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Cronquist system
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{{Short description|System of flowering plant classification}} The '''Cronquist system''' is a [[list of systems of plant taxonomy|taxonomic classification system]] of [[angiosperms|flowering plants]]. It was developed by [[Arthur Cronquist]] in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) and ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1981) (''see'' [[#Bibliography|Bibliography]]). Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, '''[[Magnoliopsida]]''' ([[dicotyledon]]s) and '''[[Liliopsida]]''' ([[monocotyledon]]s). Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses. While the scheme was widely used, in either the original form or in adapted versions, many botanists now use the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] classification for the orders and families of flowering plants, first developed in 1998. The system as laid out in Cronquist's ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1981) counts 64 orders and 321 families in class Magnoliopsida and 19 orders and 65 families in class Liliopsida. == ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' 1968 (monocots) == Class [[Liliatae]] (Monocotyledoneae) * Subclass [[Alismatidae]] (4 orders) ** Order [[Alismatales]] ** Order [[Hydrocharitales]] ** Order [[Najadales]] ** Order [[Triuridales]] * Subclass [[Commelinidae]] (8 orders) ** Order [[Commelinales]] ** Order [[Eriocaulales]] ** Order [[Restionales]] ** Order [[Juncales]] ** Order [[Cyperales]] ** Order [[Typhales]] ** Order [[Bromeliales]] ** Order [[Zingiberales]] * Subclass [[Arecidae]] (4 orders) ** Order [[Arecales]] ** Order [[Cyclanthales]] ** Order [[Pandanales]] ** Order [[Arales]] * Subclass [[Liliidae]] (2 orders) ** Order [[Liliales]] *** Family [[Philydraceae]] *** Family [[Pontederiaceae]] *** Family [[Liliaceae]] (Alluaceae, Alstroemeriaceae, Aphyllanthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Colchicaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Melanthiaceae, Petermanniaceae, Philesiaceae, Ruscaceae, Trilliaceae) *** Family [[Iridaceae]] *** Family [[Agavaceae]] *** Family [[Xanthorrhoeaceae]] *** Family [[Velloziaceae]] *** Family [[Haemodoraceae]] (Tecophilaeceae) *** Family [[Taccaceae]] *** Family [[Cyanastraceae]] *** Family [[Stemonaceae]] (Roxburghiaceae) *** Family [[Smilacaceae]] *** Family [[Dioscoreaceae]] (Stenomeridaceae, Trichopodaceae) ** Order [[Orchidales]] *** Family [[Geosiridaceae]] *** Family [[Burmanniaceae]] (Thismiaceae) *** Family [[Corsiaceae]] *** Family [[Orchidaceae]] (Apostasiaceae) == ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' 1981 == === Class Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) === [[Image:CronquistPlantSystemTree.PNG|right|thumb|300px|Cronquist system diagram]] #Subclass [[Magnoliids|Magnoliidae]] (mostly basal dicots) ##Order [[Magnoliales]] ###[[Winteraceae]] ###[[Degeneriaceae]] ###[[Himantandraceae]] ###[[Eupomatiaceae]] ###[[Austrobaileyaceae]] ###[[Magnoliaceae]] (magnolia family) ###[[Lactoridaceae]] ###[[Annonaceae]] ###[[Myristicaceae]] ###[[Canellaceae]] ##Order [[Laurales]] ###[[Amborellaceae]] ###[[Trimeniaceae]] ###[[Monimiaceae]] ###[[Gomortegaceae]] ###[[Calycanthaceae]] ###Idiospermaceae (now part of Calycanthaceae) ###[[Lauraceae]] (laurel family) ###[[Hernandiaceae]] ##Order [[Piperales]] ###[[Chloranthaceae]] ###[[Saururaceae]] ###[[Piperaceae]] (pepper family) ##Order [[Aristolochiales]] ###[[Aristolochiaceae]] ##Order [[Austrobaileyales|Illiciales]] ###[[Illiciaceae]] ###[[Schisandraceae]] ##Order [[Nymphaeales]] ###[[Nelumbonaceae]] (lotus family) ###[[Nymphaeaceae]] (waterlily family) ###[[Barclayaceae]] ###[[Cabombaceae]] ###[[Ceratophyllaceae]] ##Order [[Ranunculales]] ###[[Ranunculaceae]] (buttercup family) ###[[Circaeasteraceae]] ###[[Berberidaceae]] ###[[Sargentodoxaceae]] ###[[Lardizabalaceae]] ###[[Menispermaceae]] ###[[Coriariaceae]] ###[[Sabiaceae]] ##Order [[Ranunculales|Papaverales]] ###[[Papaveraceae]] (poppy family) ###[[Fumariaceae]] #Subclass [[Hamamelidae]] [sic: correctly ''Hamamelididae''] ##Order [[Trochodendrales]] ###[[Tetracentraceae]] ###[[Trochodendraceae]] ##Order [[Hamamelidales]] ###[[Cercidiphyllaceae]] ###[[Eupteleaceae]] ###[[Platanaceae]] ###[[Hamamelidaceae]] ###[[Myrothamnaceae]] ##Order [[Daphniphyllum|Daphniphyllales]] ###[[Daphniphyllum|Daphniphyllaceae]] ##Order [[Didymeles|Didymelales]] ###[[Didymeles|Didymelaceae]] ##Order [[Eucommia]]les ###[[Eucommia]]ceae ##Order [[Urticales]] ###[[Barbeyaceae]] ###[[Ulmaceae]] ###[[Cannabaceae]] (cannabis family) ###[[Moraceae]] (mulberry family) ###[[Cecropiaceae]] ###[[Urticaceae]] ##Order [[Leitneriales]] ###[[Leitneriaceae]] ##Order [[Juglandales]] ###[[Rhoipteleaceae]] ###[[Juglandaceae]] ##Order [[Myricales]] ###[[Myricaceae]] ##Order [[Fagales]] ###[[Balanopaceae]] ###[[Ticodendraceae]] ###[[Fagaceae]] ###[[Nothofagaceae]] ###[[Betulaceae]] ##Order [[Casuarinaceae|Casuarinales]] ###[[Casuarinaceae]] #Subclass [[Caryophyllidae]] ##Order [[Caryophyllales]] ###[[Phytolaccaceae]] ###[[Achatocarpaceae]] ###[[Nyctaginaceae]] ###[[Aizoaceae]] ###[[Didiereaceae]] ###[[Cactaceae]] (cactus family) ###[[Chenopodiaceae]] ###[[Amaranthaceae]] ###[[Portulacaceae]] ###[[Basellaceae]] ###[[Molluginaceae]] ###[[Caryophyllaceae]] ##Order [[Polygonaceae|Polygonales]] ###[[Polygonaceae]] ##Order [[Plumbaginaceae|Plumbaginales]] ###[[Plumbaginaceae]] #Subclass [[Dilleniidae]] ##Order [[Dilleniales]] ###[[Dilleniaceae]] ###[[Paeoniaceae]] ##Order [[Theales]] ###[[Ochnaceae]] ###[[Sphaerosepalaceae]] ###[[Sarcolaenaceae]] ###[[Dipterocarpaceae]] ###[[Caryocaraceae]] ###[[Theaceae]] (tea family) ###[[Actinidiaceae]] (kiwi family) ###[[Scytopetalaceae]] ###[[Pentaphylacaceae]] ###[[Tetrameristaceae]] ###[[Pellicieraceae]] ###[[Oncothecaceae]] ###[[Marcgraviaceae]] ###[[Quiinaceae]] ###[[Elatinaceae]] ###[[Paracryphiaceae]] ###[[Medusagynaceae]] ###[[Clusiaceae]] ##Order [[Malvales]] ###[[Elaeocarpaceae]] ###[[Tiliaceae]] ###[[Sterculiaceae]] ###[[Bombacaceae]] ###[[Malvaceae]] (mallow family) ##Order [[Lecythidales]] ###[[Lecythidaceae]] ##Order [[Nepenthales]] ###[[Sarraceniaceae]] ###[[Nepenthaceae]] ###[[Droseraceae]] ##Order [[Violales]] ###[[Flacourtiaceae]] ###[[Peridiscaceae]] ###[[Bixaceae]] ###[[Cistaceae]] (rock rose family) ###[[Huaceae]] ###[[Lacistemataceae]] ###[[Scyphostegiaceae]] ###[[Stachyuraceae]] ###[[Violaceae]] (violet family) ###[[Tamaricaceae]] (tamarix family) ###[[Frankeniaceae]] ###[[Dioncophyllaceae]] ###[[Ancistrocladaceae]] ###[[Turneraceae]] ###[[Malesherbiaceae]] ###[[Passifloraceae]] (passionflower family) ###[[Achariaceae]] ###[[Caricaceae]] (papaya family) ###[[Fouquieriaceae]] ###[[Hoplestigmataceae]] ###[[Cucurbitaceae]] (squash family) ###[[Datiscaceae]] ###[[Begoniaceae]] ###[[Loasaceae]] ##Order [[Salicaceae|Salicales]] ###[[Salicaceae]] ##Order [[Capparales]] ###[[Tovariaceae]] ###[[Capparaceae]] ###[[Brassicaceae]] (mustard family) ###[[Moringaceae]] ###[[Resedaceae]] ##Order [[Batales]] ###[[Gyrostemonaceae]] ###[[Bataceae]] ##Order [[Ericales]] ###[[Cyrillaceae]] ###[[Clethraceae]] ###[[Grubbiaceae]] ###[[Empetraceae]] ###[[Epacridaceae]] ###[[Ericaceae]] ###[[Pyrolaceae]] ###[[Monotropaceae]] ##Order [[Diapensiales]] ###[[Diapensiaceae]] ##Order [[Ebenales]] ###[[Sapotaceae]] ###[[Ebenaceae]] ###[[Styracaceae]] ###[[Lissocarpaceae]] ###[[Symplocaceae]] ##Order [[Primulales]] ###[[Theophrastaceae]] ###[[Myrsinaceae]] ###[[Primulaceae]] (primula family) #Subclass [[Rosidae]] ##Order [[Rosales]] ###[[Brunelliaceae]] ###[[Connaraceae]] ###[[Eucryphiaceae]] ###[[Cunoniaceae]] ###[[Davidsoniaceae]] ###[[Dialypetalanthaceae]] ###[[Pittosporaceae]] ###[[Byblidaceae]] ###[[Hydrangeaceae]] ###[[Columelliaceae]] ###[[Grossulariaceae]] ###[[Greyiaceae]] ###[[Bruniaceae]] ###[[Anisophylleaceae]] ###[[Alseuosmiaceae]] ###[[Crassulaceae]] ###[[Cephalotaceae]] ###[[Saxifragaceae]] ###[[Rosaceae]] (rose family) ###[[Neuradaceae]] ###[[Crossosomataceae]] ###[[Chrysobalanaceae]] ###[[Surianaceae]] ###[[Rhabdodendraceae]] ##Order [[Fabales]] ###[[Mimosaceae]] (mimosa family) ###[[Caesalpiniaceae]] ###[[Fabaceae]] (legume/pea family) ##Order [[Proteales]] ###[[Elaeagnaceae]] ###[[Proteaceae]] ##Order [[Podostemales]] ###[[Podostemaceae]] ##Order [[Haloragales]] ###[[Haloragaceae]] ###[[Gunneraceae]] ##Order [[Myrtales]] ###[[Sonneratiaceae]] ###[[Lythraceae]] ###[[Penaeaceae]] ###[[Crypteroniaceae]] ###[[Thymelaeaceae]] ###[[Trapaceae]] ###[[Myrtaceae]] (myrtle family) ###[[Punicaceae]] ###[[Onagraceae]] ###[[Oliniaceae]] ###[[Melastomataceae]] ###[[Combretaceae]] ###[[Alzateaceae]] ###[[Memecylaceae]] ###[[Rhyncocalycaceae]] ##Order [[Rhizophoraceae|Rhizophorales]] ###[[Rhizophoraceae]] ##Order [[Cornales]] ###[[Alangiaceae]] ###[[Nyssaceae]] ###[[Cornaceae]] ###[[Garryaceae]] ##Order [[Santalales]] ###[[Medusandraceae]] ###[[Dipentodontaceae]] ###[[Olacaceae]] ###[[Opiliaceae]] ###[[Santalaceae]] ###[[Misodendraceae]] ###[[Loranthaceae]] ###[[Viscaceae]] ###[[Eremolepidaceae]] ###[[Balanophoraceae]] ##Order [[Rafflesiales]] ###[[Hydnoraceae]] ###[[Mitrastemonaceae]] ###[[Rafflesiaceae]] (rafflesia family) ##Order [[Celastrales]] ###[[Geissolomataceae]] ###[[Celastraceae]] ###[[Hippocrateaceae]] ###[[Stackhousiaceae]] ###[[Salvadoraceae]] ###[[Aquifoliaceae]] ###[[Icacinaceae]] ###[[Aextoxicaceae]] ###[[Cardiopteridaceae]] ###[[Corynocarpaceae]] ###[[Dichapetalaceae]] ###[[Tepuianthaceae]] ##Order [[Euphorbiales]] ###[[Buxaceae]] (box family) ###[[Simmondsiaceae]] ###[[Pandaceae]] ###[[Euphorbiaceae]] ##Order [[Rhamnales]] ###[[Rhamnaceae]] ###[[Leeaceae]] ###[[Vitaceae]] (grape family) ##Order [[Linales]] ###[[Erythroxylaceae]] ###[[Humiriaceae]] ###[[Ixonanthaceae]] ###[[Hugoniaceae]] ###[[Linaceae]] ##Order [[Polygalales]] ###[[Malpighiaceae]] ###[[Vochysiaceae]] ###[[Trigoniaceae]] ###[[Tremandraceae]] ###[[Polygalaceae]] ###[[Xanthophyllaceae]] ###[[Krameriaceae]] ##Order [[Sapindales]] ###[[Staphyleaceae]] ###[[Melianthaceae]] ###[[Bretschneideraceae]] ###[[Akaniaceae]] ###[[Sapindaceae]] ###[[Hippocastanaceae]] ###[[Aceraceae]] ###[[Burseraceae]] ###[[Anacardiaceae]] (cashew family) ###[[Julianiaceae]] ###[[Simaroubaceae]] ###[[Cneoraceae]] ###[[Meliaceae]] ###[[Rutaceae]] (citrus family) ###[[Zygophyllaceae]] ##Order [[Geraniales]] ###[[Oxalidaceae]] ###[[Geraniaceae]] ###[[Limnanthaceae]] ###[[Tropaeolaceae]] ###[[Balsaminaceae]] ##Order [[Apiales]] ###[[Araliaceae]] ###[[Apiaceae]] (carrot family) #Subclass [[Asteridae]] ##Order [[Gentianales]] ###[[Loganiaceae]] ###[[Retziaceae]] ###[[Gentianaceae]] ###[[Saccifoliaceae]] ###[[Apocynaceae]] ###[[Asclepiadaceae]] ##Order [[Solanales]] ###[[Duckeodendraceae]] ###[[Nolanaceae]] ###[[Solanaceae]] (nightshade/tomato family) ###[[Convolvulaceae]] ###[[Cuscutaceae]] ###[[Menyanthaceae]] ###[[Polemoniaceae]] ###[[Hydrophyllaceae]] ###[[Retziaceae]] ##Order [[Lamiales]] ###[[Lennoaceae]] ###[[Boraginaceae]] ###[[Verbenaceae]] ###[[Lamiaceae]] (mint family) ##Order [[Callitrichales]] ###[[Hippuridaceae]] ###[[Callitrichaceae]] ###[[Hydrostachyaceae]] ##Order [[Plantaginales]] ###[[Plantaginaceae]] ##Order [[Scrophulariales]] ###[[Buddlejaceae]] ###[[Oleaceae]] (olive family) ###[[Scrophulariaceae]] ###[[Globulariaceae]] ###[[Myoporaceae]] ###[[Orobanchaceae]] ###[[Gesneriaceae]] ###[[Acanthaceae]] ###[[Pedaliaceae]] ###[[Bignoniaceae]] ###[[Mendonciaceae]] ###[[Lentibulariaceae]] ##Order [[Campanulales]] ###[[Pentaphragmataceae]] ###[[Sphenocleaceae]] ###[[Campanulaceae]] (bell flower family) ###[[Stylidiaceae]] ###[[Donatiaceae]] ###[[Brunoniaceae]] ###[[Goodeniaceae]] ##Order [[Rubiales (plant)|Rubiales]] ###[[Rubiaceae]] (coffee family) ###[[Theligonaceae]] ##Order [[Dipsacales]] ###[[Caprifoliaceae]] ###[[Adoxaceae]] ###[[Valerianaceae]] ###[[Dipsacaceae]] ##Order [[Calycerales]] ###[[Calyceraceae]] ##Order [[Asterales]] ###[[Asteraceae]] (sunflower family) === Class Liliopsida (monocotyledons) === #Subclass [[Alismatidae]] ##Order [[Alismatales]] ###[[Butomaceae]] ###[[Limnocharitaceae]] ###[[Alismataceae]] ##Order [[Hydrocharitales]] ###[[Hydrocharitaceae]] ##Order [[Najadales]] ###[[Aponogetonaceae]] ###[[Scheuchzeriaceae]] ###[[Juncaginaceae]] ###[[Potamogetonaceae]] ###[[Ruppiaceae]] ###[[Najadaceae]] ###[[Zannichelliaceae]] ###[[Posidoniaceae]] ###[[Cymodoceaceae]] ###[[Zosteraceae]] ##Order [[Triuridales]] ###[[Petrosaviaceae]] ###[[Triuridaceae]] #Subclass [[Arecidae]] ##Order [[Arecales]] ###[[Arecaceae]] (palm family) ##Order [[Cyclanthales]] ###[[Cyclanthaceae]] ##Order [[Pandanales]] ###[[Pandanaceae]] (pandan family) ##Order [[Arales]] ###[[Acoraceae]] ###[[Araceae]] ###[[Lemnaceae]] #Subclass [[Commelinidae]] ##Order [[Commelinales]] ###[[Rapateaceae]] ###[[Xyridaceae]] ###[[Mayacaceae]] ###[[Commelinaceae]] ##Order [[Eriocaulales]] ###[[Eriocaulaceae]] ##Order [[Restionales]] ###[[Flagellariaceae]] ###[[Joinvilleaceae]] ###[[Restionaceae]] ###[[Centrolepidaceae]] ##Order [[Juncales]] ###[[Juncaceae]] ###[[Thurniaceae]] ##Order [[Cyperales]] ###[[Cyperaceae]] ###[[Poaceae]] (grass family) ##Order [[Hydatellales]] ###[[Hydatellaceae]] ##Order [[Typhales]] ###[[Sparganiaceae]] ###[[Typhaceae]] #Subclass [[Zingiberidae]] ##Order [[Bromeliales]] ###[[Bromeliaceae]] ##Order [[Zingiberales]] ###[[Strelitziaceae]] ###[[Heliconiaceae]] ###[[Musaceae]] ###[[Lowiaceae]] ###[[Zingiberaceae]] (ginger family) ###[[Costaceae]] ###[[Cannaceae]] ###[[Marantaceae]] #Subclass [[Liliidae]] ##Order [[Liliales]] ###[[Philydraceae]] ###[[Pontederiaceae]] ###[[Haemodoraceae]] ###[[Cyanastraceae]] ###[[Liliaceae]] (lily family) ###[[Iridaceae]] (iris family) ###[[Velloziaceae]] ###[[Aloeaceae]] (aloe family) ###[[Agavaceae]] ###[[Xanthorrhoeaceae]] ###[[Hanguanaceae]] ###[[Taccaceae]] ###[[Stemonaceae]] ###[[Smilacaceae]] ###[[Dioscoreaceae]] ##Order [[Orchidales]] ###[[Geosiridaceae]] ###[[Burmanniaceae]] ###[[Corsiaceae]] ###[[Orchidaceae]] (orchid family) ==Bibliography== {{refbegin|30em}} * [http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/newgate/cron1ang.htm Texas A and M University Bioinformatics Working Group : Cronquist System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211040510/http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/newgate/cron1ang.htm |date=2014-12-11 }} * {{cite web|last1=Reveal|first1=James|author-link=James Reveal|title=Cronquist Family Names and Synonymy|url=http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/crofamsyn/crolist.html|website=Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Project|publisher=University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium|access-date=3 January 2016|date=4 October 1998}} * {{cite web|last1=Reveal|first1=James|author-link=James Reveal|title=Lists of the Flowering Plant Taxa Accepted by Cronquist, Dahlgren, Reveal, Takhtajan & Thorne|url=http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/revfam1.html|website=Vascular Plant Family Nomenclature|publisher=University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium|access-date=3 January 2016|date=22 November 1998}} === Work by Cronquist === * Cronquist, Arthur. (1957). Outline of a new system of families and orders of dicotyledons. ''Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat Brux.'' 27: 13β40. * {{cite journal|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=The divisions and classes of plants|journal=[[The Botanical Review]]|date=October 1960|volume=26|issue=4|pages=425β482|doi=10.1007/BF02940572|bibcode=1960BotRv..26..425C |s2cid=43144314}} * {{cite journal|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=The Status of the General System of Classification of Flowering Plants|journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]]|date=September 1965|volume=52|issue=3|pages=281β303|doi=10.2307/2394794|jstor=2394794|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/36636 }} * {{cite journal|last1=Cronquist|first1=Arthur|last2=Takhtajan|first2=Armen|last3=Zimmermann|first3=Walter|author-link1=Arthur Cronquist|author-link2=Takhtajan|author-link3=Walter Max Zimmermann|title=On the Higher Taxa of Embryobionta|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=April 1966|volume=15|issue=4|pages=129β134|doi=10.2307/1217531|jstor=1217531}} * {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=A |title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=9780231038805}} * {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=A|author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1968|publisher=Houghton Mufflin Company|location=Boston|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionclassif00cron}} <!-- one hour loan --> * {{cite book|last1=Cronquist|first1=A|author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=The evolution and classification of flowering plants|date=1988|orig-year=1968|publisher=New York Botanical Garden|location=Bronx, NY|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4XwAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780893273323}} ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070009/http://ag.arizona.edu/~spmcl/ECOL572/Cronquist88.pdf Excerpt: Classification. 7 pp.] {{refend}} {{List of systems of plant taxonomy}} [[Category:Systems of plant taxonomy|system, Cronquist]]
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