Editing Crary Mountains

{{Short description|Volcanoes in Antarctica}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox mountain
 | name              = Crary Mountains
 | photo             = CraryMtnsMap.jpg
 | photo_caption     = Map of the Crary Mountains
 | country           = [[Antarctica]] 
 | country_type      = Continent
 | region_type       = 
 | region            = [[Marie Byrd Land]]
 | parent            = 
 | border            = 
 | highest           = [[Mount Frakes]]
 | elevation_m       = 3652
 | coordinates       = {{coord|76|48|S|117|42|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Mount Frakes}}
 | formed_by         = [[Shield volcano]]es
 | period            = 
 | volcanic_field    = [[Marie Byrd Land Volcanic Province]]
 | orogeny           = 
 | map               = 
}}

'''Crary Mountains''' ({{coord|76|48|S|117|40|W|name=Crary Mountains}}) are a group of ice-covered volcanoes in [[Marie Byrd Land]], [[Antarctica]]. They consist of two or three [[shield volcano]]es, named [[Mount Rees (Marie Byrd Land)|Mount Rees]], [[Mount Steere]] and [[Mount Frakes]], which developed during the course of the [[Miocene]] and [[Pliocene]] and last erupted about 30,000-40,000 years ago. The first two volcanoes are both heavily incised by [[cirque]]s, while Mount Frakes is better preserved and has a {{convert|4|km}} wide [[caldera]] at its summit. [[Boyd Ridge]] is another part of the mountain range and lies southeast of Mount Frakes; it might be the emergent part of a platform that underlies the mountain range.

The volcanoes consist mainly of [[basalt]], [[trachyte]] and [[phonolite]] in the form of [[Lava|lava flows]], [[scoria]] and [[Hydrovolcanic eruption|hydrovolcanic]] formations. Volcanic activity here is linked to the [[West Antarctic Rift System|West Antarctic Rift system]], which is responsible for the formation of a number of volcanoes in the region. During their existence, the range was affected by glaciation and glacial-volcanic interactions.
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== Geography and geomorphology ==

The mountain range lies in eastern [[Marie Byrd Land]], [[Antarctica]],{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=216}} about {{convert|250|km}}{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|2002|p=247}} from the [[Bakutis Coast]].{{sfn|LeMasurier|Thomson|Baker|Kyle|1990|p=180}} It was first visited in 1959–1960, and several accessible outcrops were sampled. The name refers to [[Albert P. Crary]], who was then Deputy Chief Scientist for the US-[[International Geophysical Year|IGY]] Antarctic Program.{{sfn|LeMasurier|Thomson|Baker|Kyle|1990|p=184}}

The Crary Mountains are a chain of three{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|2021|p=539}} [[shield volcano]]es{{sfn|LeMasurier|Thomson|Baker|Kyle|1990|p=180}} {{convert|50|km}} long{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=216}} which extends in northwest–southeast direction.{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=218}} The volume of the volcanoes exceeds {{convert|400|km3}} and the edifices consist of lavas, [[Hydrovolcanic eruption|hydrovolcanic]] deposits such as [[hyaloclastite]], fragments of [[pillow lava]]s and [[tuffs]], and [[scoria]].{{sfn|Chakraborty|2010|p=103}} Unlike many other mountains in Marie Byrd Land, which owing to a lack of erosion display only their highest and youngest parts, in the Crary Mountains the internal structure of the volcanoes are well exposed{{sfn|Haywood|Smellie|Ashworth|Cantrill|2008|p=422}} due to glacial erosion.{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|2021|p=539}} The Crary Mountains form a [[drainage divide]] for the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]];{{sfn|Kovach|Faure|1977|p=1018}} they dam it, which is thus higher on the southwestern side of the range.{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|2021|p=539}} Debris stripes have been observed on the ice near the foot of the mountains.{{sfn|Ford|Andersen|1967|p=731}}

The northeasternmost volcano is [[Mount Rees (Marie Byrd Land)|Mount Rees]], which reaches a summit height of {{convert|2709|m}} at [[Tasch Peak]]. Volcanic rocks crop out at [[Trabucco Cliff]] on its northeastern flank.{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=218}} There is no [[caldera]].{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|2021|p=522}} Glacial erosion has cut deep cirques into the eastern flank of Mount Rees, and volcanic outcrops indicate that volcanic rocks alternate between subglacial formations and subaerial formations. Outcrops consist of [[breccia]] and lavas, which in one case are intruded by a [[Dike (geology)|dike]].{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|2002|p=247}}

[[File:MountFrakesSteere.jpg|thumb|Mount Frakes and Mount Steere]]
In the middle of the chain lies [[Mount Steere]] with a summit elevation of {{convert|3558|m}} and a rectangular summit caldera. [[Lie Cliff]] is a volcanic outcrop on the northeastern flank.{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=218}} Mount Steere is heavily dissected,{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=219}} bears evidence of former [[glaciation]] in the form of [[moraine]]s{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|Dunbar|1993|p=8}} and cirques have been eroded into its northern and northeastern flanks. As with Mount Rees, volcanic rocks alternate between these that formed subglacially and these formed subaerially. Outcrops feature breccias and lava with numerous intruded dikes.{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|2002|p=247}}

South of Mount Steere is [[Mount Frakes]], with {{convert|3654|m}} it is the highest peak in the range{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=218}} and the least eroded of the Crary Mountains.{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=219}} It has a {{convert|4|km}} wide circular summit caldera and unlike Mount Rees and Mount Steere it bears no evidence of [[subglacial eruption]]s, probably due to lack of erosion that could have exposed them.{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|2002|p=249}} Volcanic rocks crop out both on the southern and western flank, at [[Morrison Rocks]] and [[English Rock]] respectively.{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=218}} These outcrops are [[cinder cone]]s that formed on the slopes of Mount Frakes.{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|2002|pp=249, 251}} Volcanic and nonvolcanic boulders on the slopes of Mount Frakes may either be [[xenolith]]s or [[glacial erratic]]s.{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|Dunbar|1993|p=9}}

[[Boyd Ridge]] is smaller than the other three volcanoes{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|2021|p=539}} and located southeast of Mount Frakes and reaches an elevation of {{convert|2375|m}}.{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=218}} [[Runyon Rock]] crops out to its east{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|2021|p=542}} and is the only area of Boyd Ridge not covered by ice. Cinders and a cliff of [[hyaloclastite]] are found there.{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=219}}

The volcanoes rise from a platform formed by lava flows and [[pyroclastic rocks]].{{sfn|LeMasurier|Thomson|Baker|Kyle|1990|p=180}} This platform lies at about {{convert|2700|-|2800|m}} elevation and the Boyd Ridge may be a southeastward extension thereof. It appears that the platform — which crops out only on the eastern side of the Crary Mountains — was tilted westward by [[fault (geology)|fault]]ing.{{sfn|LeMasurier|Thomson|Baker|Kyle|1990|p=181}} [[Echo]] and [[magnetic]] sounding have imaged the root of the Crary Mountains in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, finding that the underlying terrain is steep and flanked by narrow troughs.{{sfn|Jankowski|Drewry|1981|p=19}} The mountains are associated with a strong [[magnetic anomaly]] that may reflect subglacial rocks containing [[magnetite]].{{sfn|American Geophysical Union|1971|p=31}}

== Geology ==

[[Cenozoic]] volcanism in Marie Byrd Land is related to the [[West Antarctic Rift]] and has been explained by the activity of a [[mantle plume]]. This plume either underlies Marie Byrd Land and its volcanoes, or it rose to the surface before Antarctica separated from [[New Zealand]] during the middle [[Cretaceous]] and induced volcanism across the continental borderlands of the [[Southwest Pacific]]. In the latter theory, the Marie Byrd Land volcanism is caused by a remnant plume head underneath the continent.{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=216}} The [[basement (geology)|basement]] crops out along the coast and consists of [[granitoid]]s and [[metamorphic]] sediments left by a [[Devonian]]-[[Cretaceous]] [[volcanic arc]].{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=218}}

This volcanism manifests itself with 18 large and numerous smaller volcanoes, which occur in groups, rows or as solitary systems in Marie Byrd Land. The larger centres have produced phonolite, [[rhyolite]], trachyte and rocks with intermediate compositions, and reach heights of over {{convert|3000|m}} above sea level.{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=217}} The smaller centres are found at the foot of the larger centres, as [[parasitic vent]]s on their slopes or along the coast. These vents have produced [[alkali basalt]], [[basanite]] and [[hawaiite]].{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=218}}

=== Composition ===

[[Basalt]] occurs at all four volcanoes. Phonolite and trachyte are found at Mount Rees and Mount Steere, the former also at Mount Frakes; Mount Rees also features rhyolite. [[Phenocryst]]s include [[clinopyroxene]], [[magnetite]], [[olivine]] and [[plagioclase]].{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=219}} The magma erupted in the Crary Mountains originated in the [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] and underwent [[Fractional crystallization (geology)|fractional crystallization]] after formation.{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=224}}

=== Geologic history ===

The Crary Mountains were active between 9.3 and 0.04 million years ago{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=216}} during the Miocene and [[Pliocene]].{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|Dunbar|1993|p=7}} The youngest dates have been obtained by [[argon-argon dating]] on Mount Frakes, and imply an eruption 35,000±10,000–32,000±10,000 years ago.{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|2002|p=243}} These ages were obtained on English Rock, which has also yielded ages of 826,000±79,000–851,000±36,000{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|2002|p=248}} and 1.62±0.02 million years ago.{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|2021|p=541}} [[Tephra]] deposits in [[ice core]]s recovered at [[Byrd Station]] may have originated at Marie Byrd Land volcanoes such as these of the Crary Mountains.{{sfn|Gow|Williamson|1971|p=213}}

The maximum age of each volcano decreases in southeastward direction, from 9.34±0.24 million years old Mount Rees to 2.67±0.39 million years old Boyd Ridge. The pattern of volcanism migrating along the chain has been observed at other mountain ranges such as the [[Executive Committee Range]], where it takes place at a pace of {{convert|7|mm/year|in/year}} like at the Crary Mountains. It is directed away from the centre of the Marie Byrd Land volcanic province and may reflect the propagation of a fracture in the [[Crust (geology)|crust]].{{sfn|Panter|Hart|Kyle|Blusztanjn|2000|p=219}}

[[West Antarctica]] has been subject to glaciation since the [[Oligocene]], where a perhaps local [[ice cap]] or snow deposit existed at [[Mount Petras]]. Volcanoes erupting through ice leave specific geologic structures which can be used to reconstruct the timing and extent of past glaciations.{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|2002|p=237}} Geologic evidence at the Crary Mountains implies that a substantial West Antarctic Ice Sheet existed during the Miocene, and that fluctuations in its size may have stressed the crust and modulated the activity of volcanoes in its area.{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|2002|p=251}} Before its formation the Crary Mountains might have been islands.{{sfn|American Geophysical Union|1971|p=30}} In the Crary Mountains, ice occurred either in the form of slope ice when the mountains were erupting{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|2002|p=252}} or as a thick continental [[ice sheet]].{{sfn|American Geophysical Union|2001|p=71}} The glaciers were cold-based and thus did not produce [[tillite]]s or glacial surfaces,{{sfn|Haywood|Smellie|Ashworth|Cantrill|2008|p=423}} and were probably thin.{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|2021|p=541}} Glacial erosion took place mainly between 8.55 and 4.17 million years ago; it formed the cirques in Mount Rees and Mount Steere{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|Dunbar|1993|p=9}} and transported [[glacial erratic]]s on the mountains.{{sfn|Wilch|McIntosh|Panter|2021|p=545}}

==Named features==
{{geoGroup}}
[[File:C76114s1 Ant.Map Crary Mountains.jpg|thumb|Crary Mountains in southwest of map]]
Named features, from northwest to southeast, include Trabucco Cliff, Mount Rees, Tasch Peak, White Valley, Mount Steere, Lie Cliff, Mount Frakes, English Rock, Morrison Rocks, Campbell Valley, Boyd Ridge and Runyon Rock.{{sfn|Crary Mountains USGS}}
The features were all mapped by the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) from surveys and [[United States Navy]] aerial photography in 1959–66.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=86ff|loc=Boyd Ridge}}
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===Trabucco Cliff===
{{coord|76|37|S|118|01|W}}. 
A cliff at the tip of the broad spur which forms the northeast extremity of Mount Rees. 
Named by the United States [[Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names]] (US-ACAN) for William J. Trabucco, [[United States Antarctic Research Program]] (USARP) ionospheric physicist at [[McMurdo Station]], 1969, and [[Siple Station]], 1973.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=755}}

===Mount Rees===
{{main|Mount Rees (Marie Byrd Land)}}
{{coord|76|40|S|118|10|W}}. 
Mountain located {{convert|7|nmi}} northwest of Mount Steere in the north end of Crary Mountains. 
Named by US-ACAN for Manfred H. Rees, aurora scientist at Byrd Station, 1965–66 season.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=609}}

===Tasch Peak===
{{coord|76|40|S|118|03|W}}. 
A rocky peak in the southeast portion of Mount Rees. 
Named by US-ACAN for Paul Tasch, USARP geologist in the Sentinel Range and Ohio Range, summer 1966–67, and Coalsack Bluff, 1969–70.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=733}}

===White Valley===
{{coord|76|39|S|117|57|W}}. 
A broad ice-covered valley that indents the northern part of Crary Mountains between Trabucco Cliff and Lie Cliff. 
Named by US-ACAN for Franklin E. White, USARP ionospheric physicist at Byrd Station in four summer seasons, 1966–71.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=810}}

===Mount Steere===
{{coord|76|44|S|117|49|W}}. 
Prominent mountain {{convert|3,500|m}} high standing {{convert|4|nmi}} north-northwest of Mount Frakes. 
Named by US-ACAN for William C. Steere, biologist at McMurdo Station, 1964–65 season.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=710}}

===Lie Cliff===
{{coord|76|42|S|117|37|W}}. 
A prominent rock cliff at the eastern foot of Mount Steere. 
Named by US-ACAN for Hans P. Lie, USARP ionospheric physicist at Siple Station in the 1970–71 and 1973-74 summer seasons.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=432}}

===Mount Frakes===
{{coord|76|48|S|117|42|W}}. 
A prominent mountain {{convert|3,675|m}} high marking the highest elevation in the Crary Mountains. 
Named by US-AC AN for Lawrence A. Frakes, USARP geologist who worked three summer seasons in the Falkland Islands and Antarctica, 1964-65 through 1967–68.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=256}}

===English Rock===
{{coord|76|49|S|118|00|W}}. 
A rock outcrop near the foot of the western slope of Mount Frakes. 
Named by US-ACAN for Claude L. English Jr., United States Navy, helicopter crewman with Squadron VXE-6 during Deep Freeze 1970; he also deployed with the Squadron during Deep Freeze 1961, 1962 and 1965.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=222}}

===Morrison Rocks===
{{coord|76|51|S|117|39|W}}. 
A group of rocks which outcrop along the southern slope of Mount Frakes. 
Named by US-ACAN for Paul W. Morrison, United States Navy, hospital corpsman at the South Pole Station in 1974.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=506}}

===Campbell Valley===
{{coord|76|55|S|117|40|W}}. 
An ice-filled valley, or pass, extending east–west between the main group of peaks of the Crary Mountains and Boyd Ridge. 
Named by US-ACAN for Wallace H. Campbell, ionospheric physicist at McMurdo Station in the 1964–65 season; Macquarie Island, 1961–62.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=115}}

===Boyd Ridge===
{{coord|76|57|S|116|57|W}}. 
An ice-covered ridge, {{convert|22|nmi}} long, which extends in an east–west direction and forms the south end of the Crary Mountains. 
It is separated from the main peaks of the group by Campbell Valley. 
Named by US-ACAN for John C. Boyd, USARP biologist at McMurdo Station, 1965–66 and 1966–67 seasons.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=86}}

===Runyon Rock===
{{coord|76|56|S|116|33|W}}. 
A prominent rock along the northern side of Boyd Ridge. 
Named by US-ACAN for William E. Runyon, United States Navy, construction electrician at the South Pole Station in 1969 and 1974.{{sfn|Alberts|1995|p=637}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

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{{refend}}
*{{Include-USGov |agency=United States Geological Survey}}

== External links ==

* {{gnis|id=3276|type=antarid}}

[[Category:Crary Mountains]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Marie Byrd Land]]
[[Category:Miocene shield volcanoes]]
[[Category:Pliocene shield volcanoes]]
[[Category:Pleistocene shield volcanoes]]
[[Category:Shield volcanoes of Antarctica]]