Editing Crevice weaver

{{Short description|Family of spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Neogene|present}}
| name = Crevice weavers
| image = Kukulcania hibernalis male.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Kukulcania hibernalis]]'', male
| image2 = Filistatid web (Marshal Hedin).jpg
| image2_caption = Filistatid web
| taxon = Filistatidae
| authority = [[Anton Ausserer|Ausserer]], 1867
| range_map = Distribution.filistatidae.1.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution is approximate
| diversity = [[#Taxonomy|19 genera]], [[List of Filistatidae species|185 species]]
}}
'''Crevice weaver spiders''' ('''Filistatidae''') comprise [[cribellate]] spiders with features that have been regarded as "[[Primitive (phylogenetics)|primitive]]" for [[araneomorph]] spiders. They are weavers of funnel or tube webs. The family contains 18 [[genera]] and more than 120 described species worldwide.

One of the most abundant members of this family in the [[Americas]] is the [[southern house spider]] (''Kukulcania hibernalis''). Named after the fierce [[Mesoamerica|Meso-American]] god [[Kukulkan]], the females are large (up to nearly 20&nbsp;mm) dark-colored spiders and males are light brown, smaller (about 10&nbsp;mm), but more long-legged and with [[Pedipalp|palps]] that are held together in front of their [[carapace]]s like the horn of a [[unicorn]]. The males also have a darker streak on the center of the [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] carapace that causes them to be often mistaken for [[brown recluse spider]]s. The tiny members of the genus ''Filistatinella'' are like miniature versions of ''Kukulcania''. The nominate genus ''Filistata'' is [[Afro-Eurasia]]n in distribution. In many older books the species from the Americas now placed in the genus ''Kukulcania'' are placed in ''Filistata''.

A striking visual characteristic of the family, beside dimorphism, is the unusual upward bend encountered near the femur of the first pair of legs. While resembling hydraulic muscle mechanisms akin to arthropods, this modification actually allows the spider to retain the prey directly from the crevice it occupies. Also, if the larger prey ever tries to pull it from the crevice, the spider can use these legs to "grab" to the side walls and hence make it difficult. Many ''Kukulcania'' species also use them to dig holes in the soft ground at a 25- to 30-degree angle.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

==Taxonomy==
The family Filistatidae was created in 1867 by [[Anton Ausserer]].<ref name=WSC_f34/> It was based on the species he called ''Filistata bicolor'' (now ''[[Filistata insidiatrix]]''), a Mediterranean species also found in southern Austria.<ref name=WSC_s10368/><ref name=Auss67/>

===Phylogeny===
On the basis of the features of the male and female genitalia, the family was placed in the [[Haplogynae]], usually as the sister taxon of the remaining members of the group.<ref name=Codd05/> However, unlike the other haplogynes, Filistatidae are [[cribellum|cribellate]] and do not show a decrease in the number of segments of the anterior lateral spinnerets.<ref name=MichRami14/> They have other features which have been regarded as "primitive": an M-shaped intestine, only leg IV moving while combing silk, and posterior book lung leaves being present in early juveniles.<ref name=Rami14/> A 2013 study based on molecular evidence placed the family as sister to a clade consisting of [[Hypochilidae]] and the remaining haplogynes.<ref name=AgnaCoddKunt13/> The precise phylogenetic position of the family was described in 2014 as "one of the most enigmatic problems in spider phylogeny".<ref name=MichRami14/>

A 2015 study, based on [[genomic]] data, places Filistatidae with Hypochilidae in a clade outside most of the families previously placed in Haplogynae:<ref name=GarrRodrAgnaCodd15/>

{{clade |style=line-height:90%
|label1=Araneomorphae
|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=Hypochilidae
         |2='''Filistatidae'''
         }}
      |2=most other "traditional" haplogynes
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Leptonetidae]]
      |2=Entelegynae
      }}
   }}
}}
This placement suggests that features that were thought to be "primitive" to araneomorph spiders as a whole (such as an M-shaped midgut) could actually be novel derived features ([[Synapomorphy|synapomorphies]]) of the Hypochilidae-Filistatidae clade.<ref name=GarrRodrAgnaCodd15/>

===Genera===
{{main|List of Filistatidae species}}
{{as of|2019|04}}, the [[World Spider Catalog]] accepts the following genera:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite web| title=Family: Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867| website=World Spider Catalog| access-date=2019-04-22| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/34}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
*''[[Afrofilistata]]'' <small>Benoit, 1968</small> — Sudan
*''[[Andoharano]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1967</small> — Namibia, Madagascar
*''[[Antilloides]]'' <small>Brescovit, Sánchez-Ruiz & Alayón, 2016</small> — Mexico
*''[[Filistata]]'' <small>Latreille, 1810</small> — Australia, Asia
*''[[Filistatinella]]'' <small>Gertsch & Ivie, 1936</small> — Mexico, United States
*''[[Filistatoides]]'' <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899</small> — Guatemala, Chile, Cuba
*''[[Kukulcania]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1967</small> — North America, Central America, Chile
*''[[Labahitha]]'' <small>Zonstein, Marusik & Magalhaes, 2017</small> — Malaysia
*''[[Lihuelistata]]'' <small>Ramírez & Grismado, 1997</small> — Argentina
*''[[Microfilistata]]'' <small>Zonstein, 1990</small> — Iran, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan
*''[[Misionella]]'' <small>Ramírez & Grismado, 1997</small> — Brazil, Argentina
*''[[Pholcoides]]'' <small>Roewer, 1960</small> — Afghanistan, Tajikistan, India
*''[[Pikelinia]]'' <small>Mello-Leitão, 1946</small> — South America
*''[[Pritha]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1967</small> — Asia, Oceania, Africa, France
*''[[Sahastata]]'' <small>Benoit, 1968</small> — Asia, Eritrea
*''[[Tricalamus]]'' <small>Wang, 1987</small> — China, Japan, Afghanistan
*''[[Wandella]]'' <small>Gray, 1994</small> — Australia
*''[[Yardiella]]'' <small>Gray, 1994</small> — Australia
*''[[Zaitunia]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1967</small> — Asia, Greece
{{div col end}}

<gallery>
Kukulcaniahibernalis.JPG|''Kukulcania hibernalis'' male
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Filistatidae species]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=AgnaCoddKunt13>{{Citation |last1=Agnarsson |first1=Ingi |last2=Coddington |first2=Jonathan A. |last3=Kuntner |first3=Matjaž |year=2013 |editor-last=Penney |editor-first=David |contribution=Systematics : Progress in the study of spider diversity and evolution |title=Spider research in the 21st century: trends & perspectives |location=Manchester, UK |publisher=Siri Scientific Press |isbn=978-0-9574530-1-2 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

<ref name=Auss67>{{Citation |last1=Ausserer |first1=A. |date=1867 |title=Die Arachniden Tirols nach ihrer horizontalen und verticalen Verbreitung, I |journal=Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien |volume=17 |pages=137–170 }}</ref>

<ref name=Codd05>{{Cite book |last=Coddington |first=Jonathan A. |year=2005 |editor-last=Ubick |editor-first=D. |editor2-last=Paquin |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Cushing |editor3-first=P.E. |editor4-last=Roth |editor4-first=V. |contribution=Phylogeny and classification of spiders |title=Spiders of North America: an identification manual |pages=18–24 |publisher=American Arachnological Society |access-date=2015-09-24 |contribution-url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4365/CoddingtonSNAPhylogeny05.pdf  |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

<ref name=GarrRodrAgnaCodd15>{{Cite journal |last1=Garrison |first1=Nicole L. |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Juanita |last3=Agnarsson |first3=Ingi |last4=Coddington |first4=Jonathan A. |last5=Griswold |first5=Charles E. |last6=Hamilton |first6=Christopher A. |last7=Hedin |first7=Marshal |last8=Kocot |first8=Kevin M. |last9=Ledford |first9=Joel M. |last10=Bond |first10=Jason E. |date=2015 |title=Spider phylogenomics: untangling the Spider Tree of Life |journal=PeerJ |volume=3 |page=e1852 |doi=10.7717/peerj.1719 |name-list-style=amp |pmc=4768681 |pmid=26925338 |doi-access=free }}<!--|access-date=2016-01-09 --></ref>

<ref name=MichRami14>{{Citation |last1=Michalik |first1=Peter |last2=Ramírez |first2=Martín J. |year=2014 |title=Evolutionary morphology of the male reproductive system, spermatozoa and seminal fluid of spiders (Araneae, Arachnida)–Current knowledge and future directions |journal=Arthropod Structure & Development |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=291–322|name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1016/j.asd.2014.05.005 |pmid=24907603|bibcode=2014ArtSD..43..291M |hdl=11336/19081 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Rami14>{{Citation |last=Ramírez |first=M. |year=2014 |title=The morphology and phylogeny of Dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae) |series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |issue=390 |hdl=2246/6537 }}</ref>

<ref name=WSC_f34>{{citation |title=Family: Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867 |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/34 |access-date=2016-01-10 }}</ref>

<ref name=WSC_s10368>{{citation |title=Taxon details ''Filistata insidiatrix'' (Forsskål, 1775)|work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/10368 |access-date=2016-01-10 }}</ref>
}}

{{Wikispecies|Filistatidae}}
{{Commons category|Filistatidae}}

{{Araneae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10534}}

[[Category:Spiders of South America]]
[[Category:Filistatidae| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Anton Ausserer]]