Editing Cultural movement

{{Short description|Period and movement in cultural history}}
{{original research|date=December 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}
A '''cultural movement''' is a shared effort by loosely affiliated individuals to change the way others in society think by disseminating ideas through various [[The arts|art forms]] and making intentional choices in daily life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Binkley |first=Sam |title=Handbook of Cultural Sociology |date=2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781134026159 |pages=650–651 |chapter=Cultural movements and the sociology of culture |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGx8AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22what+is+a+cultural+movement%3F%22&pg=PA650}}</ref> By definition, cultural movements are intertwined with other phenomena such as [[Social movement|social movements]] and [[Political movement|political movements]], and can be difficult to distinguish from broader cultural change or [[Cultural transformation theory|transformation]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eyerman |first=Ron |title=Music and Social Movements: Mobilizing Traditions in the Twentieth Century |date=1998 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521629669 |pages=9–13 |chapter=On social movements and culture |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_91CHh8sbgUC&dq=%22cultural+movements%22&pg=PA10}}</ref>

Historically, different nations or regions of the world have gone through their own independent sequence of movements in [[culture]]; but as world communications have accelerated, this geographical distinction has become less distinct. 

When cultural movements go through revolutions from one to the next, [[genre]]s tend to get attacked and mixed up, and often new genres are generated and old ones fade.: These changes are often reactions against the prior cultural form, which typically has grown stale and repetitive. An obsession emerges among the mainstream with the new movement, and the old one falls into neglect – sometimes it dies out entirely, but often it chugs along favored in a few disciplines and occasionally making reappearances (sometimes prefixed with "neo-").

There is continual argument over the precise definition of each of these periods as one historian might group them differently, or choose different names or descriptions. Even though in many cases the popular change from one to the next can be swift and sudden, the beginning and end of movements are somewhat subjective. This is because the movements did not spring out of the blue and into existence then come to an abrupt end and lose total support, as would be suggested by a date range. Thus use of the term "period" is somewhat deceptive. "Period" also suggests a linearity of development, whereas it has not been uncommon for two or more distinctive cultural approaches to be active at the same time. Historians will be able to find distinctive traces of a cultural movement before its accepted beginning, and there will always be new creations in old forms. So it can be more useful to think in terms of broad "movements" that have rough beginnings and endings. Yet for historical perspective, some rough date ranges will be provided for each to indicate the "height" or accepted time span of the movement.

This list covers Western, notably European and American cultural movements. They have, however, been paralleled by cultural movements in [[East Asia]] and elsewhere. In the late 20th and early 21st century in [[Thailand]], for example, there has been a cultural shift away from [[Western world|Western]] social and political values and more toward [[Japan|Japanese]] and [[China|Chinese]]. As well, Thai culture has reinvigorated monarchical concepts to accommodate state shifts away from Western ideology regarding democracy and monarchies. 
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==Cultural movements==
* [[Graeco-Roman]]
** The [[ancient Greece|Greek]] culture marked a departure from the other Mediterranean cultures that preceded and surrounded it. The [[ancient Rome|Romans]] adopted Greek and other styles, and spread the result throughout [[Western Europe]], [[North Africa]], and the [[Middle East]]. Together, Greek and Roman thought in philosophy, religion, science, history, and all forms of thought can be viewed as a central underpinning of [[Western culture]], and is therefore termed the [[Classical Age]] by some. Others might divide it into the [[Hellenistic]] period and the Roman period, or might choose other finer divisions.
:: See: [[Classical architecture]] — [[Classical sculpture]] — [[Architecture of Ancient Greece|Greek architecture]] — [[Hellenistic architecture]] — [[Ionic order|Ionic]] — [[Doric order|Doric]] — [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] — [[Stoicism]] — [[Cynicism (philosophy)|Cynicism]] — [[Epicurean]] — [[Roman architecture]] — [[Early Christian]] — [[Neoplatonism]]
* [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] (11th century & 12th centuries)
** A style (esp. architectural) similar in form and materials to Roman styles. Romanesque seems to be the first pan-European style since Roman Imperial Architecture and examples are found in every part of the continent.
:: See: [[Romanesque architecture]] — [[Ottonian Art]]
* [[Gothic art|Gothic]] (mid 12th century until mid 15th century)
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:: See: [[Gothic architecture]] — [[Gregorian chant]] — [[Neoplatonism]]
* [[Nominalism]]
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** Rejects [[Platonic realism]] as a requirement for thinking and speaking in general terms.
* [[Renaissance humanism|Humanism]] (16th century)
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* [[Renaissance]]
** The use of light, shadow, and perspective to more accurately represent life. Because of how fundamentally these ideas were felt to alter so much of life, some have referred to it as the "[[Golden Age]]". In reality it was less an "Age" and more of a movement in popular philosophy, science, and thought that spread over Europe (and probably other parts of the world), over time, and affected different aspects of culture at different points in time. Very roughly, the following periods can be taken as indicative of place/time foci of the Renaissance: [[Italian Renaissance]] 1450–1550. [[Spanish Renaissance]] 1550–1587. [[English Renaissance]] 1588–1629.
* [[Protestant Reformation]]
** The Protestant Reformation, often referred to simply as the Reformation, was a [[schism]] from the [[Roman Catholic Church]] initiated by [[Martin Luther]], [[John Calvin]], [[Huldrych Zwingli]] and other early [[Protestant Reformers]] in the 16th century Europe.
* [[Mannerism]]
** Anti-classicist movement that sought to emphasize the feeling of the artist himself.
** See: [[Mannerism/Art]]
* [[Baroque]]
** Emphasizes power and authority, characterized by intricate detail and without the "disturbing angst" of Mannerism. Essentially is exaggerated [[Classicism]] to promote and glorify the Church and State. Occupied with notions of infinity.
** See: [[Baroque|Baroque art]] — [[Baroque music]]
* [[Rococo]]
* [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] (17th–19th centuries)
** Severe, unemotional movement recalling Roman and Greek ("classical") style, reacting against the overbred Rococo style and the emotional Baroque style. It stimulated revival of classical thinking, and had especially profound effects on science and politics. It also had a direct influence on [[Academic art|Academic Art]] in the 19th century. Beginning in the early 17th century with Cartesian thought (see [[René Descartes]]), this movement provided philosophical frameworks for the natural sciences, sought to determine the principles of knowledge by rejecting all things previously believed to be known about the world. In [[Renaissance Classicism]] attempts are made to recreate the classic art forms — tragedy, comedy, and farce.
** See also: [[Weimar Classicism]]
*[[Age of Enlightenment]] (1688–1789): Reason ([[rationalism]]) seen as the ideal.
* [[Romanticism]] (1770–1830)
** Began in [[Germany]] and spread to [[England]] and [[France]] as a reaction against Neoclassicism and against the Age of Enlightenment.. The notion of "folk genius", or an inborn and intuitive ability to do magnificent things, is a core principle of the Romantic movement. Nostalgia for the primitive past in preference to the scientifically minded present. [[Romantic hero]]es, exemplified by [[Napoleon]], are popular. Fascination with the past leads to a resurrection of interest in the Gothic period. It did not really replace the Neoclassical movement so much as provide a counterbalance; many artists sought to join both styles in their works.
** See: [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]]
* [[Realism (arts)|Realism]] (1830–1905)
** Ushered in by the [[Industrial Revolution]] and growing [[Nationalism]] in the world. Began in France. Attempts to portray the speech and mannerisms of everyday people in [[everyday life]]. Tends to focus on [[middle class]] social and domestic problems. Plays by [[Henrik Ibsen|Ibsen]] are an example. [[Naturalism (theatre)|Naturalism]] evolved from [[Realism (theatre)|Realism]], following it briefly in art and more enduringly in theatre, film, and [[Naturalism (literature)|literature]]. [[Impressionism]], based on 'scientific' knowledge and discoveries concerns observing nature and reality objectively.
** See: [[Post-Impressionism]] — [[Neo-impressionism]] — [[Pointillism]] — [[Pre-Raphaelite]]
* [[Art Nouveau]] (1880–1905)
** Decorative, symbolic art
** See: [[Transcendentalism]]
* [[Modernism]] (1880–1965)
** Also known as the [[Avant-garde]] movement. Originating in the 19th century with [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]], the Modernist movement composed itself of a wide range of 'isms' that ran in contrast to Realism and that sought out the underlying fundamentals of art and philosophy. The [[Jazz Age|Jazz age]] and Hollywood emerge and have their hey-days.
** See: [[Fauvism]] — [[Cubism]] — [[Futurism (art)|Futurism]] — [[Suprematism]] — [[Dada]] — [[Constructivist epistemology|Constructivism]] — [[Surrealism]] — [[Expressionism]] — [[Existentialism]] — [[Op art]] — [[Art Deco]] — [[Bauhaus]] — [[Neo-Plasticism]] — [[Precisionism]] — [[Abstract expressionism]] — [[New Realism]] — [[Color field painting]] — [[Happening]] — [[Fluxus]] — [[Hard-edge painting]] — [[Pop art]] — [[Photorealism]] — [[Minimalism]] — [[Postminimalism]] — [[Lyrical abstraction]] — [[Situationist International|Situationism]]
* [[Postmodernism]] (since c.1965)
** A reaction to Modernism, in a way, Postmodernism largely discards the notion that artists should seek pure fundamentals, often questioning whether such fundamentals even exist – or suggestion that if they do exist, they may be irrelevant. It is exemplified by movements such as [[deconstructivism]], [[conceptual art]], ''etc.''
** See: [[Postmodern philosophy]] — [[Postmodern music]] — [[Postmodern art]]
* [[Post-postmodernism]] (since c.1990)
<!--Other isms to try to work into the above, if relevant:
 idealism, imagism
 mystic(ism)
 naturalism
 Sophist(s)
 Eclectic and Revival Styles -->

==See also==
* [[Art movement]]
* [[List of art movements]]
* [[Critical theory]]
* [[Cultural imperialism]]
* [[Cultural sensibility]]
* [[History of philosophy]]
* [[Postliterate society]]
* [[Periodization]]
* [[Social movement]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070630191903/http://www.worldhistory-poster.com/en/about/listed-terms Alphabetical list of some movements, styles, discoveries and facts on the World History Timeline chart]

{{Culture}}
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[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Social movements]]