Editing Cromwell Current

{{short description|Eastward-flowing subsurface current that extends along the equator in the Pacific Ocean}}
[[File:Corrent_Cromwell_acabant_en_Galàpagos.png | thumb | right]]
The '''Cromwell Current''' (also called '''Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent''' or just '''Equatorial Undercurrent''') is an eastward-flowing [[subsurface current]] that extends the length of the [[equator]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].

The Cromwell Current was discovered in 1952<ref>Cromwell, Townsend (1953). "Circulation in a meridional plane in the central equatorial Pacific." ''[[Journal of Marine Research]]'' '''12''' 196-213.</ref><ref>Cromwell, T., Montgomery, R. B., and Stroup, E. D. (1954). [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pdf_extract/119/3097/648 "Equatorial undercurrent in the Pacific Ocean revealed by new methods."] ''Science'' '''119''' (3097) 648-649.</ref> by [[Townsend Cromwell]], a researcher with the Honolulu Laboratory of the Fish and Wildlife Service (later the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]). It is {{convert|250|mi|nmi km}} wide and flows to the east. It is hidden {{convert|300|ft}} under the surface of the [[Pacific Ocean]] at the [[equator]] and is relatively shallow compared to other ocean currents being only {{convert|100|ft}} from top to base. It is a powerful current with top velocities of up to 1.5 m/s (2.9 knots; 3.4 mph). The current's core coincides with the [[thermocline]] and its distance from the parallel [[Equatorial Counter Current]] is approximately {{convert|300|km|mi nmi}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knauss|first=John A.|year=1959|title=Measurements of the Cromwell current|journal=Deep Sea Research|volume=6|pages=275–286}}</ref> It has 1,000 times the volume of the [[Mississippi River]] and its length is {{convert|3,500|mi|nmi km}}.
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==Discovery==
In 1951 researchers on board a Fish and Fish and Wildlife Service fisheries research vessel were engaged in exploratory [[longline fishing]] when they noticed that the gear deep under water drifted eastwards. This was considered unusual because the surface currents of the Pacific Ocean flow westwards at the equator, following the direction of the winds. In 1952 Townsend Cromwell led a research party to investigate how the currents of the ocean varied as a function of depth. They discovered a fast-flowing current that flowed eastwards in the deep surface layers.

==Mechanism==
It is difficult to explain the Cromwell Current easily. At least two different mechanisms are at work in order to guarantee the constant eastward current: (a) Because the Cromwell Current is located on the equator, the [[Coriolis force]] is equal to zero and does not act upon a water parcel. This means that the east–west [[pressure gradient]] functions without being diverted from the high-pressure area in the west toward the low-pressure area in the east, simply following the gradient. The cause of the pressure gradient is at least partially the [[trade winds]] blowing from the east westward. (b) Any water parcel flowing eastward from the west that would somehow be perturbed from its path would be diverted northward if north of the equator and southward if south of the equator. In such a case the local Coriolis force would force the parcel immediately back into the main current that flows from west to east.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to physical oceanography|last=Knauss|first=John A.|publisher=Waveland Press|year=1997|isbn=9781577664291|pages=148–151}}</ref>

==Detailed data==
*Depth: The surface currents flow west. There is reversal point about {{convert|40|m}} down, where the water starts to flow east. The current goes down to about {{convert|400|m}}.
*Flow rate:The total flow is up to around {{convert|30,000000|m3}} per second. The top speed is around 1.5&nbsp;m/s (2.9 knots; 3.4 mph), which is about twice as fast as the westerly surface current.
<!-- *Temperature:  -->
*Length:{{convert|13,000|km|nmi mi}}

==Interaction with El Niño==
[[El Niño]] is a reversal of the normal situation in the Pacific Ocean. Surface water is blown westwards by the prevailing winds and deeper water is forced upwards to replace it. Every now and then, the surface water sloshes back across the ocean, bringing warm water temperatures along the eastern coasts of the Pacific. In non-El Niño years, the Cromwell Current is forced to the surface by underwater seamounts near the [[Galápagos Islands|Galapagos]] islands (this is called upwelling.) However, during El Nino years the current does not upwell in this way. The waters around the islands are therefore considerably warmer during El Niño years than during normal years.

==Effect on wildlife==
The Cromwell Current is both oxygen- and nutrient-rich. A large number of fish are concentrated in it. [[Upwelling]] occurs near the [[Galapagos Islands]]. This brings food supplies to the surface for [[Galápagos penguin]]. Upwelling, however, is a sporadic phenomenon; it fails to occur on a regular basis, and so the food supply comes and goes. The [[penguin]]s have several adaptations to cope with this, including versatility in their breeding habits.

==Possible effect on climate==
The effect of this current on world climate is not well understood.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Lomonosov Current}} 
* {{annotated link|Ocean current}}
* {{annotated link|Ocean gyre}}
* {{annotated link|Physical oceanography}}

{{Ocean}}

[[Category:Currents of the Pacific Ocean]]