Editing Cubicle

{{For|cubicles in toilet stalls|public toilet}}{{short description|Office furniture meant to allow for concentration}}
[[File:CubeSpace.jpg|thumb|250px|Empty cubicles in an office]]
[[File:Cubicles.shop.jpg|thumb|3D model of cubicles]]
[[File:Digital carrel classroom.webp|thumb|3D model of cubicles in the classroom to get power to the desk and [[computers in the classroom]] for a [[Computational thinking#Computational education|computational education]]]]
A '''cubicle''' is a partially enclosed [[office]] workspace that is separated from neighboring workspaces by partitions that are usually {{convert|5|-|6|ft}} tall.<ref>{{Cite book |last=K.N |first=Dr Shoba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoLkBQAAQBAJ&dq=cubicle+is+a+partially+enclosed+office+workspace+that+is+separated+from+neighboring+workspaces+by+partitions+that+are+usually+5%E2%80%936+feet+(1.5%E2%80%931.8+m)+tall.&pg=PT56 |title=Vocabulary 2.0: Smart Words of the 21st Century |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-84049-15-7 |language=en}}</ref> Its purpose is to isolate office workers and managers from the sights and noises of an [[Open plan|open workspace]] so that they may concentrate with fewer distractions. Cubicles are composed of modular elements such as walls, work surfaces, overhead bins, drawers, and shelving, which can be configured depending on the user's needs. Installation is generally performed by trained personnel, although some cubicles allow configuration changes to be performed by users without specific training.

Cubicles in the 2010s and 2020s are usually equipped with a computer, monitor, keyboard and mouse on the work surface. Cubicles typically have a desk phone. Since many offices use overhead [[fluorescent light]]s to illuminate the office, cubicles may or may not have lamps or other additional lighting. Other furniture often found in cubicles includes [[office chair|office chairs]] and [[filing cabinet|filing cabinets]].

The office cubicle was created by designer [[Robert Propst (inventor)|Robert Propst]] in Scottsdale, AZ for [[Herman Miller (manufacturer)|Herman Miller]], and released in 1967 under the name "[[Action Office]] II".<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE ACTION: Inventor Robert Propst and the History of the Modern Cubicle |url=https://archive.pinupmagazine.org/articles/the-story-of-action-office-2-and-cubicle-inventor-robert-propst-herman-miller |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=archive.pinupmagazine.org |language=en}}</ref> Although cubicles are often seen as being symbolic of work in a modern office setting due to their uniformity and blandness, they afford the employee a greater degree of privacy and personalization than in previous work environments, which often consisted of desks lined up in rows within an open room.<ref name="autogenerated2005"/><ref name="autogenerated1998"/> They do so at a lower cost than individual, private offices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Diaz |first1=Jesus |title=The real reason your company switched to an open plan office |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90220029/the-real-reason-your-company-switched-to-an-open-plan-office |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]] |date=17 August 2018}}</ref>  In some office cubicle workspaces, employees can decorate the walls of their cubicle with posters, pictures and other items.

A cubicle is also called a '''cubicle desk''', '''office cubicle,''' '''cubicle workstation''', or simply a '''cube'''.  An [[office]] filled with cubicles is sometimes called a '''sea of cubicles''', and additionally called '''pods''' (such as 4-pod or 8-pod of cubes)<ref>{{cite news |last=Kirsner |first=Scott |date=1 August 2004 |title=Time (Zone) Travelers |newspaper=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]] |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/85/zones.html |access-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> or a '''cube farm'''. Although humorous, the phrase usually has negative connotations.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Technology |first1=Copyright © Massachusetts Institute of |last2=reserved |first2=1977-2023 All rights |date=2020-11-25 |title=Enter the Cube Farm |url=https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/enter-the-cube-farm/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=MIT Sloan Management Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Cube farms are found in multiple industries including [[technology]], [[insurance]], and [[Public administration|government offices]].

== Etymology ==
The term cubicle comes from the [[Latin]] ''cubiculum'', for bed chamber. It was used in English as early as the 15th century. It eventually{{When|date=April 2022}} came to be used for small chambers of all sorts, and for small rooms or study spaces with partitions which do not reach to the ceiling. Like the older [[carrel desk]], a cubicle seeks to give a degree of [[privacy]] to the user while taking up minimal space in a large or medium-sized room. 

A satirical [[joke]] in the 1870 edition of [[Punch (magazine)|''Punch, or the London Charivari'']] magazine uses "cubicle" in the context of an advertisement for a [[Dormitory|college dormitory]] - "The dormitories separate cubicles." The joke appears to ridicule the overly studious word, asking, "But stay, what ''is'' a cubicle? Did we ever sleep in a cubicle? No; we should as soon have thought of slumber in a [[bicycle]]." The article goes on to explain the Latin origin of the word "cubicle" and its definition.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-odEAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22cubicle%22&pg=PA84 |magazine=[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]] |date=1870 |publisher=[[Bradbury and Evans]] |page=84 |language=en |title=A Good Name}}</ref>

In 1879, the word "cubicle" appeared in reference to [[electrical engineering]], referring to what is today known as [[Electrical enclosure|electrical enclosures]] for [[Switchgear|switchgears]] and [[Circuit breaker|circuit breakers]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxMjAAAAMAAJ&q=%22cubicle%22 |title=Switchgear Principles |date=October 1879 |location=London |publisher=Cleaver-Hume Press |page=184 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cubicle-in-urban-high-rise.jpg|thumb|A cubicle in an urban high rise setting]]

==History==
[[File:Photograph of the Division of Classification and Cataloging, 1937.tif|thumb|right|Before cubicles: open office with desks arranged in rows, 1937]]Prior to the widespread adoption of cubicles beginning in the 1960s, office workers often worked at desks arranged in rows in an open room, where they were exposed to the sounds and activity of those working around them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musser |first=George |title=The Origin of Cubicles and the Open-Plan Office |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-origin-of-cubicles-an/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref>

=== Action Office I ===
{{main|Action Office}}
In 1960, [[Herman Miller (manufacturer)|Herman Miller]] founded the Herman Miller Research Corporation.<ref name="autogenerated2005">{{cite book |last=Habegger |first=Jerryll |title=Sourcebook of Modern Furniture |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2005 |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-393-73170-5|edition=Third }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1998">{{cite book |last=Pina |first=Leslie |title=Classic Herman Miller |publisher=Schiffer Publishing |year=1998 |location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-0-7643-0471-2}}</ref>  The corporation's first major project was an evaluation of the "office" as it had evolved during the 20th Century, and in particular, how it functioned in the 1960s.<ref name="autogenerated2005"/><ref name="autogenerated1998"/> 

Propst concluded from his studies that during the 20th century the office environment had changed substantially, particularly in relation to the amount of information being processed.<ref name="autogenerated2005"/><ref name="autogenerated1998"/> The amount of information an employee had to analyze, organize, and maintain had increased dramatically. Despite this, the basic layout of the corporate office had remained largely unchanged. Propst's studies suggested that an open environment actually reduced communication between employees, and impeded personal initiative.<ref name="autogenerated2005"/><ref name="autogenerated1998"/> On this, Propst commented "One of the regrettable conditions of present day offices is the tendency to provide a formula kind of sameness for everyone."<ref name="autogenerated2005"/><ref name="autogenerated1998"/> In addition, the employees were suffering from long hours of sitting in one position.<ref name="autogenerated2005"/><ref name="autogenerated1998"/>

In 1964, they created the [[Action Office]] I (AO-1) and introduced it in the Herman Miller lineup.<ref name="autogenerated2005" /><ref name="autogenerated1998" /> AO-1 was a failure.<ref name="autogenerated2005" /><ref name="autogenerated1998" /> Despite its shortcomings, Nelson won the [[Alcoa Award]] for the design without crediting Propst.<ref name="autogenerated2005" /><ref name="autogenerated1998" />

=== First appearances ===
One of the first offices to incorporate the ''"Action Office"'' design was in the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]].<ref name="autogenerated1995">{{cite book |last=Abercrombie |first=Stanley |title=George Nelson: The Design of Modern Design |publisher=The MIT Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-262-01142-6 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>

===Action Office II===
Following the poor sales of Action Office 1, Propst and Nelson decided that Action Office I had failed.<ref name="autogenerated2005"/><ref name="autogenerated1998"/> The AO-2 lineup met with unprecedented success.<ref name="autogenerated2005"/><ref name="autogenerated1998"/> In 1978, ''"Action Office II"'' was renamed simply ''"Action Office"'', and by 2005 had attained sales totaling $5 billion.<ref name="autogenerated1998"/><ref name="autogenerated1995" />

Despite the success and his contributing ideas, Nelson criticized the ''"Action Office II"'' line. In 1970, he sent a letter to Robert Blaich, Herman Miller's Vice-President for Corporate Design and Communication, in which he described the system's "dehumanizing effect as a working environment.".<ref name="autogenerated1995" /><!-- page 219 -->

=== Internet era ===
[[File:Capgemini employee cubicle São Paulo.jpg|thumb|A cubicle in IT company [[Capgemini]]'s [[São Paulo]] office]]In 1994 designer Douglas Ball planned and built several iterations of the [[Clipper CS-1|Clipper]] or [[Clipper CS-1|CS-1]], a "capsule" desk that resembled the streamlined front fuselage of a fighter plane. Meant as a computer workstation, it had louvers and an integrated ventilation system, as well as a host of built-in features typical of the [[ergonomic desk]]. An office space filled with these instead of traditional squarish cubicles would look like a hangar filled with small flight simulators. It was selected for the permanent design collection of the Design Museum in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Douglas Ball |url=https://www.hermanmiller.com/designers/ball/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.hermanmiller.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Many{{How many|date=April 2022}} cube farms were built during the [[Dot-com bubble|dotcom boom]] of 1997-2003.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} Between 2000 and 2002, [[IBM]] partnered with the office furniture manufacturer [[Steelcase]], and researched the software, hardware, and ergonomic aspects of the cubicle of the future (or the [[office of the future]]) under the name "Bluespace". They produced several prototypes of this hi-tech multi screened work space and even exhibited one at [[Walt Disney World]]. Bluespace offered movable multiple screens inside and outside, a projection system, advanced individual lighting, heating and ventilation controls, and guest-detecting privacy systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.buildings.com/industry-news/article/10195546/ibm-steelcase-form-office-alliance-unveils-bluespace-tech-office-of-the-future |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.buildings.com|date=21 January 2002 }}</ref>

=== Open-plan offices ===
{{Main|Open plan#office spaces}}
During the 2000s and 2010s, open plan offices arose again as a modern response to cubicles, inspired by [[:Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley|tech companies]] in [[Silicon Valley#Rise of computer culture|Silicon Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Is Why Open Offices Replaced Cubicles |url=https://www.themuse.com/advice/history-of-the-open-offices-exist-cubicles |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=The Muse |date=30 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Though they predate cubicles and were re-popularized by architects including [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] in 1939,<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Is Why Open Offices Replaced Cubicles |url=https://www.themuse.com/advice/history-of-the-open-offices-exist-cubicles |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=The Muse |date=30 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> 21st-century open plans are sometimes described as a "[[fad]]." Open plans have negative consequences on employees' [[Productivity-improving technologies|productivity]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=Ethan S. |last2=Turban |first2=Stephen |date=2018-08-19 |title=The impact of the 'open' workspace on human collaboration |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B |language=en |volume=373 |issue=1753 |pages=20170239 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0239 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=6030579 |pmid=29967303}}</ref> [[mental health]], and [[Contagious disease|health]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Geoffrey |date=2018-10-10 |title=How Open-Plan Offices Kill Diversity and Equality |url=https://www.inc.com/geoffrey-james/how-open-plan-offices-kill-diversity-equality.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Inc.com |language=en}}</ref> 

In 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, open-plan offices such as those in True Manufacturing Co. began to put up [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|plexiglass]] [[Sneeze guard|partitions]]. Demand was so high and materials scarce the use of glass partitions as a protective screen was also widely used - essentially, once again [[Room divider|dividing]] open plans into cubicles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mull |first=Amanda |date=2020-07-27 |title=The End of Open-Plan Everything |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/07/walls-pandemic-open-plan/614590/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>

==Impact on society==
[[Image:Sea-of-cubicles-2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A floor plan showing repetitive, regimented cubicles]]
It is unlikely that any other office furnishings has had as much of a social impact as the introduction of the office cubicle in the 1960s, though the outcome of the cubicle's arrival is still open to debate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Open VS Closed Space Work Environments |url=https://www.theperspective.com/debates/living/open-vs-closed-space-work-environments/ |publisher=The Perspective |date=27 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017}}</ref> 

Author Thomas Hine speculated that the cubicle contributed to breaking the [[glass ceiling]] for women in the 1960s. Because women could be excluded from [[Occupational segregation|male-dominated]] open office "[[Open plan|bull pens]]," cubicles allowed women to be promoted into middle management positions without making men uncomfortable.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hine |first=Thomas |title=The Great Funk |publisher=Sara Crichton Books |year=2007 |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-374-14839-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/greatfunkfalling0000hine }}</ref>

Writer Geoffrey James of ''[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]'' is also a proponent of cubicles. James argues that cubicles encourage [[Diversity (business)|diversity in the workplace]], as opposed to open floor plans which he claims favors the socially privileged and creates an uncomfortable environment for others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Moral Life of Cubicles |url=https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-moral-life-of-cubicles |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The New Atlantis |language=en-US}}</ref> Therefore, he claims open floor spaces systemically encourage [[ageism]], [[Institutional racism|racism]], [[Occupational sexism|sexism]], and [[ableism]] by focusing on young [[White privilege|white]] [[Male privilege|men]] as the [[Male as norm|norm]]. However, cubicles lead to more overall comfort and therefore more [[Social equality|equality in the workplace]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Geoffrey |date=2018-10-10 |title=How Open-Plan Offices Kill Diversity and Equality |url=https://www.inc.com/geoffrey-james/how-open-plan-offices-kill-diversity-equality.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Inc.com |language=en}}</ref> 

Cultural commentary about cubicles was done in the 1990s and early 2000s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-24 |title=As office workers make their return, so does the lowly cubicle |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/as-office-workers-make-their-return-so-does-the-lowly-cubicle |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> In expensive cities like [[New York City|New York]] and [[London]], open-floor plans became popular because traditional cubicle or office setups were too costly.<ref name=":0" /> In 1989, controversial cartoonist [[Scott Adams]] spoke through his comic strip, ''[[Dilbert]]'', to satirize cubicle culture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-11-01 |title=Life's Work: An Interview with Scott Adams |url=https://hbr.org/2013/11/scott-adams |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=Harvard Business Review |language=en |issn=0017-8012}}</ref> He depicted an IT company employee who works in a cubicle. In 2001, he teamed up with the design company [[IDEO]] to create "Dilbert's Ultimate Cubicle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ideo.com/work/item/dilberts-ultimate-cubicle/|title=Dilbert's Ultimate Cubicle|publisher=IDEO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017152226/http://www.ideo.com/work/item/dilberts-ultimate-cubicle|archive-date=2010-10-17|url-status=dead|access-date=2011-03-26}}</ref> It included both whimsical aspects, a modular approach and attention to usually-neglected ergonomic details like the change in light orientation as the day advances. 

In 1991, [[Douglas Coupland]] has coined the phrase "[[veal]]-fattening pen", a deprecation of cubicles in his novel ''[[Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture]]''. In 1999, cubicles were depicted in sci-fi movie ''[[The Matrix (film)|The Matrix]]'', in which a [[programmer]] who is moonlighting as a [[hacker (computer security)|hacker]] spends his days in a drab cubicle.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086541/reviews/ |title=Videodrome (1983) - IMDb |access-date=2024-10-16 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-03 |title=Hàng Thanh Lý 436 |url=https://hangthanhly436.com |access-date=2024-10-16 |language=vi}}</ref> The 1999 comedy ''[[Office Space]]'' depicts a [[boreout|bored]] group of [[Information technology|IT]] workers who work in cubicles.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0151804/reviews/ |title=Office Space (1999) - User reviews - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2024-10-16 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> 

==See also==
* [[List of desk forms and types]]
* [[Architectural acoustics]]
* [[Sound masking]]
* [[Carrel desk]] - desks with small wall dividers

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Adams, Scott. ''What Do You call a Sociopath in a Cubicle?: (Answer, a Coworker)'' Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2002.
* Blunden, Bill. ''Cube Farm''. Berkeley: Apress, 2004.
* Duffy, Francis. Colin Cave. John Worthington, editors. ''Planning Office Space''. London: The Architectural Press Ltd., 1976.
* Inkeles, Gordon. ''Ergonomic Living: How to Create a User-Friendly Home and Office''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
* Klein, Judy Graf. ''The Office Book''. New York: Facts on File Inc., 1982.
* Schlosser, Julie. "Cubicles: The great mistake." CNNMoney.com, 2006
* Saval, Nikil. ''Cubed: A Secret History of the Workplace'', Doubleday, 2014.

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Office cubicles}}{{Wiktionary}}
* [https://money.cnn.com/2006/03/09/magazines/fortune/cubicle_howiwork_fortune/index.htm?cnn=yes CNN/Fortune - Cubicles: The great mistake]
* [http://www.virginia.edu/iasc/culture/CultureFall07.pdf Cubitopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625122541/http://www.virginia.edu/iasc/culture/CultureFall07.pdf |date=2008-06-25 }} Article on the utopian ideal of the cubicle

[[Category:Desks]]
[[Category:Dilbert]]
[[Category:Furniture]]
[[Category:Office buildings]]