Editing Crescent

{{Short description|Symbol of a lunar phase}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | perrow = 2 | header = {{big|Crescent}}
| image1 = Crescent Moon (cropped).JPG
| image2 = Moon crescent symbol (fixed width).svg
| image3 = Ottoman crescent (fixed width).svg
| image4 = هلال رمضان (cropped).jpg
| footer = {{ubl|<u>Top left:</u> waxing crescent moon|<u>Top right:</u> open crescent{{efn|On an open crescent the tips are polar opposites on the orb of the moon.}}|<u>Lower left:</u> closing crescent{{efn|A closing crescent is made by removing the overlapping part of a smaller circle from a larger circle.}}|<u>Lower right:</u> crescent art in roundabout}}
}}

A '''crescent''' shape ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|ɛ|s|ən|t}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|ˈ|k|r|ɛ|z|ən|t}})<ref>{{etymology|enm|cressaunt|crescent-shaped ornaments}}; {{etymology|fro|creissant|crescent shape}}; {{etymology|la|crēscēns|growing, waxing}}.<br />
See e.g. the following:
* {{cite Dictionary.com|crescent}}
* {{cite Collins Dictionary|crescent}}
* {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/crescent |title=crescent |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=2022-09-02 |archive-date=2021-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022163008/https://www.lexico.com/definition/crescent |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a [[symbol]] or [[emblem]] used to represent the [[lunar phase]] (as it appears in the northern hemisphere) in the first quarter (the "[[sickle]] moon"), or by extension a symbol representing the [[Moon]] itself.

In [[Hindu iconography|Hindu Iconography]], [[Shiva]] is often shown wearing a crescent moon on his head, symbolising his control over time, as well as his attributes of both creation and destruction.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chwalkowski |first=Farrin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-22DQAAQBAJ&dq=shiva+depicted+crescent&pg=PA338 |title=Symbols in Arts, Religion and Culture: The Soul of Nature |date=2016-12-14 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-5728-4 |pages=338 |language=en}}</ref>

It is used as the [[astrological symbol]] for [[Moon (astrology)|the Moon]], and hence as the [[alchemical symbol]] for [[silver]]. It was also the emblem of [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]]/[[Artemis]], and hence represented [[virginity]]. In [[veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church]], it is associated with [[Mary, mother of Jesus]].

From its use as roof [[finial]] in [[Ottoman architecture|Ottoman mosques]], it has also become associated with [[Islam]], and the crescent was introduced as [[Religious symbolism in the United States military#Muslim|chaplain badge]] for Muslim [[United States military chaplains]] in 1993.<ref name=USchaplains>On December 14, 1992, the Army Chief of Chaplains requested that an insignia be created for future Muslim chaplains, and the design (a crescent) was completed January 8, 1993. Emerson, William K., ''Encyclopedia of United States Army Insignia and Uniforms''  (1996),  [https://books.google.com/books?id=trbBXKeHO3sC&pg=PA269 p. 269f].
Prior to its association with Islam, a crescent badge had already been used in the US military for the rank of commissary sergeant (Emerson 1996:261f).
</ref>

==Symbolism==
{{multiple image
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| caption1          = Sun and Moon with faces (1493 woodcut)
| width2            = 150
| image2            = Marriage Sol Moon - Rosarium Philosophorum Griemiller02.jpg
| caption2          = ''[[Hierosgamos]]'' of Sun and Moon in a 16th-century [[alchemical]] manuscript
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[[File:Cross over Crescent, Plevna Chapel.jpg|thumb|279x279px|Cross over crescent on [[Plevna Chapel]] in [[Moscow]]]]
The crescent symbol is primarily used to represent the Moon, not necessarily in a particular lunar phase.
When used to represent a [[Lunar phase#Waxing and waning|waxing or waning]] lunar phase, "crescent" or "increscent" refers to the waxing first quarter, while the symbol representing the waning final quarter is called "decrescent".

The crescent symbol was long used as a symbol of the Moon in [[astrology]], and by extension of [[Silver]] (as the [[Astrology and alchemy|corresponding metal]]) in [[alchemy]].<ref>Alchemy and Symbols, By M. E. Glidewell, Epsilon.</ref> The astrological use of the symbol is attested in early Greek [[papyri]] containing [[horoscope]]s.<ref>Neugebauer, Otto; Van Hoesen, H. B. (1987). Greek Horoscopes. pp. 1, 159, 163.</ref>

In the 2nd-century ''Bianchini's [[planisphere]]'', the personification of the Moon is shown with a crescent attached to her headdress.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/galileopalazzostrozzi/object/BianchinisPlanisphere.html 
 |title=Bianchini's planisphere 
 |publisher=Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (Institute and Museum of the History of Science) 
 |location=Florence, Italy 
 |access-date=2010-03-19 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030005806/http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/galileopalazzostrozzi/object/BianchinisPlanisphere.html 
 |archive-date=2009-10-30 
}}
{{cite journal
| last = Maunder
| first = A. S. D.
| date = 1934
| title = The origin of the symbols of the planets
| journal = The Observatory
| volume = 57
| pages = 238–247
| bibcode = 1934Obs....57..238M
}}</ref> Its ancient association with [[Ishtar|Ishtar/Astarte]] and [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] is preserved in the Moon (as symbolised by a crescent) representing the [[femininity|female principle]] (as juxtaposed with the [[Sun]] representing the [[masculinity|male principle]]), and (Artemis-Diana being a virgin goddess) especially [[virginity]] and female [[chastity]].

In [[Christian symbolism]], the crescent entered [[Marian iconography]], by the association of Mary with the [[Woman of the Apocalypse]] (described with "the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars" in [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]])
The most well known representation of Mary as the Woman of the Apocalypse is the [[Virgin of Guadalupe]].

On the domes of certain [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches, particularly [[Russian Orthodox]] ones, there appears a [[Christian cross|cross]] over a crescent. This symbolises [[Jesus Christ]] as two of the [[threefold office]], the [[Christ the King|King]] and [[Christ the High Priest|High Priest]]. It is sometimes mistakenly taken as a symbol of the victory of Christianity over Islam, but it has nothing to do with it nor Islam at all, as domes featuring the cross-over-crescent design were constructed in [[medieval Russia]] in the 12th century, prior to the arrival of [[Islam in Russia|Islam in Kievan Rus']].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-05-02 |title=The Origins of Orthodox Crosses with a Crescent {{!}} Church Blog |url=https://catalog.obitel-minsk.com/blog/2018/05/the-origins-of-orthodox-crosses-wi |access-date=2025-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>
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==Shape==
[[File:Luno ebena geom combined.svg|thumb|Examples of [[Lune (geometry)|lune]]s in [[planar geometry]] (shaded areas). Examples in the top row can be considered crescent shapes, because the lune does not contain the center of the original (right-most) circular disk.]]
{{multiple image
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 | caption1 =  Crescent moon (2012 photograph)
 | width2 = 120
 | image2 = Gibbous-Crescent-half-ellipse-in-circle.svg
 | caption2 = An astronomically correct crescent shape (shaded area), complemented by a ''[[gibbous]]'' shape (unshaded area).
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}}
The crescent shape is a type of [[lune (geometry)|lune]], the latter consisting of a [[disk (mathematics)|circular disk]] with a portion of another disk removed from it, so that what remains is a shape enclosed by two circular [[arc (geometry)|arcs]] which intersect at two points. In a crescent, the enclosed shape does not include the center of the original disk.

The tapered regions towards the points of intersection of the two arcs are known as the "horns" of the crescent. The classical crescent shape has its horns pointing upward (and is often worn as horns when worn as a crown or diadem, e.g. in depictions of the lunar goddess, or in the headdress of Persian kings, etc.<ref>The new Moon at sunset and the old Moon at sunrise, when observed with horns pointing upward, is also known as "[[wet moon]]" in English, in an expression loaned from Hawaiian culture.</ref>

The word ''[[wikt:crescent|crescent]]'' is derived [[etymologically]] from the present participle of the Latin verb ''{{lang|la|crescere}}'' "to grow", technically denoting the waxing moon ({{lang|la|luna crescens}}). As seen from the northern hemisphere, the waxing Moon tends to appear with its horns pointing towards the left, and conversely the waning Moon with its horns pointing towards the right; the English word ''crescent'' may however refer to the shape regardless of its orientation, except for the technical language of [[blazon]]ing used in [[heraldry]], where the word "increscent" refers to a crescent shape with its horns to the left, and "decrescent" refers to one with its horns to the right, while the word "crescent" on its own denotes a crescent shape with horns pointing upward.<ref>Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, ''A Complete Guide to Heraldry'' (1909), p.&nbsp;289.  Online texts at https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft or http://www7b.biglobe.ne.jp/~bprince/hr/foxdavies/index.htm .</ref>

The shape of the lit side of a spherical body (most notably the Moon) that appears to be less than half illuminated by the Sun as seen by the viewer appears in a different shape from what is generally termed a crescent in planar geometry: 
Assuming the [[Terminator (solar)|terminator]] lies on a [[great circle]], the crescent Moon will actually appear as the figure bounded by a half-[[ellipse]] and a half-circle, with the major axis of the ellipse coinciding with a diameter of the semicircle.

Unicode encodes a crescent (increscent) at U+263D (☽) and a decrescent at U+263E (☾).
The [[Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs]] block provides variants with faces as emoji: {{unichar|1F31B| first quarter moon with face}} and {{unichar|1F31C|last quarter moon with face}}.<!--crescent proper and crescent reversed missing?-->
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==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg|thumb|[[Sumeria]]n [[cylinder seal]], dated {{circa|2400}} BC, showing the Moon god as a crescent symbol]]
The crescent shape is used to represent the Moon, and the Moon deity [[Sin (mythology)|Nanna/Sin]] from an early time, visible in [[Akkadia]]n [[cylinder seal]]s as early as 2300 BC.

The [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian logograph]] representing the Moon also had a crescent shape <hiero>N11</hiero> ([[Gardiner's sign list|Gardiner]] [[List of hieroglyphs/N|N11]], {{Transliteration|egy|ı͗ꜥḥ}} "moon" (with increscent and decrescent variants); variant N12 <hiero>N12</hiero>). In addition, there is a [[19th-dynasty]] hieroglyph representing the "moon with its lower half obscured (N9 <hiero>N9</hiero> {{Transliteration|egy|psḏ}}, with a variant with a crescent shape N10 <hiero>N10</hiero>).<ref>A.H. Gardiner, ''[[Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs]]''. 3rd Ed., pub. [[Griffith Institute]], Oxford, 1957 (1st edition 1927), p. 486.</ref>

The crescent was well used in the iconography of the [[ancient Near East]] and was used by the [[Phoenicians]] in the 8th century BC as far as [[Carthage]] and [[Numidia]] in modern [[Tunisia]] and [[Algeria]]. The crescent and star also appears on pre-Islamic coins of South Arabia.<ref>Tombs and Moon Temple of Hureidah, Gertrude Caton Thompson, p.76</ref>

The combination of [[star and crescent]] also arises in the [[ancient Near East]], representing the [[Sin (mythology)|Moon]] and [[Ishtar]] (the planet Venus), often combined into a triad with the [[Shamash|solar disk]].<ref>"the three celestial emblems, the sun disk of [[Shamash]] ([[Utu]] to the Sumerians), the crescent of Sin (Nanna), and the star of [[Ishtar]] ([[Inanna]] to the Sumerians)". Irving L. Finkel, Markham J. Geller, ''Sumerian Gods and Their Representations'', Styx, 1997, p71.</ref> It was inherited both in [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian]] and [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] iconography.

===Classical antiquity===
[[Selene]], the [[List of lunar deities|moon goddess]], was depicted with a crescent upon her head, often referred to as her [[horned deity|horns]], and a major identifying feature of hers in ancient works of art.<ref>Bell, s.v. [https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/page/396/mode/2up?q=&view=theater Selene]; ''Roman Sarcophagi in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]'', 1978, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PBstaVWigg0C&pg=PA35 35]</ref><ref>[[British Museum]] [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search?museum_number=1923,0401.199 1923,0401.199]; [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']] [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-745ed7cd0964a-a 13213 (Selene, Luna 21)]; [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|''LIMC'']] [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-745e62aefddaa-9 13181 (Selene, Luna 4)]</ref>

In the iconography of the [[Hellenistic period]], the crescent became the symbol of [[Artemis]]-[[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], the virgin hunter goddess associated with the Moon. Numerous depictions show Artemis-Diana wearing the crescent Moon as part of her headdress.
The related symbol of the [[star and crescent]] was the emblem of the [[Mithridates I of Pontus|Mithradates]] dynasty in the [[Kingdom of Pontus]] and was also used as the emblem of [[Byzantium]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Astarte with horns.jpg|[[Astarte]] with horns, statuette from [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]]-era Mesopotamia
File:Clipeus Selene Terme.jpg|Bust of [[Selene]] on a [[Roman sarcophagus]] (3rd century)
File:Tagh1.jpg|[[Taq-e Bostan]], from the [[Sasanian Empire]] of the [[pre-Islamic Persia|pre-Islamic era]]. Note the crescent above the arch.
</gallery>

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Les Heures de Paris de Rene d'Anjou01 detail.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|Miniature]] of Madonna on the crescent ([[Rohan Master]], ''Hours'' of [[René of Anjou]], 15th century)]]
[[File:Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg|thumb|Flag of the [[Golden Horde]] as shown in [[Angelino Dulcert]]'s 1339 map]]
[[File:City Flag of Portsmouth.svg|thumb|The City Flag of [[Portsmouth]], derived from the Medieval arms of [[Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus]].]]
[[File:Flag_of_Azov.svg|thumb|Flag of the town of [[Azak]] today]]
[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Mamluk_Sultan_of_Egypt.svg|thumb|right|Coat of Arms of the [[Mamluks of Egypt]] in [[Mecia de Viladestes]] map (1413)]]
[[File:Drogheda_crest.svg|thumb|Town [[Coat of arms|arms]] of [[Drogheda]], [[Ireland]]]]

The crescent remained in use as an emblem in the Sasanian Empire, used as a [[Mah|Zoroastrian]] regal or astrological symbol. In the [[Crusades]] it came to be associated with the [[Orient]] (the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Levant]] and [[Outremer]] in general) and was widely used (often alongside a [[star and crescent|star]]) in [[Crusader seals]] and [[Crusader coins|coins]]. It was used as a [[heraldic charge]] by the later 13th century. [[Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus]], the claimant to the [[Byzantine Empire]] who ruled Cyprus until overthrown by the crusading King [[Richard I of England]], used arms with "a crescent of gold on a shade of azure, with a blazing star of eight points". Later, King Richard granted the same as the coat of arms of the city of [[Portsmouth]], in recognition of the significant involvement of soldiers, sailors, and vessels from Portsmouth in the conquest of Cyprus.{{sfn|Quail|1994|pp=14–18}} This remains [[Portsmouth]]'s coat of arms up to the present.

[[Anna Notaras]], daughter of the last ''[[megas doux]]'' of the Byzantine Empire [[Loukas Notaras]], after the fall of Constantinople and her emigration to Italy, made a seal with her coat of arms which included "two lions holding above the crescent a cross or a sword".<ref>Tipaldos, G. E., ''[[Great Greek Encyclopedia]]'', Vol. XII, page 292, Athens, 1930</ref>

From its use in the Sasanian Empire, the crescent also found its way into Islamic iconography after the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]. [[Umar]] is said to have hung two crescent-shaped ornaments captured from the Sasanian capital of [[Ctesiphon]] in the [[Kaaba]].<ref>Oleg Grabar, "Umayyad Dome," ''Ars orientalis'' (1959), p. 50, cited after Berger (2012:164).</ref>
The crescent also became the symbol of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} The crescent appears to have been adopted as an emblem on [[Islamic flags|military flags]] by the Islamic armies from at least the 13th century, although the scholarly consensus holds that the widespread use of the crescent in Islam develops later, during the 14th to 15th century.<ref>Pamela Berger,  ''The Crescent on the Temple: The Dome of the Rock as Image of the Ancient Jewish Sanctuary'' (2012), [https://books.google.com/books?id=JekyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 p. 164f]</ref>
The use of such flags is reflected in the 14th-century ''[[Libro del Conoscimiento]]'' and the [[Catalan Atlas]].
Examples include the flags attributed to [[Gabes]], [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Tlemcen]], [[Hafsid dynasty|Tunis]] and [[Buda]],<ref>Znamierowski ''Flags through the ages: A guide to the world of flags, banners, standards and ensigns'', (2000) section 'the Muslim crescent', cited by Ivan Sache, [http://www.allstates-flag.com/fotw/flags/tn-hist.html#14th FOTW] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322065301/http://www.allstates-flag.com/fotw/flags/tn-hist.html |date=2016-03-22 }},  11 March 2001</ref>  [[Nubia]]/[[Dongola]] (documented by [[Angelino Dulcert]] in 1339) and the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks of Egypt]].<ref>"After king Nasr ad din had fled to Cairo in 1397 to beg assistance against his cousin, the King of Nubia is depicted with a yellow flag with a white crescent but also with a yellow shield with a white crescent. At the same time the yellow crescented flag waves over all the Mameluk Empire. The flag of the Sultan of Egypt is yellow with three white crescents.  From this we may conclude that any autonomy of the Nubian king was over at the time." Hubert de Vries, [http://www.hubert-herald.nl/SudanI.htm Muslim Nubia (hubert-herald.nl)].</ref>

The Roman Catholic fashion of depicting [[Madonna (art)|Madonna]] standing or sitting on a crescent develops in the 15th century.

===Early modern and modern===
[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mayotte.svg|thumb|Coat of Arms of [[Mayotte]]]]
[[File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers.svg|thumb|Coat of Arms of the [[Regency of Algiers]] (1630–1830)]]

The goddess [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] was associated with the Moon in classical mythology. In reference to this, feminine jewelry representing crescents, especially [[diadem]]s, became popular in the early modern period. The [[tarot]] card of the "[[The High Priestess|Popess]]" also wears a crescent on her head.

[[Conrad Grünenberg]] in his ''Pilgrimage to the [[Holy Land]]'' (1486) consistently depicts cities in the Holy Land with crescent finials.<ref>so for Jaffa ([[:File:Konrad von Grünenberg - Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem - Blatt 29r - 063.jpg|29r]]), Raman ([[:File:Konrad von Grünenberg - Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem - Blatt 31v-32r.jpg|31v-32r]]), Jerusalem ([[:File:Konrad von Grünenberg - Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem - Blatt 35v-36r.jpg|35v-36r]]). Grünenberg's pilgrimage took place still during the late [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] era ([[Burji dynasty]]) of control over the Holy Land.</ref> Flags with crescents appear to have been used on Ottoman vessels since at least the 16th century.

Prints depicting the [[Battle of Lepanto]] (1571), including the print by [[Agostino Barberigo]] of Rome made just a few weeks after the battle,<ref>Agostino Barberigo, ''L' ultimo Et vero Ritrato Di la vitoria de L'armata Cristiana de la santissima liga Contre a L'armata Turcheschà [...], 1571. Antonio Lafreri , L’ordine tenuto dall’armata della santa Lega Christiana contro il Turcho [...], n'e seguita la felicissima Vittoria li sette d'Ottobre MDLXXI [...]'', Rome, 1571</ref> and the Martino Rota of Venice in the following year, show the Ottoman vessels displaying flags with one or several crescents in various orientations (as do the monumental paintings commissioned later based on these prints). Rota also shows numerous crescent finials, both on ships and on fortresses depicted in the background, as well as some finials with stars or suns radiant, and in some cases a sun radiant combined with a crescent in the star-and-crescent configuration.

The official adoption of [[star and crescent]] as the [[Ottoman state]] symbol started during the reign of Sultan [[Mustafa III]] (1757–1774) and its use became well-established during Sultan [[Abdul Hamid I]] (1774–1789) and Sultan [[Selim III]] (1789–1807) periods. A ''{{lang|tr|[[buyruldu]]}}'' (decree) from 1793 states that the ships in the [[Ottoman navy]] have that flag.<ref name="islamencyclopedia">{{cite book |title=İslâm Ansiklopedisi |url=http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/ayrmetin.php?idno=040298 |location=Istanbul |publisher=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı |page=298 |volume=4 |date=1991 |language=tr}}</ref>

[[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], who became Pasha of [[Egypt]] in 1805, introduced the first [[national flag]] of Egypt, red with three white crescents, each accompanied by a white star.

The association of the crescent with [[flags of the Ottoman Empire|the Ottoman Empire]] appears to have resulted in a gradual association of the crescent shape with [[Islam]] in the 20th century.{{explain|date=June 2022}} A [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement#Red Crescent|Red Crescent]] appears to have been used as a replacement of the [[Red Cross]] as early as in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)|Russo-Turkish War]] of 1877/8, and it was officially adopted in 1929.

While some Islamic organisations since the 1970s have embraced the crescent as their logo or emblem (e.g. ''[[Crescent International]]'' magazine, established 1980), some Muslim publications tend to emphasize that the interpretation of the crescent, historically used on the banners of Muslim armies, as a "religious symbol" of Islam was an error made by the "Christians of Europe".<ref>"Like the Crusaders, the Christians of Europe were misled into a belief that the crescent was the religious symbol of Islam" ''Islamic Review'' 30 (1942), p. 70., "many Muslim scholars reject using the crescent moon as a symbol of Islam. The faith of Islam historically had no symbol, and many refuse to accept it.", Fiaz Fazli, ''Crescent'' magazine, [[Srinagar]], September 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8oBW-sQ_dpIC&pg=PA42 p. 42].</ref> The identification of the crescent as an "Islamic symbol" is mentioned by [[James Hastings]] as a "common error" to which "even approved writers on Oriental subjects" are prone as early as 1928.<ref>"There is no more common error than the supposition that the crescent (or rather crescent and star) is an Islamic symbol, and even approved writers on Oriental subjects are apt to fall into it." 
James Hastings, ''[[Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics]]'', Volumes 11-12 (1928),  p. 145.</ref>

The crescent was used on a flag of the [[American Revolutionary War]] and was called the [[Moultrie Flag|Liberty (or Moultrie) Flag]].

The symbol of the [[Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)|Triple Goddess]] is a circle flanked by a left facing and right facing crescent, which represents a [[virginity|maiden]], [[mother goddess|mother]] and [[crone]] archetype.<ref>Gilligan, Stephen G., and Simon, Dvorah (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=CkLBOvt10jwC&dq=%22triple+goddess%22+crescent+moon+symbol&pg=PA148 ''Walking in Two Worlds: The Relational Self in Theory, Practice, and Community'']. Zeig Tucker & Theisen Publishers. p. 148. {{ISBN|1-932462-11-2}}, {{ISBN|978-1-932462-11-1}}. Retrieved 03 January 2022.</ref> The [[biohazard symbol]] bears peculiar resemblance to it.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Crescents badge of the king Henry II of France.png|Triple crescent badge of [[Henry II of France]] ([[Château d'Écouen]])
File:Three_Mamelukes_with_lances_on_horseback.jpg|[[Mamluk]] lancers, early 16th century (etching by [[Daniel Hopfer]])
File:Battle_of_Mohi_1241.PNG|A depiction of the [[Battle of Mohi]] (1241) between [[Mongols]] on the left and [[Magyars]] on the right
File:Lepanto f1.jpg|The painting of the 1571 [[Battle of Lepanto]] by [[Tommaso Dolabella]] ({{Circa|1632}}) shows a variety of naval flags with crescents attributed to the [[Ottoman flags|Ottoman Empire]]
File:Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg|A naval battle painting of the [[Barbary state]] of [[Ottoman Algiers]] titled ''A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsairs'' by [[Laureys a Castro]], {{Circa|1681}}
File:Varna_1444_Polski_Kronika_from_1564.jpg|A scene from the [[Battle of Varna]] (1444) on the ''Kronika wszystkiego świata'' of [[Marcin Bielski]] (1564)
File:BadWaldsee Frauenbergkirche Gemälde Madonna.jpg|Madonna on the crescent, [[Bad Waldsee]] church (17th century)
File:Pompeo Batoni - Retrato de Dama como Diana Caçadora.jpg|''Portrait of a Lady as Diana'' by [[Pompeo Batoni]] (1760s)
File:Triple Goddess Symbol.svg|Symbol of the Triple Goddess
File:Horned-God-Symbol.svg|A circle with an upward facing crescent representing the [[Wiccan]] [[Horned God]]
</gallery>

==Heraldry==
{{Further|Star and crescent}}

The crescent has been used as a [[heraldic charge]] since the 13th century. 
In heraldic terminology, the term "crescent" when used alone refers to a crescent with the horns pointing upward. A crescent with the horns pointing left (''dexter'') is called "a crescent increscent" (or simply "an increscent"), and when the horns are pointing right (''sinister''), it is called "a crescent decrescent" (or "a decrescent"). A crescent with horns pointing down is called "a crescent reversed". Two crescents with horns pointing away from each other are called "addorsed".<ref name="Fox-Davies_209">Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, ''A complete guide to heraldry '' (1909), p. 289.</ref>
''[[Siebmachers Wappenbuch]]'' (1605) has 48 coats of arms with one or more crescents, for example:<ref>Sara L. Uckelman, [http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/heraldry/siebmacher/siebmacherordinary.html An Ordinary of Siebmacher's Wappenbuch (ellipsis.cx)] (2014)</ref>
*''Azure, a crescent moon argent pierced by an arrow fesswise Or all between in chief three mullets of six points and in base two mullets of six points argent'' (von Hagen, p.&nbsp;176);
*''Azure, an increscent and a decrescent addorsed Or'' (von Stoternheim, p.&nbsp;146);
*''Per pale Or and sable, a crescent moon and in chief three mullets of six points counterchanged'' (von Bodenstein, p.&nbsp;182).
In English heraldry, the crescent is used as a [[difference (heraldry)|difference]] denoting a second son.<ref name="Fox-Davies_209"/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:DeringRoll.jpg|Three examples of coats of arms with crescents from the [[Dering Roll]] ({{Circa|1270}}): No. 118: Willem FitzLel (sable [[semé|crusily]] and three crescents argent); no. 120: John Peche (gules, a crescent or, on a chief argent two mullets gules); no. 128: Rauf de Stopeham (argent, two (of three) crescents and a canton gules).
File:Wappen Neuamt.png|Coat of arms of the [[Neuamt]] bailiwick of [[Zürichgau|Zürich]] (16th century).<ref>''geteilt von Blau mit gestürztem goldenem Halbmond und von Gold mit zwei roten Rosen'' ("per fess azure a crescent reversed or and of the second two roses gules") ''Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz'', vol. V, p. 243.</ref>  Its reversed crescent was taken up in the 20th-century municipal coats of arms of [[Niederglatt]], [[Neerach]] and [[Stadel bei Niederglatt|Stadel]] ([[canton of Zürich]]).
File:Écu Divorde, armorial Toison d'Or Europe, fol. 34, vers 1440.jpg|This coat of arms of the [[Dievoort#Surnames from the name Dievoort|Divorde family]] (Holland and Brabant), around 1440, shows three crescents.
File:POL COA Kuczkowski.svg|Inverted crescent on Polish coat of arms.
</gallery>

==Contemporary use==
{{Further|Star and crescent#Contemporary use}}
<!--please do not list items with star and crescent, take these to [[Star_and_crescent#Contemporary_use]]-->
The crescent remains in use as [[astrological symbol]] and [[astronomical symbol]] representing the Moon. 
Use of a standalone crescent in flags is less common than the [[star and crescent]] combination. Crescents without stars are found in the [[flag of South Carolina|South Carolina state flag]] (1861), [[All India Muslim League]] (1906-1947), the [[flag of Maldives]] (1965), the 
[[flag of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (1981)<ref>In 2011 replaced with a logo showing a crescent engulfing the globe. {{cite web|title=Ihsanoglu urges international community to recognize state of Palestine at the United Nations, historic change of OIC logo and name to Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation |url=http://www.oic-oci.org/oicv2/topic/?t_id=5453&ref=2296&lan=en |website=Organisation of Islamic Cooperation |access-date=25 January 2016 |date=28 June 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the flag of the [[Arab League]].

[[New Orleans]] is nicknamed "the Crescent City", and a crescent (or crescent and star) is used to represent the city in official emblems.<ref name="History of the New Orleans Police Department Badge">{{cite web|url=http://www.nola.gov/nopd/about-us/history/badge/ |title=History of the NOPD Badge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724043726/http://www.nola.gov/nopd/about-us/history/badge/ |archive-date=2013-07-24 }} The origin is the crescent shape of the old city, hugging the East Bank of the [[Mississippi River]].</ref>

Crescents, often with faces, are found on numerous modern municipal coats of arms in Europe, e.g.
[[Germany]]: [[Bönnigheim]], [[Dettighofen, Baden-Württemberg|Dettighofen]], [[Dogern]], [[Jesenwang]], [[Karstädt, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|Karstädt]], [[Angelbachtal|Michelfeld (Angelbachtal)]], [[Waldbronn]]; 
[[Switzerland]]: [[Boswil]], [[Dättlikon]], [[Neerach]] (from the 16th-century [[Neuamt]] coat of arms);
[[France]]: [[Katzenthal]], [[Mortcerf]];
[[Malta]]: [[Qormi]];
[[Sweden]]: [[Trosa Municipality|Trosa]].

The crescent printed on [[military ration]] boxes is the [[US Department of Defense]] symbol for subsistence items. The symbol is used on packaged foodstuffs but not on fresh produce or on items intended for resale.<ref>[[MIL STD 129]], FM 55-17</ref>

Since 1993, the crescent has also been in use as [[Religious symbolism in the United States military#Muslim|chaplain badge]] for [[Islam in the United States|Muslim]] chaplains in the [[US military]].<ref name=USchaplains/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="80px">

File:Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg|[[Flag of South Carolina]] (1861)
File:Flag of Maldives.svg|[[Flag of Maldives]] (1965)
File:IFRC_logo_2020.svg|The [[Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|emblem]] of the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] around the world
File:MHP_Symbol.svg|Symbol of the [[Nationalist Movement Party]] of Turkey
File:Dreamliner_logo.svg|The ''Dreamliner'' logo is painted on many [[Boeing 787]]s
File:Coat of Arms of the 1st-54 Regulares Battalion Tetuán.svg|Coat of arms of the 1st-54 [[Regulares]] Battalion "Tetuán" ([[Spanish Army]])
</gallery>

==Other things called "crescent"==
{{Main|Crescent (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:Map of fertile crescent.svg|thumb|The [[Fertile Crescent]]]]
The term ''crescent'' may also refer to objects with a shape reminiscent of the crescent shape, such as [[Crescent (architecture)|houses forming an arc]], [[Crescent (solitaire)|a type of solitaire game]], [[Crescent Nebula]], [[glomerular crescent]] (crescent shaped scar of the [[Glomerulus (kidney)|glomeruli]] of the kidney),<ref name="urliROCKET Learning Module: Glomerular Pathology, Case I">. It is a sign of [[rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis]] (also called ''crescentic glomerulonephritis'').
{{cite web |url=http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_102_cases_glomerular/Nephritic_syndrome.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212140125/http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_102_cases_glomerular/Nephritic_syndrome.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 12, 2012 |title=iROCKET Learning Module: Glomerular Pathology, Case I }}</ref><ref name="urlRenal Pathology">{{cite web |url=http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/RENAHTML/RENAL092.html |title=Renal Pathology }}</ref> the [[Fertile Crescent]] (the fertile area of land between [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Egypt]] roughly forming a crescent shape), and the ''[[croissant]]'' (the French form of the word) for the crescent-shaped pastry.

==See also==
*[[Barkhan dune]]
*[[Lune (mathematics)]]
*[[Star and crescent]]
*[[Astronomical symbols]]
*[[Astrological symbols]]
*[[Lunar phase]]

===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* Bell, Robert E., ''Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary'', [[ABC-CLIO]] 1991, {{ISBN|0-87436-581-3}}. [https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* {{cite book |title=The Origins of Portsmouth and the First Charter |last=Quail |first=Sarah |year=1994 |publisher=City of Portsmouth |isbn=0-901559-92-X}}

{{Commons category}}
{{wiktionary}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Phases of the Moon]]
[[Category:Heraldic charges]]
[[Category:Artemis]]
[[Category:Inanna]]
[[Category:Selene]]