Editing Cued speech

{{Short description|Visual system of communication used with and among deaf or hard-of-hearing people}}
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Cued speech
| altname          = 
| nativename       = 
| acceptance       = 
| image            = KINEMAS.jpg
| imagesize        = <!-- or image_size -->
| imagealt         = 
| imagecaption     = {{wt|en|kineme|Kinemes|italic=no}} used in Cued Speech.
| pronunciation    = 
| states           = <!-- or state -->
| region           = 
| creator          = R. Orin Cornett 
| created          = 1966
| setting          = Deaf or hard-of-hearing people
| ethnicity        = 
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| speakers         = 
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| ref              = <!-- up to e21 (or current edition) if ref is ''Ethnologue'' --> 
| refname          = 
| speakers2        = 
| revived          = 
| revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat -->
| familycolor      = 
| family           = Adds information about the phonology of the word that is not visible on the lips
| fam1             = 
| fam2             = 
| fam3             = <!-- up to fam15 -->
| protoname        = 
| ancestor         = 
| ancestor2        = <!-- up to ancestor8 -->
| standards        = 
| stand1           = 
| stand2           = <!-- up to stand6 -->
| dialects         = 
| listclass        = 
| dia1             = 
| dia2             = <!-- up to dia20 -->
| script           = 
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| lc2              = <!-- up to lc30 -->
| ld2              = <!-- up to ld30 --> 
| iso6             = 
| isoexception     = 
| linglist         = 
| lingname         = 
| linglist2        = <!-- up to linglist6 -->
| lingname2        = <!-- up to lingname6 -->
| glotto           = 
| glottoname       = 
| glottofoot       = 
| glottorefname    = 
| glotto2          = <!-- up to glotto5 -->
| glottoname2      = <!-- up to glottoname5 -->
| glottorefname2   = <!-- up to glottorefname5 -->
| aiatsis          = 
| aiatsisname      = 
| aiatsis2         = <!-- up to aiatsis6 -->
| aiatsisname2     = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 -->
| guthrie          = 
| lingua           = 
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| coordinates      = <!-- use {{Coord}} --> 
| module           = 
| notice           = IPA
}}

'''Cued speech''' is a visual system of communication used with and among [[deaf]] or [[deafness|hard-of-hearing]] people. It is a phonemic-based system which makes traditionally spoken languages accessible by using a small number of [[handshape]]s, known as cues (representing [[consonant]]s), in different locations near the mouth (representing [[vowel]]s) to convey spoken language in a visual format. The National Cued Speech Association defines cued speech as "a visual mode of communication that uses hand shapes and placements in combination with the mouth movements and speech to make the phonemes of spoken language look different from each other." It adds information about the [[phonology]] of the word that is not visible on the lips. This allows people with hearing or language difficulties to visually access the fundamental properties of language.  It is now used with people with a variety of language, speech, communication, and learning needs. It is not a [[sign language]] such as [[American Sign Language]] (ASL), which is a separate language from [[English language|English]]. Cued speech is considered a communication modality but can be used as a strategy to support auditory rehabilitation, speech articulation, and literacy development.

==History==
Cued speech was invented in 1966 by [[R. Orin Cornett]] at [[Gallaudet University|Gallaudet College]], [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="All Good Things Pg 1">"All Good Things...Gallaudet closes Cued Speech Team", ''Cued Speech News'' Vol. XXVII No. 4 (Final Issue) Winter 1994: Pg 1</ref> After discovering that children with prelingual and profound [[hearing impairment]]s typically have poor [[reading comprehension]], he developed the system with the aim of improving the reading abilities of such children through better comprehension of the [[phoneme]]s of English. At the time, some were arguing that deaf children were earning these lower marks because they had to learn two different systems: American Sign Language (ASL) for person-to-person communication and English for reading and writing.<ref name="Cued Speech offers">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/27/AR2010092705382.html |title=Cued speech offers deaf children links to spoken English |first=Leslie |last=Tamura |date=September 27, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref> As many sounds look identical on the lips (such as {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/b/}}), the hand signals introduce a visual contrast in place of the formerly acoustic contrast. Cued Speech may also help people hearing incomplete or distorted sound—according to the National Cued Speech Association at cuedspeech.org, "[[cochlear implant]]s and Cued Speech are perfect partners".<ref>{{cite web |title=Cued Speech and Cochlear Implantation: A view from two decades |url=https://www.cuedspeech.co.uk/uploads/documents/Articles/view%20from%202%20decades.pdf |date=2020 |author= Jane Smith}}</ref>

Since cued speech is based on making sounds visible to the hearing impaired, it is not limited to use in English-speaking nations. Because of the demand for use in other languages/countries, by 1994 Cornett had adapted cueing to 25 other languages and dialects.<ref name="All Good Things Pg 1"/>  Originally designed to represent [[American English]], the system was adapted to [[French language|French]] in 1977. {{As of|2005}}, Cued speech has been adapted to approximately 60 languages and dialects, including six [[dialects of English]]. For [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal languages]] such as [[Thai language|Thai]], the tone is indicated by inclination and movement of the hand. For English, cued speech uses eight different hand shapes and four different positions around the mouth.{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}

==Nature and use==
Though to a hearing person, cued speech may look similar to signing, it is not a [[sign language]]; nor is it a [[Manually coded language|manually coded sign system]] for a spoken language. Rather, it is a manual modality of communication for representing any language at the phonological level ([[phonetics]]).

A manual cue in cued speech consists of two components: hand shape and hand position relative to the face. Hand shapes distinguish consonants and hand positions distinguish vowel. A hand shape and a hand position (a "cue") together with the accompanying mouth shape, makes up a CV unit - a basic syllable.<ref>Heracleous, P. Beautemps, D. & Aboutabit, N. (2010). Cued speech automatic recognition in normal-hearing and deaf subjects. ''Speech Communication,'' 52, 504–512.</ref>

Cuedspeech.org lists 64 different dialects to which CS has been adapted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cuedspeech.org/cued-speech-in-different-languages |title=Cued Speech in Different Languages {{!}} National Cued Speech Association |website=www.cuedspeech.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728203404/http://www.cuedspeech.org/cued-speech-in-different-languages |archive-date=2012-07-28}}</ref>  Each language takes on CS by looking through the catalog of the language's phonemes and distinguishing which phonemes appear similar when pronounced and thus need a hand sign to differentiate them.{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}

==Literacy==
Cued speech is based on the hypothesis that if all the sounds in the spoken language looked clearly different from each other on the lips of the speaker, people with a hearing loss would learn a language in much the same way as a hearing person, but through vision rather than audition.<ref name="Cornett">Cued Speech: What and Why?, R. Orin Cornett, Ph.D., undated white paper.</ref><ref name="Sweden">Proceedings of the International Congress on Education of the Deaf, Stockholm, Sweden 1970, Vol. 1, pp. 97-99</ref>

Literacy is the ability to read and write proficiently, which allows one to understand and communicate ideas so as to participate in a literate society.

Cued speech was designed to help eliminate the difficulties of English language acquisition and literacy development in children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. Results of research show that accurate and consistent cueing with a child can help in the development of language, communication and literacy but its importance and use is debated. Studies address the issues behind literacy development,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Sue |date=2007 |title=Choices in Deafness: A Parents' Guide to Communication Options by Sue Schwartz (Editor), Ph.D. (Editor) " {{!}} 9781890627737 {{!}} Get Textbooks {{!}} New Textbooks {{!}} Used Textbooks {{!}} College Textbooks - GetTextbooks.co.uk" |url=https://www.gettextbooks.co.uk/isbn/9781890627737/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.gettextbooks.co.uk}}</ref> traditional deaf education, and how using cued speech affects the lives of deaf and [[Hearing loss|HOH]] children.

Cued speech does indeed achieve its goal of distinguishing phonemes received by the learner, but there is some question of whether it is as helpful to expression as it is to reception.  An article by Jacqueline Leybaert and Jesús Alegría discusses how children who are introduced to cued speech before the age of one are up-to-speed with their hearing peers on receptive vocabulary, though expressive vocabulary lags behind.<ref name="leybaert">{{Cite book |last1=Leybaert |first1=Jacqueline |url=https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1886784 |title=Cued speech and cued language for deaf and hard of hearing children |last2=LaSasso |first2=Carol |last3=Crain |first3=Kelly Lamar |last4=ProQuest (Firm) |date=2010 |publisher=Plural Pub |isbn=978-1-59756-334-5 |location=San Diego, CA}}</ref>  The writers suggest additional and separate training to teach oral expression if such is desired, but more importantly this reflects the nature of cued speech; to adapt children who are deaf and hard-of-hearing to a hearing world, as such discontinuities of expression and reception are not as commonly found for children with a hearing loss who are learning sign language.<ref name=leybaert/>

In her paper "The Relationship Between Phonological Coding And Reading Achievement In Deaf Children: Is Cued Speech A Special Case?" (1998), Ostrander notes, "Research has consistently shown a link between lack of phonological awareness and reading disorders (Jenkins & Bowen, 1994)" and discusses the research basis for teaching cued speech as an aid to phonological awareness and literacy.<ref>http://web.syr.edu/~clostran/literacy.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503173056/http://web.syr.edu/~clostran/literacy.html |date=2006-05-03 }} "The Relationship Between Phonological Coding And Reading Achievement In Deaf Children: Is Cued Speech A Special Case?" Carolyn Ostrander, 1998 (accessed August 23, 2006)</ref> Ostrander concludes that further research into these areas is needed and well justified.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nielsen |first1=Diane Corcoran |last2=Luetke-Stahlman |first2=Barbara |date=2002 |title=Phonological Awareness: One Key to the Reading Proficiency of Deaf Children |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44390352 |journal=American Annals of the Deaf |volume=147 |issue=3 |pages=11–19 |jstor=44390352 |issn=0002-726X}}</ref>

The editor of the ''[[Editor|Cued Speech Journal]]'' (currently sought but not discovered) reports that "Research indicating that Cued Speech does greatly improve the reception of spoken language by profoundly deaf children was reported in 1979 by Gaye Nicholls, and in 1982 by Nicholls and Ling."<ref>Editor Carol J. Boggs, Ph.D, "Editor's Notes", ''Cued Speech Journal'', (1990) Vol 4,  pg ii</ref>

In the book ''Choices in Deafness: A Parents' Guide to Communication Options'', [[Sue Schwartz]] writes on how cued speech helps a deaf child recognize pronunciation. The child can learn how to pronounce words such as "hors d'oeuvre" or "tamale" or "Hermione" that have pronunciations different from how they are spelled. A child can learn about accents and dialects. In New York, coffee may be pronounced "caw fee"; in the South, the word friend ("fray-end") can be a two-syllable word.<ref>Sue Schwartz, Ph.D, Choices in Deafness: A Parents' Guide to Communication Options</ref>

==Debate over cued speech vs. sign language==
The topic of deaf education has long been filled with controversy. Two strategies for teaching the deaf exist: an aural/oral approach and a manual approach. Those who use aural-oralism believe that children who are deaf or hard of hearing should be taught through the use of residual hearing, speech and speechreading. Those promoting a manual approach believe the deaf should be taught through the use of signed languages, such as [[American Sign Language]] (ASL).<ref>{{cite web|title=Cued Speech and Literacy: History, Research, and Background Information|url=http://www.cuedspeech.org/pdfs/facts/Cued-Speech-and-Literary.pdf|author=National Cued Speech Association|year=2006|access-date=2013-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020195258/http://www.cuedspeech.org/pdfs/facts/Cued-Speech-and-Literary.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Within the United States, proponents of cued speech often discuss the system as an alternative to ASL and similar sign languages, although others note that it can be learned in addition to such languages.<ref>[http://www.zak.co.il/deaf-info/old/cued_speech.html Cued Speech FAQ]</ref> For the ASL-using community, cued speech is a unique potential component for learning [[English as a second language]]. Within bilingual-bicultural models, cued speech does not borrow or invent signs from ASL, nor does CS attempt to change ASL syntax or grammar.  Rather, CS provides an unambiguous model for language learning that leaves ASL intact.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cued Speech: An Opportunity Worth Recognizing|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1180355|journal=Odyssey: New Directions in Deaf Education|last1=Giese|first1=Karla|access-date=2022-03-05|date=2018}}</ref>

==Languages==
Cued speech has been adapted to more than 50 languages and dialects.  However, it is not clear in how many of them it is actually in use.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211124413/http://www.cuedspeech.org/sub/cued/language.asp Cued Languages] - list of languages and dialects to which Cued Speech has been adapted</ref>
*[[Afrikaans]]
*[[Alu Kurumba language|Alu]]
*[[Arabic language|Arabic]]
*[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
*[[Cantonese]]
*[[Catalan language|Catalan]]
*[[Czech language|Czech]]
*[[Danish language|Danish]]
*[[Dutch language|Dutch]]
*English (different conventions in different countries)
**[[American English]]
**[[Australian English]]
**[[British English]] (Standard Southern)
**[[Scottish English]]
**[[South African English]]
**[[Trinidadian English]]
*[[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vinkkipuhe.fi/ |title=Etusivu - Vinkkipuheyhdistys ry |publisher=Vinkkipuhe.fi |date= |accessdate=2022-07-01}}</ref> and Finnish Swedish (same conventions)
*French
**[[Canadian French]]
**[[French language|French (France)]] ({{lang|fr|Langage parlé complété, LPC}})
*German
**[[German language|German (Germany)]] ({{lang|de|phonembestimmes Manualsystem}}, "Phonemic Manual System")
**[[Swiss German]]
*[[Greek language|Greek]]
*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
*[[Hausa language|Hausa]]
*[[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]
*[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
*Hindustani
**[[Hindi]]
**[[Urdu]]
*[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
*[[Idoma language|Idoma]]
*[[Igbo language|Igbo]]
*[[Italian language|Italian]]
*[[Japanese language|Japanese]]
*[[Kiluba language|Kiluba]] and [[Kituba language|Kituba]] (same conventions)
*[[Korean language|Korean]]
*[[Lingala language|Lingala]]
*[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]
*Malay
**[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
**[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]
*[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
*[[Maltese language|Maltese]]
*[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
*[[Navajo language|Navajo]]
*[[Odia language|Odia]]
*[[Polish language|Polish]]
*Portuguese
**[[Brazilian Portuguese]]
**[[European Portuguese]] ({{lang|pt|[http://dailycues.com/PFC/ Português Falado Complementado]}})
*[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (Lahore dialect)
*[[Russian language|Russian]]
*[[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]
*[[Setswana]]
*[[Shona language|Shona]]
*[[Somali language|Somali]]
*[[Spanish language|Spanish]] ({{lang|es|Método Oral Complementado, MOC}})
*[[Swahili language|Swahili]]
*[[Swedish language|Swedish (Sweden)]]
*[[Tagalog language|Tagalog/Filipino]]
*[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
*[[Thai language|Thai]]
*[[Tshiluba language|Tshiluba]]
*[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
*[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
*[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]

Similar systems have been used for other languages, such as the Assisted Kinemes Alphabet in Belgium and the [[Jabbar Baghtcheban|Baghcheban]] phonetic hand alphabet for [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://payvand.com/news/07/nov/1248.html|title=Jabbar Baghcheban, Iran's sign language pioneer, remembered|access-date=2014-01-10|archive-date=2022-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516175254/http://payvand.com/news/07/nov/1248.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lip reading]]
* [[Oralism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
===Organizations===
*[http://www.cuedspeech.org/ National Cued Speech Association] of the USA (NCSA)
*[http://www.language-matters.com/ Language Matters] (LMI)
*[http://www.cuedspeech.co.uk/ Cued Speech UK]
*[http://www.tecunit.org/ Testing, Evaluation, and Certification Unit (TECUnit)] The cued language national testing body of the United States
*[http://www.cueeverything.com/ Cue Everything] See The Latest Cued Speech Videos And Why They Rock
*[http://www.on-cue.com/ On Cue] Newsletter from the NCSA
*[http://www.dailycues.com/ DailyCues.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811215347/https://dailycues.com/ |date=2020-08-11 }} Skills Development and Training Follow Up Resource Featuring The Cuer Connector and Word Generators
*[http://www.nsd.org.my/nsd/node/10 SPK KIU] SPK Pertuturan KIU
*[http://www.malaysiancare.org/pwd/pusat-pemulihan-dalam-komuniti-kiu/] Pemulihan Dalam Komuniti (PDK) KIU - Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)

===Tutorials and general information===
*[http://www.cuedspeech.com/ Cued Speech Discovery/CuedSpeech.com] - The NCSA bookstore. Some overview information and how to incorporate Cued Speech effectively.
<!-- dead link  *[http://www.cuedspeech.info/ Cued Speech INFO] - Overview of Cued Speech, FAQs, Common Misconceptions.  -->
*[http://dailycues.com/ DailyCues.com] - News, Cued English Dictionary, Cuer Database, and learning resources – some free online.
*[http://www.learntocue.co.uk/ learntocue.co.uk] - Multimedia resources for learning Cued Speech (British English)
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plPw4H-ZsMg NCSA Mini-Documentary] - A 10-minute video explaining Cued Speech. Audio, ASL, sub-titles and some cueing.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120220134414/http://www.ne-cs.org/Art/index.html The Art of Cueing] - extensive free course for cueing American dialects of English, containing QuickTime video samples.

===Cued languages other than English===
*[http://dailycues.com/pfc/   Cued Portuguese: Português Falado Complementado]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060101172438/http://www.uma.es/moc/ Cued Spanish: Método Oral Complementado (MOC)]
*[http://www.alpc.asso.fr/ Cued French: Langage Parlé Complété (LPC)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111127052241/http://www.fonogesty.org/index.php?id=fonogesty_system Cued Polish: Fonogesty]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726034821/http://cuedspeech.ir/ Cued Persian]
*[http://www.vinkkipuhe.fi/ Cued Finnish]
*[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bsdit.Kiu Cued Malay]

{{Deaf education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cued Speech}}
[[Category:Deafness]]
[[Category:Human communication]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Education for the deaf]]
[[Category:1966 introductions]]