercommunality       = [[Communauté de communes Cœur de Nacre|CC Cœur de Nacre]]
|coordinates            = {{coord|49.3336|-0.4564|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m            = 8
|elevation min m        = 1
|elevation max m        = 51
|area km2               = 7.92
|population             = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date        = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population demonym     = Courseullais.e
|population footnotes   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}
'''Courseulles-sur-Mer''' ({{IPA|fr|kuʁsœl syʁ mɛʁ|-|Fr-Paris--Courseulles-sur-Mer.ogg}}, {{literally|Courseulles on Sea}}), commonly known as ''Courseulles'', is a [[communes of France|commune]] in the [[Calvados (department)|Calvados]] [[departments of France|department]], [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]], northwestern France.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/commune/14191-courseulles-sur-mer |title=Commune de Courseulles-sur-Mer (14191) |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |language=fr |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref> Until 1957, the town's name was simply ''Courseulles''.<ref>{{Cassini-Ehess|10755|Courseulles-sur-Mer}}</ref> It lies 3&nbsp;km west of [[Bernières-sur-Mer]] and 18&nbsp;km north of [[Caen]].<ref>[https://www.villorama.com/ville/courseulles-sur-mer/villes-proches.html Quelques villes proches de Courseulles-sur-Mer], villorama.com</ref>

It is a popular tourist destination not only with locals but also with international visitors who come to tour the [[Normandy Landings|Normandy landing beaches]]. The population of the town can reach 15,000 people in the summer months owing to the numerous summer homes, owned for the most part by Parisians.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The town is split in two by the river [[Seulles]].

==World War Two==
More than 14,000 [[Canadians]] stormed the {{convert|8|km|mi|sigfig=1}} stretch of [[Juno Beach|a Lower Normandy Beach]] between Courseulles-sur-Mer and [[Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados|St. Aubin-sur-Mer]] on 6 June 1944. They were followed by 150,000 additional Canadian troops over the next few months, and throughout the summer of 1944 the Canadian military used the town’s port to unload upwards of 1,000 tons of material a day, for the first two weeks following [[D-Day]] on 6 June 1944.

Canadians of the [[3rd Canadian Division|3rd Canadian Infantry Division]] and [[2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade]], suffered 1,074 casualties, including 369 killed on the beach and in the Calvados countryside on the first day of the invasion, reaching almost {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland on the first day of fighting, the farthest advance of any of the Allied landing forces.

The [[Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery|Canadian military cemetery of Bény-Reviers]] is the resting place of 2,043 Canadians and 1 Frenchman. The land for this cemetery was donated by France to Canada after the Second World War and lies {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland from Courseulles-sur-Mer, just off Route 79.

The [[Juno Beach Centre]] is a museum located in Courseulles-sur-Mer, at the head of the River Seulles, in the port's estuary, where Canadian troops landed and fought, on D-Day 6 June 1944. The museum opened on 6 June 2003, the 59th anniversary of the D-Day landings.

===D-Day: La Cité===
{{Overly detailed|date=August 2022|section}}
The strongest German defence position in the Juno assault area was concentrated at Courseulles-sur-Mer, on the estuary of the River Seulles. Delaying H-Hour for a higher tide, to clear offshore reefs, the Canadian landing at Courseulles-sur-Mer began slightly later than those to the west, giving the German defender a warning they would need.<ref>Operation Overlord/ Neptune, JUNO BEACH: Bombardment Force ‘E’,  Page 18. See: http://www.6juin1944.com/assaut/juno/tables.pdf  Accessed 02.02.2018</ref>

Stützpuntkte (StP) (Strong-Point) Courseulles-sur-Mer, was a complex of three fortified ‘resistance nests’, two strengthened by numerous standard concrete fortifications, protecting anti-tank and artillery field guns. The layout followed no particular design; being established based on weapons available, its terrain features, and troops available to occupy.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Chris |editor-last=McNab |title= Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939-45 |pages= 853 |date=2001 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |location=Oxford |isbn=9781782008286}}</ref> The concrete fortification casements at two resistance nests further disposed numerous entrenchments, in which mortars and heavy machine guns were emplaced. They were each manned by about 30-50 men, intended to fight under independent command. In command of the fight, across the Stützpuntkte (StP) Courseulles was Hauptmann Grote, Kdr. ''Kompanie'' 6. / Grenadier-Regiment 736./ Bataillon II., who perhaps had more ground to fight than men.<ref>Chris McNab (Ed), Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939-45, Page 860/2001. Osprey Publishing GB: Oxford UK / New York NY, 2014. {{ISBN|978 1 78200 828 6}}</ref>

====Widerstandnesten WN 29====
StP.Courseulles (Osten) was located at North 49.3358 Deg  / West 00.45136 Deg and in June 1944, for targeting purposes, at: LZ1 vT MR Grid 972856 (Ref. GSGS 4250 1:50K: Creully Sheet 7E/5). The (WN) Resistance Nest at Courseulles (East) was a very large ‘platoon-sized’ position, attempting to protect entry into the town port and to deny exits off the beach, into the town.<ref>Marc Laurenceau, D-Day Overlord: Encyclopédie du débarquement et de la bataille de Normandie: WN 29 en Normandie. See: http://www.dday-overlord.com/wn-29-en-normandie-encyclopedie-d-day/ Accessed 24.05.2016</ref> East of the river, its strength was dominated by an 88mm gun, protected to its front (to fire in enfilade), and a 50&nbsp;mm gun, supported by machine gun and [[Defensive fighting position#Tobruks|Tobruks]]. Opposite the harbour was a second 50mm gun (with Tobruk) and towards the centre a 75mm field gun, and 37mm tank turret, they supported by machine gun and Tobruks.<ref>Richard Drew, Atlantikwall: WW2 Defences from 1941-1944, France: AOK 7 Normandie. See: http://www.atlantikwall.org.uk/courseulles_wn29.htm Accessed 18.05.2016</ref> The right front (NE) sea approach was protected by the large K.V. Gruppe Courseulles Beach Minefield: Mf 58.  On its right was a 75mm field gun, protected by a substantial anti-tank ditch inland, and its right flank (SE approach) by the K.V. Gruppe Courseulles tactical minefield: Mf 43.<ref>AOK 7 Mapping: Strongpoints KVA ‘H1’ Caen 716 & KVA ‘H2’Bayeau 352 . Accessed 03.02.2K18</ref> The position's ''Züg Führer'' (acting commander) defence was enabled by an 'underground' network of tunnels and covered trenches, permitting unobserved movement.<ref>Operation Overlord/ Neptune, JUNO BEACH: Bombardment Force ‘E’,  Page 19. See: http://www.6juin1944.com/assaut/juno/tables.pdf Accessed 02.02.2K18</ref>

Courseulles (Osten) was fronted by an area of [[coastal erosion]] with various works to prevent, control or delay its effects. There were [[groyne]]s built out into the sea to try and stop the movement of sand. On D-Day the presence of the groynes together with the strong current along the beach and the beach obstacles made landings and lateral movement along the beach, tricky. To test an attacker, most of the buildings of Courseulles were further protected by sea walls.<ref>Operation Overlord/ Neptune, JUNO BEACH: Bombardment Force ‘E’,  Page 18. See: http://www.6juin1944.com/assaut/juno/tables.pdf Accessed 02-02-2018</ref> Here it was shelled for effect by the embarked 105&nbsp;mm guns of 13th Field Regiment, RCA from H-30 to H+5 and began taking direct fire from the DD Tanks of 'B' Squadron, 1st Hussars towards 07h55 (BST), who landed correctly and on time as planned.  Fourteen DD tanks of the 1st Hussars made it ashore, and quickly came to engage the strongpoint’s guns. An 88&nbsp;mm gun, beside the harbour exit, a 50&nbsp;mm behind it, and a 75&nbsp;mm on the right flank, fired continuously until their protective shields could be pierced. No tanks were lost in the spirited duel.<ref>{{citation |work=Juno Beach |title= First Hussars |url=http://www.junobeach.info/juno-4-8.htm |access-date= 4 April 2018}}</ref>

Landing to its centre at 08h05, in a gap between its two 75mm guns, making a left flanking approach, came [[The Royal Regina Rifles|‘A’ Company, The Regina Rifle Regiment]], (OC Major F. E. Hodge). Successful in getting off the beach, engaged in heavy fighting, working in tandem, with ‘B’ Squadron, it ‘neutralized’ the strong-point.<ref>War Diary: The Regina Rifle Regiment, Courseulles-sur-Mer: Page 2, 6 Jun 44. See: http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Regina-Rifle-Regiment.pdf  Accessed 29.01.2K18</ref> Pushing into Courseulles, 'A' Company, as set out in the plan, cleared Town Blocks 5, 6, and 7 but had to return to the beachfront (Block No.1) where the Germans had returned, by tunnels and trenches, to reoccupy their guns. The Regina’s began the disheartening task of clearing the beachfront again, it only came to be ‘captured’ after this second fight.<ref>{{citation |work=Juno Beach |title= Regina Rifles |url=http://www.junobeach.info/juno-4-4.htm |date= 4 February 2018}}</ref>

‘B’ Company landed at 08h15, further to the east; and quickly engaged the crew served weapon pillboxes positioned along the strong-point beachfront.  The seawall offering little cover, but with good support from ‘B’ Squadron, they got off the beach and dashed into the strongpoint’s fortifications.<ref>{{citation |title=War Diary: The Regina Rifle Regiment, Courseulles-sur-Mer: Page 2, 6 Jun 44 |url=http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Regina-Rifle-Regiment.pdf  |access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref>

German Crew Served Weapons at StP.Courseulles (Osten) <ref>Richard Drew, Atlantikwall: WW2 Defences from 1941-1944, France: AOK 7 Normandie. See: http://www.atlantikwall.org.uk/courseulles_wn29.htm Accessed 18.05.2016</ref><ref>Anderson, Richard C., Cracking Hitler's Atlantic Wall: The 1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers on D-Day, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA., 2010, {{ISBN|9780811742719}}, Chapter 4 German Planning and Preparation: The German Defences - Page 73</ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Regelbau Type
! Ringstand (Casement)
! Weapon / Gun
! Details
|- 
| OB Gr.West Heer H677	
| Jagpanzerabwehrkanone 
| [[8.8 cm Pak 43|88 mm PaK 43/41]]
| At Entrance with MG Posts
|-
| OB Gr.West Heer H669
| Vf Field Gun Emplacement
| [[7.5 cm FK 16 nA|75mm FK 16 n.Art]] (German)
| On Right (East) Flank
|-
| OB Gr.West Heer H612 
| Vf Field Gun Emplacement
| [[Canon de 75 modèle 1897|75 mm FK 231 (French)]]
| In Centre Position
|-
| OB Gr.West Heer H669
| KwK SK-L Open Pedestal 
| 50mm Pak 38 L/42 
| On Left Flank Seawall
|-
| Regelbau Type Vf600
| KwK SK-L Open Pedestal 
| 50mm Pak 39 L/60   
| Inside Harbour Entrance
|- 
| OB Gr.West Heer 604	
| Panzerstellung Tobrouk (80&nbsp;cm)
| 37&nbsp;mm Renault FT 331(f)
| Tank Turret – Coaxial MG
|-
| OB Gr.West Heer Vf58c  
| 80&nbsp;cm Thick Tobrouk x4
| Heavy MG  
| Crew Position: One to Rear
|-
| OB Gr.W Type 34 (Vf69)	
| Tobrouk sGranatwerfer
| 8.14&nbsp;cm Heavy Mortar
| Gruppen Crew and Observer
|-
| Weapon Crew Posts x5
| Reinforced Vf Embrasure (Open)  
| Light Maschinengewehr  MG 
| Half Steel Ring Traverse 
|-
| Company Mortar Pits x2
| Nest fur Ko-Granatenwerfer 
| [[5 cm Granatwerfer 36|50 mm Light Mortar]]
| Type 36 (Vf58c)
|-
|}

====Widerstandnesten WN 30====
StP.Courseulles (Süden) was located at North 49.3303 Deg / West 00. 4593 Deg and in June 1944, for targeting purposes, at: LZ1 vT MR Grid 969848 (Ref. GSGS 4250 1:50K: Creully Sheet 7E/5). The (WN) Resistance Nest at Courseulles (South) was a small ‘platoon-sized’ position, attempting to control the southeast exit, from Courseulles.<ref>Richard Drew, Atlantikwall: WW2 Defences from 1941-1944, France: AOK 7 Normandie. See: http://www.atlantikwall.co.uk/oldsite/atlantikwall/Courseulles/Wn30-Courseulles-sur-Mer-01/html/page01.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322014215/http://www.atlantikwall.co.uk/oldsite/atlantikwall/Courseulles/Wn30-Courseulles-sur-Mer-01/html/page01.htm |date=2018-03-22 }} Accessed 18.05.2016</ref><ref>Anderson Richard C., Cracking Hitler's Atlantic Wall: The 1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers on D-Day, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA., 2010, {{ISBN|9780811742719}}, Chapter 4 German Planning and Preparation: The German Defences - Page 73</ref> Here, Hauptmann Grote had his Zug-Gruppen, Kompanie 6. / Batl II 736, establish a supporting depth position, opposite the Châteaux, reinforcing a group of houses, above the town centre. WN 30 was a crew served weapon position, with only light machine guns (MG) and a least one light 50mm mortar (in Granatwerfer Schutzenloch), undercover, in a Type 1 Fa position.  With no PaK guns, tasked to 'defend' the south exit from town, it did cause some delay.  Providing mortar and machine gun covering fire, into WN 29, with its height advantage it made the task of clearing the beachfront extremely difficult.  Attacked by 'A' Company, The Regina Rifle Regiment, it took until late afternoon for Courseulles (Süden)  to be taken.

===D-Day: L’île===
{{Overly detailed|date=August 2022|section}}

====Widerstandnesten WN31====
StP.Courseulles (West) was located at North 49.3367  Deg  / West W  00.4602  and in June 1944, for targeting purposes, at: LZ1 vT MR Grid 965858 (Ref. GSGS 4250 1:50K: Creully Sheet 7E/5). The (WN) Resistance Nest at Courseulles (West) was a very large ‘platoon-sized’ position, attempting to protect entry into the town port, deny exits off the beach, and prevent an out-flanking entry into the town.<ref>Marc Laurenceau, D-Day Overlord: Encyclopédie du débarquement et de la bataille de Normandie: WN 29 en Normandie. See: http://www.dday-overlord.com/wn-31-en-normandie-encyclopedie-d-day/ Accessed 24.05.2016</ref> West of the River Seulles, still being 'developed', it sat on a small peninsula of land, water defending three of its approaches, its land based left front (NW)  approach protected by the very large K.V.Gruppe Courseulles Beach Minefield: Mf 72.<ref>AOK 7 Maps: Strongpoints KVA ‘H1’ Caen 716 & KVA ‘H2’Bayeau 352 . See: Accessed 03.02.2K18</ref> At its western end was a 50mm gun, in an open pit emplacement, supported by a Heavy MG.  Towards its center, facing west down the beach, was a 75mm field gun and a 50mm gun, both in casemates. Overlooking the harbour was a 50mm gun, in a casemate (protecting its front), that could fire east or west. Additionally thirteen crew served, machine gun and mortar, weapon emplacements, had their rear was protected by the river.<ref>Operation Overlord/ Neptune, JUNO BEACH: Bombardment Force ‘E’,  Page 18. See: http://www.6juin1944.com/assaut/juno/tables.pdf Accessed 02.2K18</ref><ref>JUNO Beach: First Hussars. See: http://www.junobeach.info/juno-4-8.htm Accessed 04.02.2K18</ref>

With half of his Kompanie 6. / Batl II. / Gren.Regt 736., on the position, Hauptmann Grote commanded the fight for Stützpuntkte (StP) Courseulles, from a Type [[Regelbau]] Command Post Shelter / Bunker.  Fighting WN 31, its Züg Führer (Acting Commander), having no 'urban' structures to observe 'over' the dunes, had to rely on a Type Regelbau R666 - Infantry Observation Bunker (with Panzerkuppel - 89P6 Small Turret) to adjust to the Canadian assault.  Courseulles (West) was fronted by an area of coastal erosion, where sand deposits had blocked the River Seulles access to the sea and forced it into a loop. The strong-point was not fronted by beach villas, which were a feature of much of the JUNO Sector, and there were few landmarks, making it difficult to identifying the correct point on which to that land.<ref>Operation Overlord/ Neptune, JUNO BEACH: Bombardment Force ‘E’,  Page 18. See: http://www.6juin1944.com/assaut/juno/tables.pdf Accessed 02.02.2K18</ref> After the Assault Force J1 Beach Bombardment Programme, which did not seem to have much actual effect, WN 31 began to take indirect 105mm artillery fire from the guns of 12th Field Regiment, RCA from H-30 to H+5 and direct fire from the DD Tanks of 'A' Squadron, [[1st Hussars]] near 07h45. Landing just a little 'late', seven 'A' squadron immediately fired on the 50&nbsp;mm anti-tank gun emplacement, it destroyed, ‘A’ Squadron began to ‘cruise up and down the beach’ engaging the machine gun crews, permitting the infantry to sweep over the dunes to begin their fight for the position.<ref>JUNO Beach:  First Hussars. See:  http://www.junobeach.info/juno-4-8.htm Accessed 04.02.2K18</ref>

Landing on its strong left flank, [[The Royal Winnipeg Rifles|‘B’ Company, Royal Winnipeg Rifles]], (OC Captain P. E. Gower), was immediately pinned down by its heavy machine gun, and the 50mm, in a concrete pillbox, while taking accurate sniper fire.<ref>JUNO Beach: Winnipeg Rifles. See: http://www.junobeach.info/juno-4-5.htm Accessed 04.02.2K18</ref> Skirting left away from the position, ‘B’ Company forced a crossing of the river, on a small bridge at MR 964857, and got in to clear ‘four’ defensible positions, on the ‘island’.<ref>War Diary: The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, Ashore Graye-sur-Mer: Page 4, 6 Tue June 1944. See: http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/The-Royal-Winnipeg-Rifles.pdf Accessed 01.02.2018</ref> The Coy Comd and twenty-six other ranks ‘survived’ the assault of the three casements and its twelve MG emplacements.  It took until the early afternoon for WN 31 to be secured.<ref>War Diary: The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, Ashore Graye-sur-Mer: Page 5, 6 Tue June 1944. See: http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/The-Royal-Winnipeg-Rifles.pdf Accessed 01.02.2018</ref><ref>JUNO Beach: The Royal Winnipeg Rifles. See: http://www.junobeach.info/juno-4-5.htm Accessed 01.02.2K18</ref>

German Crew Served Weapons at StP.Courseulles (West).<ref>Richard Drew, Atlantikwall: WW2 Defences from 1941-1944, France: AOK 7 Normandie. See:  http://www.atlantikwall.org.uk/courseulles_wn31.htm  Accessed 18.05.2016</ref><ref>Anderson Richard C., Cracking Hitler's Atlantic Wall: The 1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers on D-Day, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA., 2010, {{ISBN|9780811742719}}, Chapter 4 German Planning and Preparation: The German Defences - Page 74 Accessed 18.05.2016</ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Regelbau Type
! Ringstand (Casement)
! Weapon / Gun
! Details
|- 
| OB Gr.West Heer H612	
| Vf Reinforced Casement
| 75mm FK 16 n.Art. (German)
| Positioned Left of Centre   
|-
| OB Gr.West Heer H667(SK)
| KwK - Doppelschartenstan
| 50mm Pak 38 L/42
| Casement at Harbour Entrance 
|-
| OB Gr.West Heer Vf 65a	
| KwK auf Sockellafetten SK-L
| 50mm Pak 38 L/42
| Kampfwagenkanone: Open Pedestal
|-
| OB Gr.West Heer Vf600 
| KwK Sockellafetten: Six-Sided 
| 50mm Pak 38 L/42
| Open Pedestal - SK Modification 
|-
| OB Gr.West Heer 604	
| Panzerstellung Tobrouk x1
| 37&nbsp;mm [[Renault FT]] FT 31(f)
| Tank Turret – Coaxial MG
|-
| OB Gr.West Heer H630 
| Casement with Tobrouk x1
| Heavy MG - Firing Port  
| Position on Left Flank
|-
| OB Gr.West Type 34 (Vf69) 
| Tobrouk sGranatwerfer 
| 8.14&nbsp;cm Heavy Mortar
| Gruppen Crew - On Left Flank
|-
| Weapon Crew Posts x3
| Reinforced Concrete Vf  (R630)
| Light MG - Maschinengewehr   
| Half Steel Ring Traverse (Open)
 |-
| Company Mortar Pits x2 
| Nest fur Granatenwerfer Type 36
| (Vf58c) 50&nbsp;mm Light Mortar
| Left Flank / Centre Left
|-
|}

==Population==
{{Historical populations
|source = INSEE<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-14191#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE</ref>
|percentages = pagr
|align = none
|1968 |1938
|1975 |2538
|1982 |2992
|1990 |3182
|1999 |3886
|2007 |4137
|2012 |4200
|2017 |4199
}}

==International relations==
The commune is twinned with:
* [[Dartmouth, Devon]], UK since 1977
* [[Rigaud, Québec]], Canada since 1991
* [[Goldbach, Bavaria]], [[Lower Franconia]] (''Unterfranken'') in [[Bavaria]], Germany since  1995

==See also==
*[[Communes of the Calvados department]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Calvados communes}}
{{Portal bar|France}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Courseullessurmer}}
[[Category:Communes of Calvados (department)]]
[[Category:Operation Overlord]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in France]]
[[Category:Calvados communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia]]