Editing Cresta Run

{{Short description|Natural ice skeleton racing toboggan track in eastern Switzerland}}
[[Image:Image-Start Cresta.jpg|thumb|240px|Start at Cresta Run]]
{{Coord|46.5025749|N|9.8450459|E|scale:5000|display=title}}
{{For|the racehorse|Cresta Run (horse)}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2022}}
{{Location map
|Alps
|relief     = 1
|label      = Cresta<br>&nbsp;Run
|lat        = 46.5
|long       = 9.84
|caption    = Location in the [[Alps]] of [[Europe]]
|float      = 
|background= 
|width      = 240
}}

The '''Cresta Run''' is a natural ice track in eastern-Switzerland used for [[skeleton (sport)|skeleton]]-toboggan racing. Located in the [[winter sports]] town of [[St. Moritz]], the {{convert|1.2125|km|mi|3|abbr=on}} run is one of the few in the world dedicated entirely to skeleton. It was built in 1884 near the [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of Cresta in the municipality of [[Celerina/Schlarigna]] by the Outdoor Amusement Committee of the Kulm Hotel and the people of St. Moritz. It has continued as a partnership to this day between the St. Moritz Tobogganing Club (SMTC), founded in 1887, and the people of St. Moritz.

The sport of [[intramural]]{{clarify | reason = Unusual word; unclear in which sense it is meant. Does it literally mean that run is between walls of snow or ice?|date=February 2014}} sled racing originated in winter resort activities at the [[Kulm Hotel St. Moritz]] during the early 1870s. SMTC members still congregate for lunch in the 'Sunny Bar' at the Kulm. In the early days of competitive sledding, the predominant style was [[luge]]-style racing, lying on one's back, but the invention of the flexible runner sled ([[Flexible Flyer]]) in 1887, known colloquially as 'the America', led to one Mr. Cornish using the head-first style in the 1887 Grand National. He finished fourteenth due to some erratic rides but established a trend, and by the 1890 Grand National all competitors were riding head-first.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cresta-run.com/about-the-smtc/about-the-smtc/ |title=About the SMTC |access-date=2013-11-13 |archive-date=2018-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220022402/http://www.cresta-run.com/about-the-smtc/about-the-smtc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The head-first style for a time became known as 'Cresta' racing.

==The sport and its history==
{{Essay-like|section|date=November 2024}}
The Cresta Run and the SMTC were founded by devotees of sledding (tobogganing in English) who adopted a head-first [[Prone position|(prone)]] technique of racing down an icy run, as opposed to the feet-first [[Supine position|(supine)]] and somewhat faster [[luge]] race. Both evolving sports were natural extensions of the invention of steerable sleds during the early 1870s by British guests of the Kulm hotel in St. Moritz. The initial crude sleds were developed almost accidentally&mdash;as bored well-to-do gentlemen naturally took to intramural competition in the streets and byways of mountainous downtown St. Moritz posing a risk to each other and pedestrians alike. This gave impetus to steering the sleds, and soon runners and a primitive mechanism evolved to allow some steerage along the longer curving streets of the 1870s. It also allowed higher speeds on the longer runs. Local views varied, but eventually complaints grew louder and Kulm hotel owner [[Caspar Badrutt]] built the first natural ice run for his guests, as part of his efforts to popularize wintering in the mountain resort, while careful not to lose customers to boredom, nor his workforce to injury from errant sleds on the streets.

The committee members were Major William Henry Bulpett (founder of the St. Moritz Tobogganing Club), George Robertson, Charles Digby Jones (Robertson and Digby Jones planned the proposed course), C. Metcalfe, and J. Biddulph.

==The run==
The head (top) of the run is located under the remains of a 12th Century church, demolished in 1890, known as the 'Leaning Tower'. The overall drop is {{convert|157|m|abbr=on}} and the gradient varies from  2.8 to 1 to 8.7 to 1 (length to drop).

The modern Cresta track is not shared with [[Bobsleigh|bobsled]], unlike the original half-pipe sledding track built by hotelier Caspar Badrutt for his guests. Most of it is located within the contour of a steep ravine and is recreated each winter using the rocky ravine and banks of earth as a buttress for the [[pack ice]]. The run is owned and operated, created in 1885 by British military officers with the official name of the '''St. Moritz Tobogganing Club (SMTC)''', but is generally referred to as 'The Cresta Run'.

The course has two entrances known as 'Top' and 'Junction' respectively, with two banks, known as 'Upper' 'and 'Lower'. The entrance at Junction is adjacent to the SMTC clubhouse and is about a third of the way down from Top along the run. Similarly, the exit is simply called 'Finish' and given a typical average speed of more than 50&nbsp;mph, an experienced rider will exit the course at more than 80&nbsp;mph when riding from Top.

The track was used for the skeleton event in both the [[Skeleton at the 1928 Winter Olympics|1928]] and the [[Skeleton at the 1948 Winter Olympics|1948 Winter Olympics]].<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928w2.pdf 1928 Winter Olympics official report.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217062055/http://la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928w2.pdf |date=2010-12-17 }} Part 2. p. 14. {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080410085049/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1948/ORW1948.pdf 1948 Winter Olympics official report.] pp. 6, 23. {{in lang|fr|de}}</ref> These were the only [[Skeleton at the Winter Olympics|Olympics]] with skeleton until [[Skeleton at the 2002 Winter Olympics|2002]].

=== Male preserve ===
The exclusion of women from the course, which was enforced until December 2018, dates from the late 1920s and was instituted because of injuries to female racers and the wholly incorrect belief that excessive sledding caused [[breast cancer]]. It came into effect in 1929, though women had been banned from competitive events several years earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/winter-sports/68430002 |title=Cresta Run: Women to race the Grand National for the first time in 103 years |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2024-03-10 |accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref> Up until 2018, women were only allowed to become "non-active" members. In late 2018, St. Moritz Tobogganing Club meeting members voted by a two-thirds majority to allow women to ride the Cresta Run and become "active" members again.

== Cresta and skeleton ==
{{Essay-like|section|date=November 2024}}
Whilst the Cresta Run is often considered to be the birthplace of modern day skeleton<ref>{{Cite web|title=skeleton sledding {{!}} Definition, History, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/skeleton-sledding|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> and acted as the course for Skeleton events in the 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics, Cresta ''riding'' is notably different from modern day Skeleton ''sliding''. Cresta Riding requires significant movement on the toboggan in order to navigate the track. Such movement includes riders moving their position back and forwards on the toboggan, and actively pushing the toboggan with your right hand in order to manoeuvre through Shuttlecock and Thoma. On the other hand, modern Skeleton sliding requires much less movement on the toboggan, and the sleds are generally speaking more flexible and sensitive than those for the Cresta. Cresta Toboggans possess longer, more prominent knives on the back of the ''runners'' than their modern-day skeleton counterparts. This is in order to achieve greater grip, as unlike in modern Skeleton which takes place on Bob-Runs, one can exit the Cresta Run at numerous points if they are going too fast or are out of control.

Toboggans used by the Cresta Run are broadly separated into two primary categories: Traditionals and Flat-Tops. Traditional toboggans are the toboggans that every Cresta Rider initially starts on, and have been used since the 1900s; as an evolution of the earlier ''Americas'' toboggan. Traditionals are characterised by a prominent sliding seat and having the runners integrated into the frame. The sliding seat allows riders to move back on the toboggan prior to entry of Shuttlecock to place more weight on the knives, therefore gaining greater control and grip. Flat-Tops were introduced to the Cresta by Reto Gansser (brother of 8-time Grand National Winner Franco Gansser) in the 1960s and became the basis for modern day skeleton sleds. Flat-Tops are characterised by either a steel or carbon fibre base with removable runners. Modern-day are much more akin to Skeleton sleds, with some manufacturers providing Sleds to Olympic Skeleton teams and amateur Cresta Riders alike. Unlike the traditional toboggan, the Flat-Top lacks a moving seat, and is more sensitive and faster. As a result, the secretariat requires riders to achieve consistent rides of 48 seconds from Junction on a Traditional in order to ''convert'' to a flat-top. Converts are then  taught by their ''Flat-Top Guru,'' an experienced flat top rider who is given permission by the secretariat to tutor the converts in Flat-Top riding. It is up to ''Tower'' and the Secretariat to determine whether they are a sufficiently skilled and safe rider to continue riding on a flat-top.

== The club ==
The primary purpose of the 1300 member club founded in 1887 is "…the conduct of races and practice on the Cresta Run and the encouragement of tobogganing generally".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cresta-run.com/ride-the-cresta/ride-the-cresta/ |title=Ride the Cresta |access-date=2013-11-13 |archive-date=2018-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221162236/http://www.cresta-run.com/ride-the-cresta/ride-the-cresta/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> While not snobbish, the Cresta Club gathers well-to-do gentlemen and is totally amateur. There are many more luge and bobsled runs world-wide, but only one Cresta devoted to head first sledding. The club asserts that most of the other sledding sports are dominated by professionals and is one of the last bastions of the genuine amateur in sport.

As in many social clubs, members are elected from a list of qualifiers called the Supplementary List. The course is open to anyone who meets the three criteria for joining the list, and need not be English. It has a lot of club rites such as the "Firework", the "Shuttlecock Club" and a dedicated drink, the "Bullshot". The highlight of the Shuttlecock Club is the yearly ''Shuttlecock Dinner''. The dinner is organised by the Shuttlecock President. Prominent presidents have included [[Constantin von Liechtenstein]], [[Gianni Agnelli]], [[Gunther Sachs]], Sir Dudley [[Cunliffe-Owen baronets|Cunliffe-Owen]], [[Rolf Sachs]], [[Harry Ronald Neil Primrose, Lord Dalmeny|Lord Dalmeny]], Graf Luca Marenzi, Marc M. K. Fischer, [[Clifton Wrottesley|Lord Wrottesley]], Jonny Seccombe and Sven Ley.  <!-- preiously stated above: The historic Cresta run was used as a Winter Olympics course twice&mdash; both times during which the winter games were hosted in St. Moritz (1928 and 1948), such doubling being itself a rarity.--> The club sponsors more than thirty races each season which generally last from just before Christmas to late February. The track is opened as soon as it is seasonally possible to do so, and is kept open as long as natural weather conditions permit.

==Notable rider-members==
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Trenchard after winning the Freshman's and Beginner's Cups.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard|Hugh Trenchard]] after winning the Freshman and Novices' Cups for 1901]] -->
Some notably good riders from the membership of the past were [[Nino Bibbia]], Italy; [[Giorgio Jegher]], [[John Heaton (athlete)|Jack Heaton]], USA; and [[Billy Fiske]], USA (the first American pilot killed in [[World War II]] as a volunteer in the [[No. 601 Squadron RAF|"Millionaire Squadron"]]). In 1955 the then 71-year-old [[John Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara|Lord Brabazon]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%200166.html|title=Lord Brabazon with the skeleton|website=Flightglobal.com|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref> won the Cresta Run Coronation Cup at an average speed of {{convert|71|km/h|abbr=on}}.

Among the best riders in recent years: eight times Grand National winner was Swiss [[Franco Gansser]], fifteen times Grand National winner [[Clifton Wrottesley|Lord Wrottesley]] finished fourth at the 2002 Olympic Winter Games and was the top record holder (49.92 in 2015), former Junction record holder [[Johannes Badrutt]] (41.02 in 1999), and current Junction record holder is German [[Magnus Eger]] (40.94 in 2017).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cresta-run.com/ride-the-cresta/facts-about-the-cresta/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927115512/http://www.cresta-run.com/ride-the-cresta/facts-about-the-cresta/ |archive-date=2013-09-27 |title=Facts about the Cresta}}</ref> [[Marcel Melcher]] was the youngest ever winner (aged 19, in 1979) of the Grand National.

[[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] [[Andy Green (RAF officer)|Andy Green]] is the [[Royal Air Force|RAF's]] team captain for the Cresta Run. Green is an established driver of land speed record cars, and holds the current land speed record which he achieved in [[Thrust SSC]]. He was also the driver for the [[Bloodhound LSR]] land speed record attempt until stepping down in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/bloodhound-land-speed-record-relaunches/|title=Bloodhound land speed record attempt relaunches under new ownership|website=The Engineer|date=21 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloodhound LSR seeks new driver in bid for 1000mph dream |url=https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/tech/bloodhound-ssc/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=CAR Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

Baron Raunchy was reported to have had the slowest ride from Junction, with a time of 380 seconds.

==Women and the Cresta==
Although since 1929 until December 2018 rules<ref name="Cresta">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/26/british-mother-becomes-first-woman-descend-cresta-run-since/ |title=British mother becomes first woman to descend Cresta Run since ban on females is lifted |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date= 26 January 2019|access-date=2019-01-28|last1=Wilson |first1=Jeremy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cresta-run.com/ride-the-cresta/facts-about-the-cresta/ |title=Facts about the Cresta |access-date=2015-01-13 |archive-date=2018-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202844/http://www.cresta-run.com/ride-the-cresta/facts-about-the-cresta/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> forbade women riders, it was not always so.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bianca.penlib.du.edu/search/?searchscope=2&searchtype=o&searcharg=705974 | title=University of Denver Libraries - Title: Notes on tobogganing at St. M… | access-date=2019-10-13 | archive-date=2013-11-13 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20131113070555/http://bianca.penlib.du.edu/search/?searchscope=2&searchtype=o&searcharg=705974 | url-status=dead }}</ref> For example, T. A. Cook records that, in 1895, various trials were made by women on the Cresta, testing different riding positions and different styles of toboggan—although at that time women riders were encouraged to use only the lower half of the course. [[Vera Barclay]] rode the Cresta Run from Top. She was followed by a young American, Charles Lowe Boorum, Jnr., who said, "See you at the finish". Boorum started too fast and slid into Church Leap at such a speed that he crashed at the Shuttlecock, was hit by his toboggan and died from a fractured skull that evening.

In 2019 Carina Evans, of Britain, became the first woman to descend the Cresta Run from Top since the ban on women riders was lifted in 2018.<ref name="Cresta"/>

Towards the end of the season, there is a ''Ladies Event'' in which women compete from Junction by invitation only.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.cresta-run.com/}}
* [http://www.cresta-run.com/faqs/ Cresta Run FAQ page], includes some of the assertions noted or quoted above.
* [http://www.cresta-run.com/about-the-smtc/about-the-smtc/ Background and Course description]
* [http://www.jogmap.de/civic4/?q=node/5272&tid=1758856 Course on ''jogmap.de'']
* [https://archive.today/20131113082019/http://goo.gl/maps/uwrnj The Cresta Run on Google Maps]
* [http://www.shuttlecock.ch/start.html Shuttlecock Club]

{{1928 Winter Olympic venues}}
{{1948 Winter Olympic venues}}
{{Olympic venues skeleton}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Venues of the 1928 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Venues of the 1948 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic skeleton venues]]
[[Category:Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Sport in St. Moritz]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Graubünden]]