Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
Cropping (image)
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
{{Short description|Removing unwanted outer parts of an image}} {{about|cropping images|other uses|Crop (disambiguation)}} {{More citations needed|date=October 2008}} '''Cropping''' is the removal of unwanted outer areas from a photographic or illustrated image. The process usually consists of the removal of some of the peripheral areas of an image to remove extraneous visual data from the picture, improve its [[framing (visual arts)|framing]], change the [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]], or accentuate or isolate the subject matter from its background. Depending on the application, this can be performed on a physical photograph, artwork, or film footage, or it can be achieved [[workstation|digitally]] by using [[image editing]] [[software]]. The process of cropping is common to the [[photography|photographic]], [[film]] processing, [[broadcasting]], [[graphic design]], and [[offset printing|printing]] businesses. == In photography, print, and design == [[File:vinepyrennees.jpg|thumb|right|Wide view, uncropped photograph]] [[File:vinepyrennees crop.jpg|thumb|right|Cropped version, accentuating the subject]] In the printing, graphic design and photography industries, cropping is the removal of unwanted areas from the periphery of a photographic or illustrated [[image]]. Cropping is one of the most basic [[photo manipulation]] processes, and it is carried out to remove an unwanted object or irrelevant noise from the periphery of a [[photograph]], change its aspect ratio, or improve the overall [[Composition (visual arts)|composition]]. In telephoto photography, most commonly in avian and [[aviation photography]], an image is cropped to magnify the primary subject and further reduce the [[angle of view]]. When a lens of sufficient focal length to achieve the desired magnification directly is not available. It is considered one of the few editing actions permissible in modern [[photojournalism]] along with tonal balance, color correction and [[unsharp masking|sharpening]]. A cropping made by trimming off the top and bottom margins of a photograph, or a film, produces a view that mimics the [[panoramic photography|panoramic]] format (in photography) or the [[widescreen]] format in [[cinematography]] and [[broadcasting]]. Neither of these formats is cropped as such, but rather they are products of highly specialized optical configurations and camera designs. === Graphic examples (photography) === '''[[Cropping system|Cropping]] in order to emphasize the subject:''' <gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="2"> File:Calanit004.jpg|Cropped image of [[Anemone coronaria]], aspect ratio 1.065, in which the flower fills most of the frame File:Kalanit01.jpg|The original photo, aspect ratio 1.333, in which the flower uses only a small part of the frame </gallery> '''Cropping in order to remove unwanted details/objects:''' <gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="2"> File:Chartzit001.JPG|Cropped image of [[Garland chrysanthemum]], aspect ratio 1.081 File:Teva 17 3 (64).JPG|The original photo, aspect ratio 1.333, the lower right part shows some white-colored trash and the upper right shows a dead flower, and both are unwanted objects. </gallery> ===Crop marks=== [[File:Cropped card.jpg|thumb|Visiting card before and after cropping.]] To assist in precise cropping of a printed image, crop marks may be printed at the four corners of the image, just outside the central area to be retained:  {{large|β}}  at the top left corner,  {{large|β}}  at the top right corner,  {{large|β}}  at the bottom left corner, and  {{large|β}}  at the bottom right corner. The paper or paperboard on which the image is printed can then be cut on each side so that the crop marks are removed. In Unicode, the crop marks are represented by: * {{unichar|230F|Top Left Crop}} * {{unichar|230E|Top Right Crop}} * {{unichar|230D|Bottom Left Crop}} * {{unichar|230C|Bottom Right Crop}} Crop marks are useful for cropping images printed with [[bleed (printing)|bleed]], and more generally, when the position of an image on the final sheet is not precisely known in advance. == In cinematography and broadcasting == {{See also|Aspect ratio (image)#Problems in film and television{{!}}Aspect ratio issues}} In certain circumstances, film footage may be cropped to change it from one aspect ratio to another, without stretching the image or filling the blank spaces with [[letterbox (filming)|letterbox]] bars (fig. 2). Concerns about aspect ratios are a major issue in [[filmmaking]]. Rather than cropping, the cinematographer usually uses [[Open matte|mattes]] to increase the latitude for alternative aspect ratios in projection and broadcast. [[Anamorphic format|Anamorphic]] optics (such as [[Panavision]] lenses) produce a [[Full frame (cinematography)|full-frame]], horizontally compressed image from which broadcasters and projectionists can matte a number of alternative aspect ratios without cropping relevant image detail. Without this, widescreen reproduction, especially for television broadcasting, is dependent upon a variety of soft matting techniques such as letterboxing, which involves varying degrees of image cropping (see figures 2, 3 and 4).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmbug.com/dictionary/aspect-ratios.php|title=Aspect Ratios β Filmbug}}</ref> Since the advent of [[widescreen]] television, a similar process has removed large chunks from the top & bottom to make a standard 4:3 image fit a 16:9 one, losing 25 percent of the original image. Another option is a process called [[pillarboxing]], where black bands are placed down the sides of the screen, allowing the original image to be shown full-frame within the wider aspect ratio (fig. 6). <gallery caption="Typical cropping in cinematographic and broadcast applications" widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="3"> File:Image cropping aspect ratios.jpg|Figure 1:<br />2.35:1 original image with widescreen aspect ratio, showing alternative aspect ratios File:Image cropping 235x1.jpg|Figure 2:<br />2.35:1 image with letterbox resized to 4:3, the whole image is visible File:Image cropping 185x1.jpg|Figure 3:<br />1.85:1 image with letterbox resized to 4:3. Typical 16:9 image, the outer edges of the image are not visible File:Image cropping 155x1.jpg|Figure 4:<br />1.55:1 image with letterbox resized to 4:3. A compromise between 16:9 and 4:3, often broadcast in the UK File:Image cropping 133x1.jpg|Figure 5:<br />1.33:1 image without letterbox, because it is cropped to 4:3, losing much of the original <!-- File:Pillarboxed.jpg|Figure 6:<br />A pillarboxed image, allowing the full 4:3 frame to be viewed within a cropped 16:9 widescreen --> </gallery> == Additional methods == Various methods may be used following cropping or may be used on the original image. * [[Vignetting]] is the accentuation of the central portion of an image by blurring, darkening, lightening, or desaturation of peripheral portions of the image * The use of nonrectangular [[Mat (picture framing)|mat]] or [[picture frame]] may be used for selection of portions of a larger image == Digital images == It is not possible to "uncrop" a cropped digital image unless the original still exists or undo information exists: if an image is cropped and saved (without undo information), it cannot be recovered without the original. However, using [[texture synthesis]], it is possible to artificially add a band around an image, synthetically "uncropping" it. This is effective if the band smoothly blends with the existing image, which is relatively easy if the edge of the image has low detail or is a chaotic natural pattern such as sky or grass, but does not work if discernible objects are cut off at the boundary, such as half a car. An [http://registry.gimp.org/node/16113 uncrop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122101603/http://registry.gimp.org/node/16113 |date=2010-01-22 }} [[Plug-in (computing)|plug-in]] exists for the [[GIMP]] image editor. ==See also== *{{anli|Bleed (printing)}} *[[Digital zoom]] == References == {{Commons category}} {{Reflist}} [[Category:Film and video technology]] [[Category:Artistic techniques]] [[Category:Photographic techniques]] [[Category:Composition in visual art]]
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page
(
help
)
:
Template:About
(
edit
)
Template:Anli
(
edit
)
Template:Cite web
(
edit
)
Template:Commons category
(
edit
)
Template:Large
(
edit
)
Template:More citations needed
(
edit
)
Template:Reflist
(
edit
)
Template:See also
(
edit
)
Template:Short description
(
edit
)
Template:Sister project
(
edit
)
Template:Unichar
(
edit
)
Template:Webarchive
(
edit
)