Editing Culture of the Philippines

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{{Use Philippine English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Culture of the Philippines}}
The '''culture of the Philippines''' is characterized by great ethnic diversity.<ref name="UNDPCountryInfo">{{cite web |title=About the Philippines |url=https://www.ph.undp.org/content/philippines/en/home/countryinfo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608085704/http://www.ph.undp.org/content/philippines/en/home/countryinfo.html |archive-date=June 8, 2014 |access-date=October 19, 2021 |website=UNDP in Philippines |language=en}}</ref> Although the [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|multiple ethnic groups]] of the [[Philippine archipelago]] have only recently established a shared [[Filipinos|Filipino]] [[Filipino nationalism|national identity]],<ref name="Scott1994">{{cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |author-link = William Henry Scott (historian) |title= Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher= Ateneo de Manila University Press |year= 1994 |location= Quezon City |isbn=971-550-135-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC }}</ref> their cultures were all shaped by the [[Geography of the Philippines|geography]] and [[Archaeology of the Philippines|history]] of the region,<ref name="JocanoWorldview">{{Cite book |last=Jocano |first=F. Landa |title=Filipino worldview: ethnography of local knowledge |date=2001 |publisher=PUNLAD Research House |isbn=971-622-005-7 |location=Metro Manila, Philippines |oclc=50000279}}</ref><ref name="JocanoEthnic">{{Cite book |last=Jocano |first=F. Landa |title=Filipino indigenous ethnic communities: patterns, variations, and typologies |date=2003 |publisher=PUNLAD Research House |isbn=971-622-002-2 |edition=Repr |location=Manila |oclc=66410722}}</ref> and by centuries of interaction with neighboring cultures, and colonial powers.<ref name="Junker1990">{{cite journal |title=The Organization of Intraregional and Longdistance Trade in Prehispanic Philippine Complex Societies |author=Junker, Laura Lee |journal=Asian Perspectives |year=1990 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=167–209}}</ref><ref name="Jocano2001">{{cite book | last = Jocano | first = F. Landa | author-link = F. Landa Jocano | title = Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage | publisher = Punlad Research House, Inc. | date = 1998 | location = Quezon City | edition = 2001 | isbn = 971-622-006-5 }}</ref> In more recent times, Filipino culture has also been influenced through its participation in the [[Philippines and the United Nations|global community]].<ref name="MichelleAbad20200922">{{Cite news |last=Abad |first=Michelle |date=September 22, 2020 |title=FAST FACTS: The United Nations General Assembly and PH participation |language=en |work=[[Rappler]] |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/things-to-know-united-nations-general-assembly-philippine-participation |url-status=live |access-date=October 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922201236/https://rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/things-to-know-united-nations-general-assembly-philippine-participation |archive-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref>

==History==
{{further|History of the Philippines}}
Among the contemporary ethnic groups of the Philippine archipelago, the [[Negritos]] are generally considered the earliest settlers;<ref>{{cite book | last1=Bailey | first1=R. | last2=Trujillo | first2=L.A. | title=Immigration and Migration | publisher=Facts On File, Incorporated | series=Global Issues Series | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4381-0901-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVcDEfNxEvAC | access-date=July 5, 2022 | page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pVcDEfNxEvAC&pg=PA106 106]}}</ref> today, although few in numbers, they preserve a very traditional way of life and culture. After those early settlers, the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]] arrived on the archipelago. The Austronesian culture is strongly evident in the ethnic majority and languages.

Before the [[European colonization of the Americas|arrival of European colonizers]] in the 1500s, the various ethnic groups of the Philippines were organized into various independent [[polities]],<ref name="Junker1990"/><ref name="Jocano2001"/> which historians have come to call "[[Barangay (pre-colonial)|barangays]]".<ref name="PCDSPO2015" /><ref name="woods2017">{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Damon |url=https://press.up.edu.ph/project/the-myth-of-the-barangay/ |title=The Myth of the Barangay and Other Silenced Histories |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-971-542-821-7 |location=E. de los Santos St., UP Campus, Diliman, Quezon City |pages=117–153}}</ref>{{efn|The actual historical use of the term "barangay" and its applicability to polities throughout the archipelago has been questioned in recent scholarship.<ref name="woods2017" />}} These polities consisted of about thirty to a hundred households,<ref name="Scott1994"/><ref name="PCDSPO2015">{{cite web|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila|title=Pre-colonial Manila|date=June 23, 2015|website=Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library|series=Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers|publisher=Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014757/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-date=March 9, 2016|access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> and were ruled by leaders with titles.<ref name="Scott1994" /> The largest of these, such as [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]] and the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] were complex political formations based on the deltas of the archipelago's biggest river systems, with political and trade relationships with polities further upstream on one hand, and with the political and trading powers of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] and [[East Asia]] such as the [[Sultanate of Brunei]], the [[Majapahit]] empire, the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] and [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] Dynasties of China, and even [[Japanese in the Philippines|Japan]]. [[Indian influences in early Philippine polities|Indirect cultural exchange]] and some trade also took place with the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan.html |title=The Cultural Influences of India, China, Arabia, and Japan |publisher=Philippine Almanac |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701082957/http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan.html |archive-date=July 1, 2012 }}</ref>

The advent of Spanish colonial rule in the islands marked the beginning of the Philippines as an entity, a collection of Southeast Asian countries united under the [[Spanish Empire]]. The empire ruled, via the [[New Spain|Viceroyalty of New Spain]] and later directly from Madrid (after 1821 Mexican independence), the islands between the 16th and 19th centuries ([[Batanes]] being one of the last places to be colonized in the mid-1800s), resulting in [[Christianity]] to spread and dominate throughout the archipelago and influenced the religion and beliefs of the natives. Then, the Philippines became a U.S. territory for almost 50 years. Influence from the [[United States]] is manifested in the wide use of the [[English language]], media and in the modern culture and clothing of present-day Philippines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifey.org/americas-influence-in-the-philippines/|title=America's Influence in the Philippines|first=Alex|last=Balinski}}</ref>

==Geography and ethnic groups==
{{main|Geography of the Philippines|Ethnic groups in the Philippines}}
[[File:Peoples of the Philippines en.svg|thumb|388x388px|Dominant ethnic groups by province.]]

The Philippines' culture is shaped by its archipelagic geography, topography and physical location within [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], all of which defined the cultural histories of the country's 175 Ethnolinguistic groups.<ref name="JocanoWorldview"/><ref name="JocanoEthnic"/><ref name="USLOCCountryStudy">{{Cite book|last=Dolan|first=Ronald E.|url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=92039812&searchType=1&permalink=y|title=Philippines: a country study|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8444-0748-7|editor-last=Dolan|editor-first=Ronald E.|edition=4th|series=Area handbook series|location=Washington, D.C.|editor-last2=Library of Congress}}</ref>{{rp|page=68}}

=== Influence of geography ===
The cultural diversity of the Philippines is the result of the country's [[archipelagic state|archipelagic]] nature. The Philippines, as the world's fifth largest [[List of island countries|island country]],<ref name="world-atlas">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-island-countries-of-the-world.html |title=Island Countries Of The World |publisher=WorldAtlas.com |access-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207094959/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-island-countries-of-the-world.html | archive-date=December 7, 2017}}</ref> is one of the five original archipelagic states recognized under the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] (UNCLOS).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm |title= United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 |date= May 13, 2013 |publisher= [[United Nations]]}}</ref> Its 7,641 islands{{refn|The count of islands was pegged at 7,107 in 1945, and was updated to 7,641 in 2017 after the Philippine [[National Mapping and Resource Information Authority]] (NAMRIA) announced that it had identified 400 to 500 additional land features that might be considered islands.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html|title=More islands, more fun in PH|date=February 20, 2016|newspaper=CNN Philippines|access-date=August 18, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024729/http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html|archive-date=June 20, 2018}}</ref><ref name=namria>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/555068/news/nation/namria-discovers-400-to-500-new-islands-in-phl-archipelago|title=Namria discovers 400 to 500 new islands in PHL archipelago|date=February 12, 2016 }}</ref>}} have a total land area of {{convert|300000|km2|sp=us|0}};<ref name="psa.gov.ph">{{cite web |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/philippine-population-density-based-2015-census-population |title=Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population) |date=September 1, 2016}}{{Better source needed|date=July 2020|reason=Source is not focused on geography.}}</ref><ref name="worldbank.org">{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=AG.SRF.TOTL.K2&country=SAU|title=World Development Indicators - DataBank|website=databank.worldbank.org}}</ref>  its [[exclusive economic zone]]—covering an area {{convert|200|nmi|km}} from its islands' shores—encompasses {{convert|2263816|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} of sea.<ref>[http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/summaryInfo.aspx?eez=608# Exclusive Economic Zones] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.</ref> Maritime and river transport allowed cultural exchanges between the [[ethnic groups in the Philippines|country's diverse ethnic groups]] who settled on various islands within the archipelago; inland mountain ranges, on the other hand, were a major hindrance to cultural linkages between various groups.<ref name="Scott1994"/>

=== Ethnic groups of the Philippines ===
The [[Philippines]] is inhabited by more than 182 [[ethnolinguistic group]]s,<ref name="ReyesMinaAsis2017">{{Cite report |url=https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1742.pdf |title=PIDS DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES: Inequality of Opportunities Among Ethnic Groups in the Philippines |last1=Reyes |first1=Cecilia M. |last2=Mina |first2=Christian D. |date=2017 |publisher=Philippine Institute for Development Studies |issue=2017–42 |last3=Asis |first3=Ronina D. |access-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508152521/https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1742.pdf |archive-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref>{{rp|page=5}}  many of which are classified as "Indigenous Peoples" under the country's [[Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997]]. Traditionally-Muslim peoples from the southernmost island group of Mindanao are usually categorized together as [[Moro people]]s, whether they are classified as Indigenous peoples or not. About 142 are classified as non-Muslim Indigenous People groups, and about 19 ethnolinguistic groups are classified as neither indigenous nor moro.<ref name="ReyesMinaAsis2017"/>{{rp|page=6}} Various [[Immigration|migrant]] groups have also had a significant presence throughout the country's history.

The [[Muslim-majority]] ethnic groups ethnolinguistic groups of [[Mindanao]], [[Sulu Archipelago|Sulu]], and [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]] are collectively referred to as the [[Moro people]],<ref name="JamailKamlian20121020">{{Cite news |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/39098/who-are-the-moro-people |title=Who are the Moro people? |last=Kamlian |first=Jamail A. |date=October 20, 2012 |access-date=February 12, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> a broad category which includes some indigenous people groups and some non-indigenous people groups.<ref name="ReyesMinaAsis2017"/>{{rp|page=6}}

About 142 of [[Indigenous peoples of the Philippines|the Philippines' Indigenous People groups]] are not classified as moro peoples.<ref name="ReyesMinaAsis2017"/>{{rp|page=6}} Some of these people groups are commonly grouped together due to their strongly association with a shared geographic area, although these broad categorizations are not always welcomed by the ethnic groups themselves.<ref name="AcabadoPericolonialism"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Moaje |first1=Marita |title=Drop 'lumad', use ethnic group names instead: NCIP |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1132620 |access-date=April 4, 2021 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=March 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305032539/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1132620 |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="National Statistics Office 2008, p. 119">National Statistics Office. "Statistics on Filipino Children." Journal of Philippine Statistics, vol. 59, no. 4, 2008, p. 119.</ref> For example, the indigenous peoples of the [[Cordillera Mountain Range]] in northern [[Luzon]] have often been referred to using the [[exonym]]<ref name="AcabadoPericolonialism">{{Cite journal |last=Acabado |first=Stephen |date=March 2017 |title=The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9 |journal=International Journal of Historical Archaeology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9 |s2cid=147472482 |issn=1092-7697}}</ref> "Igorot people," and as the [[Cordilleran peoples]].<ref name="AcabadoPericolonialism"/> Meanwhile, the non-Moro peoples of Mindanao are collectively referred to as the [[Lumad]], a collective [[Exonym and endonym|autonym]] conceived in 1986 as a way to distinguish them from their neighboring indigenous Moro neighbors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ulindang|first=Faina|title=Lumad in Mindanao|url=http://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/historical-research/lumad-in-mindanao/|access-date=April 18, 2021|website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|language=en-US|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507184615/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/historical-research/lumad-in-mindanao/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

About 86 to 87 percent of the Philippine population belong to the 19 ethnolinguistic groups are classified as neither indigenous nor moro.<ref name="ReyesMinaAsis2017"/>{{rp|page=6}} known simply as Filipinos, these groups are sometimes collectively referred to as "Lowland [[Christianization|Christianized]] groups"  to distinguish them from the other ethnolinguistic groups.<ref name="CanaveDioquino">{{Cite web |last=Canave-Dioquino |first=Corazon |title=Philippine Music, A Historical Overview |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/music/philippine-music-a-historical-overview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126181217/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/music/philippine-music-a-historical-overview/ |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |access-date=November 5, 2021 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> The most populous of these groups, with populations exceeding a million individuals, are the [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]], the [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinense]], the [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]], the [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], the [[Ivatan people|Ivatan]], the [[Cuyonon people|Cuyonon]], the [[Bicolano people|Bicolano]], the [[Visayans]] ([[Cebuano people|Cebuanos]], [[Boholano people|Boholano]], the [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynon/Ilonggo]], and [[Waray people|Waray]]) and many more.<ref name="ReyesMinaAsis2017"/>{{rp|page=16}} These groups converted to [[Christianity]] and was part of the Spanish empire,{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} particularly both the native and migrant lowland-coastal groups,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Tan|first=Antonio S.|date=1986|title=The Chinese Mestizos and the Formation of the Filipino Nationality|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1986_num_32_1_2316|journal=Archipel|volume=32|pages=141–162|doi=10.3406/arch.1986.2316|via=Persée}}</ref> and adopted foreign elements of culture throughout the country's history.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Due to the history of the Philippines since the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish colonial era]], there are also some historical migrant heritage groups [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|within the lowland Filipino populations]] such as the [[Chinese Filipino]]s and [[Spanish Filipino]]s, both of whom intermixed with the above lowland [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian-speaking]] ethnic groups, which produced [[Filipino Mestizos]]. These groups also comprise and contribute a considerable proportion of the country's population,<ref name="senate.gov.ph">{{Cite press release|title=Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday|date=January 21, 2013|publisher=PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines|url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp|last1=Macrohon|first1=Pilar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516035425/http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp|archive-date=May 16, 2021}}</ref> especially its [[bourgeois]],<ref name="Chirot">{{Cite book|last1=Chirot|first1=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgWumPDyaSIC&pg=PA54|title=Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe|last2=Reid|first2=Anthony|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-80026-4|page=54}}</ref> and economy<ref name="Chirot" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chua|first=Amy|title=World On Fire|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing|year=2003|isbn=978-0-385-72186-8|pages=3, 6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gambe|first=Annabelle|title=Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-23496-6|page=33}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Folk|first=Brian|title=Ethnic Business: Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-1-138-81107-2|page=93}}</ref> and were integral to the establishment of the country,<ref name=":3" /> from the rise of [[Filipino nationalism]] by the ''[[Ilustrado]]'' [[intelligentsia]] to the [[Philippine Revolution]].<ref name="Reid">{{Cite book|last1=Chirot|first1=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgWumPDyaSIC&pg=PA50|title=Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe|last2=Reid|first2=Anthony|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-80026-4|page=50}}</ref> Other peoples of migrant and/or mixed descent include those such as, [[Americans in the Philippines|American Filipinos]], [[Indian Filipino]]s,<ref name="Applied Biosystems Y-DNA2">{{Cite web |url=http://www6.appliedbiosystems.com/yfilerdatabase/ |title=With a sample population of 105 Filipinos, the company of ''Applied Biosystems'', analysed the Y-DNA of average Filipinos and it is discovered that about 0.95% of the samples have the Y-DNA Haplotype "H1a", which is most common in South Asia and had spread to the Philippines via precolonial Indian missionaries who spread Hinduism. |access-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525082812/http://www6.appliedbiosystems.com/yfilerdatabase/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Japanese in the Philippines|Japanese Filipinos]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Agnote|first=Dario|date=October 11, 2017|title=A glimmer of hope for castoffs|newspaper=The Japan Times|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20061011f1.html|access-date=August 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607035509/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20061011f1.html|archive-date=June 7, 2011}}</ref> and many more.

==== Indigenous peoples ====
[[File:T'nalak weaving Tboli.jpg|thumb|220px|upright|A [[Tboli people|Tboli]] woman weaving [[t'nalak]] from [[South Cotabato]].]]

{{Excerpt|Indigenous peoples of the Philippines|only=paragraphs}}

== Filipino psychology ==
{{main|Filipino psychology}}
A formal field interpreting Psychology as rooted on the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos, called [[Filipino psychology]], was established in 1975.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Enriquez |first=Virgilio G. |title=From colonial to liberation psychology: the Philippine experience |date=2008 |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=978-971-542-588-9 |edition=[Rev.] |location=Diliman, Quezon City |oclc=663415971}}</ref>

=== Values ===
{{Main|Filipino values}}
As a general description, the distinct [[value system]] of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems, especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly [[Christianity]]), and commercial relationships.<ref name=CAPH>[http://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm ''Social Values and Organization''], Philippines, Country Studies US. Online version of print book Ronald E. Dolan, ed. ''Philippines: A Country Study''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.</ref>

Filipino values are, for the most part, centered around maintaining social harmony, motivated primarily by the desire to be accepted within a group.<ref name="Phil" /> The main sanction against diverging from these values are the concepts of "''Hiya''", roughly translated as 'a sense of shame', and "''Amor propio''" or 'self-esteem'.<ref name="Phil">{{cite book|author1=Chris Rowthorn|author2=Greg Bloom|title=Philippines|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-289-4}}</ref> Social approval, acceptance by a group, and belonging to a group are major concerns. Caring about what others will think, say or do, are strong influences on social behavior among Filipinos.<ref name=Didache>Hallig, Jason V. [http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid ''Communicating Holiness to the Filipinos: Challenges and Needs''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015814/http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid |date=July 20, 2011 }}, The Path to a Filipino Theology of Holiness, pp. 2, 10.</ref>

Other elements of the Filipino value system are optimism about the future, pessimism about present situations and events, concern and care for other people, the existence of friendship and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, religious nature, respectfulness to self and others, respect for the female members of society, the fear of God, and abhorrence of acts of cheating people financially and thievery.<ref name=CRVP2>{{cite web |last=Talisayon |first=Serafin |url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-7/chapter_xiii.htm|title=Filipino Values, Chapter XIII, Teaching Values in the Natural and Physical Sciences in the Philippines |website=crvp.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417164213/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-7/chapter_xiii.htm|archive-date=April 17, 2016|publisher=The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy (RVP), [[The Catholic University of America]]|date=1994}} File dated April 8, 2000. In {{cite book|isbn=978-1-56518-040-6|title=Values in Philippine Culture and Education (Philippine Philosophical Studies, Series III, Volume 7)|editor=Manuel B. Dy Jr. |series=Cultural heritage and contemporary change|date=March 10, 1994|publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy}}</ref>

== Arts ==
{{Main|Art of the Philippines}}

===Architecture===
{{Main|Architecture of the Philippines}}
{{See also|Nipa hut|Ancestral houses of the Philippines|Earthquake Baroque}}
[[File:Ancestral House in Juban, Sorsogon.jpg|thumb|{{lang|fil|[[Bahay na bato]]}}, a traditional Filipino house]]

Before the arrival of European colonizers, [[Austronesian architecture]] was the common form of housing on the archipelago.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

During the Spanish era, the new Christianized lowland culture collectively evolved a new style known as the [[Nipa hut]] (''Bahay Kubo'').  It is characterized by use of simple materials such as bamboo and [[coconut]] as the main sources of wood. [[Cogon grass]], [[Nipa palm]] leaves and coconut fronds are used as roof thatching. Most primitive homes are built on stilts due to frequent flooding during the rainy seasons. Regional variations include the use of thicker, and denser roof thatching in mountain areas, or longer stilts on coastal areas particularly if the structure is built over water. The architecture of other indigenous peoples may be characterized by an angular wooden roofs, bamboo in place of leafy thatching and ornate wooden carvings. The Bahay na bato architecture is a variant of Nipa Hut that emerged during the Spanish era.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDdjw1DiKLoC|title=Arch. Char. & The History of Arch.|author=Salvan, George S.|year=2005|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aDdjw1DiKLoC&dq=%22Bahay+na+bato%22&pg=PA721 721]|publisher=Goodwill Trading Co.|isbn=978-971-12-0262-0}}</ref>

[[Spanish architecture]] has left an imprint in the Philippines in the way many towns were designed around a central square or ''plaza mayor'', but many of the buildings bearing its influence were demolished during World War II.<ref name=Ring>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA565 |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |author=Ring, Trudy |author2=Robert M. Salkin |author3=Sharon La Boda |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1996 |pages=565–569 |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |access-date=January 7, 2010}}</ref> Some examples remain, mainly among the country's churches, government buildings, and universities. Four Philippine [[baroque]] churches are included in the list of [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]: the [[San Agustin Church, Manila|San Agustín Church]] in Manila, [[Paoay Church]] in [[Ilocos Norte]], [[Santa Maria Church|Nuestra Señora de la Asunción]] (Santa María) Church in [[Ilocos Sur]], and [[Miagao Church|Santo Tomás de Villanueva Church]] in [[Iloilo]].<ref name=Unesco>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/multiple=1&unique_number=801|title=Baroque Churches of the Philippines|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|author1=United Nations Educational |author2=Scientific and Cultural Organization |year=2010|access-date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> [[Vigan]] in Ilocos Sur is also known for the many Hispanic-style houses and buildings preserved there.<ref name="lonelyplanet145">{{Cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894 |url-access = registration |title = Philippines |author1 = Rowthorn, Chris |author2 = Greg Bloom |name-list-style = amp |edition = 9th |publisher =Lonely Planet|year = 2006 |page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894/page/145 145] |isbn = 978-1-74104-289-4}}</ref> The introduction of [[Christianity]] brought European churches and architecture which subsequently became the center of most towns and cities in the nation. The [[Spaniards]] also introduced stones and rocks as housing and building materials and the Filipinos merged it with their existing architecture and forms a hybrid mix-architecture only exclusive to the Philippines. [[Spanish colonial architecture|Filipino colonial architecture]] can still be seen in centuries-old buildings such as [[Baroque Churches of the Philippines|Filipino baroque churches]], [[Bahay na bato]]; houses, schools, convents, government buildings around the nation. The best collection of Spanish colonial era architecture can be found in the walled city of [[Intramuros]] in [[Manila]] and in the historic town of [[Vigan]]. Colonial-era churches are also on the best examples and legacies of [[Spanish Baroque architecture]] called [[Earthquake Baroque]] which are only found in the Philippines. Historic provinces such as [[Ilocos Norte]] and [[Ilocos Sur]], [[Pangasinan]], [[Pampanga]], [[Bulacan]], [[Cavite]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]], [[Batangas]], [[Quezon (province)|Quezon]], [[Iloilo]], [[Negros Island Region|Negros]], [[Cebu]], [[Bohol]] and [[Zamboanga del Sur]] also boasts colonial-era buildings.

The [[American occupation of the Philippines|American occupation]] in 1898 introduced a new breed of architectural structures in the Philippines. This led to the construction of government buildings and [[Art Deco]] theaters. During the American period, some semblance of city planning using the architectural designs and master plans by [[Daniel Burnham]] was done on the portions of the city of [[Manila]]. Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings that resembled [[Greek architecture|Greek]] or [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/|title=History of Philippine Architecture|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|access-date=September 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421020700/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/|archive-date=April 21, 2017}}</ref> In [[Iloilo City|Iloilo]], a lot of the colonial edifices constructed during the American occupation in the country can still be seen. Commercial buildings, houses and churches in that era are abundant in the city and especially in [[Calle Real, Iloilo|Calle Real]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/dost6/iloilo/touristattraction.html|title=The Official Iloilo Province Webpage|website=oocities.org}}</ref>

The [[University of Santo Tomas Main Building]] in [[Manila]] is an example of [[Renaissance Revival architecture]]. The building was built in 1924 and was completed at 1927. The building, designed by Fr. [[Roque Ruaño]], [[Dominican Order|O.P.]], is the first earthquake-resistant building in the [[Philippines]], after its blueprints were revised in light of lessons learned from the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://filipinaarchitect.com/the-university-of-santo-tomas-dubbed-as-the-first-earthquake-resistant-building-in-the-philippines/|title=The University of Santo Thomas: Dubbed as the first earthquake-resistant building in the Philippines|magazine=Filipina Architect Magazine|date=n.d.|accessdate=March 20, 2025}}</ref><ref name="ust.edu.ph">{{cite web |url=http://www.ust.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=107&Itemid=58 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228225915/http://www.ust.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=107&Itemid=58|archive-date=December 28, 2009|title=Main Building |work=UST.edu.ph |access-date=December 4, 2009}}</ref> Islamic and other Asian architecture can also be seen depicted on buildings such as [[mosques]] and [[temples]]. Pre-Hispanic housing is still common in rural areas. Contemporary-style housing subdivisions and suburban-gated communities are popular in urbanized places such as [[Metro Manila]], [[Central Visayas]], [[Central Luzon]], [[Negros Island]] and other prosperous [[Philippine regions|regions]].

However, certain areas of the country like [[Batanes]] have slight differences as both Spanish and Filipino ways of architecture assimilated differently due to the climate. Limestones and coral were used as building materials.<ref name=nccabatanes>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=4&i=226|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419094805/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=4&i=226|archive-date=April 19, 2015|date=April 19, 2015|title=The Batanes Islands|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|last=Datar|first=Francisco A.}}</ref>

[[File:Calesa.jpg|thumb|[[Kalesa]], a traditional Philippine urban transportation, in front of [[Manila Cathedral]] entrance]]

There have been proposals to establish a policy where each municipality and city will have an ordinance mandating all constructions and reconstructions within such territory to be inclined with the municipality or city's architecture and landscaping styles to preserve and conserve the country's dying heritage sites, which have been demolished one at a time in a fast pace due to urbanization, culturally-irresponsible development, and lack of towns-cape architectural vision. The proposal advocates for the usage and reinterpretations of indigenous, colonial, and modern architectural and landscaping styles that are prevalent or used to be prevalent in a given city or municipality. The proposal aims to foster a renaissance in Philippine landscaping and townscaping, especially in rural areas which can easily be transformed into new architectural heritage towns within a 50-year time frame. Unfortunately, many Philippine-based architecture and engineering experts lack the sense of preserving heritage townscapes,{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} such as the case in [[Manila]], where business proposals to construct structures that are not inclined with Manila's architectural styles have been continuously accepted and constructed by such experts, effectively destroying Manila's architectural townscape one building at a time. Only the city of [[Vigan]] has passed such an ordinance, which led to its declaration as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1999 and awarding of various recognition for the conservation and preservation of its unique architectural and landscaping styles. In 2016, bills proposing to establish a Department of Culture were filed in both chambers of Congress to help formulate policy on architecture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=17&q=SBN-1528 |title=17th Congress – Senate Bill No. 1528 – Senate of the Philippines |publisher=Senate.gov.ph |access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/?v=billsresults#17|title=House of Representatives|website=www.congress.gov.ph|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" mode="packed" widths="120" heights="100" caption="Architecture of the Philippines">
File:JC Balingasag 52.JPG|[[Vega Ancestral House]], [[Misamis Oriental]]
File:Calle Crisologo, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur.JPG|[[Vigan City]] in [[Ilocos Sur]]
File:Pic geo photos - ph=cavite=kawit=aguinaldo shrine - front view -philippines--2015-0611--ls- (1).JPG|[[Aguinaldo Shrine]] in [[Cavite]]
File:Loboc church - panoramio.jpg|[[Loboc Church]] in [[Bohol]]
File:Saint Augustine Church of Paoay, Ilocos Norte.jpg|[[Paoay Church]] in [[Ilocos Norte]]
File:The Philippine National Museum of Natural History.jpg|[[National Museum of Anthropology (Manila)|Museum]] [[Agrifina Circle]]
</gallery>

===Traditional clothing===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}
{{Main|Fashion and clothing in the Philippines}}
[[File:Native Filipino in a traje de mestiza. Image from page 91 of "The Philippine Islands" (1899).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Filipina in traditional attire]]

Baro evolved from its forerunner garment worn by the [[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]] of Luzon Prior to the [[History of the Philippines (1521-1898)#Spanish expeditions and colonization|Spanish Era]]. When the Spaniards came and settled into the islands, the fashion changed drastically as the Spanish culture influenced the succeeding centuries of Philippine history. The Spanish dissolved the kingdoms and united the country, resulting in a mixture of cultures from different ethnic groups of the conquered archipelago and Spanish culture. A new type of clothing called [[Barong tagalog]] (for men) and [[Baro't saya]] (for women) began to emerged and would ultimately define the newly formed Filipino culture.

[[File:Piña-Seda- Pineapple and Silk Cloths from the Philippines 5.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Pineapple fiber is used to create traditional Philippine garments.]]

Throughout the 16th century up to the 18th century, women wore a more updated version of the Baro't saya, composed of a bodice – called a [[Camisa blouse|Camisa]], often made in pineapple fiber or muslin – and a floor length skirt, while the ''[[barong tagalog]] of men'', was a collared and buttoned lace shirt or a suit. Aside from Barong, men also wore [[History of suits|suits]]. Most Visayan lowland women wear ''Kimona'', a type of Baro't Saya blouse matching with a knee-length or floor-length skirt printed with the [[Patadyong]] pattern, hence getting the name ''Patadyong'' skirt. The dress is often accompanied with a handkerchief called ''tubao'' also printed with patadyong pattern and is often placed above the right shoulder. These traditions was brought by the Visayans to Mindanao where they also dominate the Christian lowland culture.

[[File:Silver-inlaid tortoiseshell salakot.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Tortoise]]-shell and silver Salakot]]

[[Salakot]] hat is a Filipino general term for a range of related traditional headgear used by virtually all ethnic groups of the Philippines and is a Filipino variation of the [[Asian conical hat]] of [[East Asia|East]] and Southeast Asia. It is usually dome-shaped or cone-shaped, but various other styles also exist, including versions with dome-shaped, cone-shaped, or flat crowns with a flat or gently sloping brim. It can be made from various materials including [[bamboo]], [[rattan]], [[Lygodium|nito]], [[bottle gourd]], [[Buri palm|buri]] straw, [[Nipa palm|nipa]] leaves, [[Pandanus|pandan]] leaves, [[carabao]] horn, and [[tortoiseshell]]. In addition to Salakot and western hats, [[Buntal hat]], Buri hat and [[calasiao hat]] are another traditional hats worn by Filipinos. By the 19th century, due to the continuing influence of the Western culture, the rising economy, globalization, and exposure from the European fashion scene, the women's clothing began to have a change; by the 1850s, women's clothing was now full wide skirts that usually have long train rather than the simple floor length skirts, a bodice called ''camisa'' which means blouse in English and a ''[[pañuelo]]'', The attire is composed of four pieces, namely the camisa, the saya, the pañuelo (a scarf, also spelled panuelo) and the [[Tapis (Philippine clothing)|Tapis]] this would later be called [[Maria Clara gown|Maria Clara]]. The men also continued to wear a more intricate version [[barong tagalog]]. Underneath the transparent barong tagalog is the ''Camisa de Chino'' a type of shirt, usually in white. When the Americans arrived baro't saya started to change again and became more modern in contrast to the conservative style. The women then wore the new version called, ''Traje de Mestiza'', the more modern version of the Maria Clara. By the 1920s, the style of the skirt still remained, influenced by the flapper dress; however, the wide sleeves had been flattened to butterfly sleeves and the big ''pañuelo'' reduced its size.

[[File:A family belonging to the Principalia.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|Villa Escudero exhibit depicting 19th century [[Principalía]] family in Philippine traditional attire.]]

Men wore suit and coat worn in the West, mostly Americans hence the name it was called, the ''Americana'', It was more popularly white or light in color than western counterpart.  By the 1930s, young adult women and children embraced the more American style, but the typical "Traje de Mestiza" was not fully gone. By 1940's onward baro't saya was still evolving. But people started wearing more updated modern clothing and fully turned away from baros as everyday clothing. Though it became a symbol of traditional culture to be preserved for traditional ceremonies and cultural occasions, from the modern more globalized culture of the post war era.

Cultures that are un-hispanized like the Negritos, Igorot, Lumad and Moro etc. was mostly only fully absorbed into the Filipino borders much later in history, especially during the post-war's modern and globalized culture when the hispanized lowland Filipinos are modernized. As a result, they were mostly unaffected by the traditional lowland Christian Filipino culture and clothing.  What influenced them instead was the modern culture and fashions. Though traditional clothing are retained for traditional ceremonies and cultural occasions as well.

=== Visual arts ===
{{See also|Batok|Tapayan|Okir}}
[[File:Balvino Mauricio.jpg|thumb|[[Letras y figuras]] painting by [[Jose Honorato Lozano]]]]

Early pottery has been found in the form of mostly anthropomorphic earthenware jars dating from c. 5&nbsp;BC to 225&nbsp;AD.<ref name="nationalmuseum1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Pots.html|title=Anthropomorphic Pots : Metal Age: Ayub Cave, Saranggani Province|publisher=National Museum of the Philippines|access-date=February 22, 2015|archive-date=October 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018050322/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Pots.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Early Philippine painting can be found in red slip (clay mixed with water) designs embellished on the ritual pottery of the Philippines such as the acclaimed [[Manunggul Jar]]. Evidence of Philippine pottery-making dated as early as 6000 BC has been found in Sanga-Sanga Cave, Sulu and Cagayan's Laurente Cave. It has been proven that by 5000 BC, the making of pottery was practiced throughout the archipelago. Early Austronesian peoples, especially in the Philippines, started making pottery before their Cambodian neighbors, and at about the same time as the Thais and Laotians as part of what appears to be a widespread Ice Age development of pottery technology.

Further evidence of painting is manifest in the tattoo tradition of early Filipinos, whom the Portuguese explorer referred to as ''Pintados'' or the 'Painted People' of the Visayas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islas de los Pintados: The Visayan Islands|url=http://www.admu.edu.ph/offices/mirlab/panublion/islas.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526202314/http://www.admu.edu.ph/offices/mirlab/panublion/islas.html|archive-date=May 26, 2011}}</ref><ref name="alzina">{{cite book|author=Francisco Alzina|title =Historias de las Islas el Indios de Bisaias|year =1668|quote=The Bisayans are called Pintados because they are in fact so, not by nature although they are well-built, well-featured and white, but by painting their entire bodies from head to foot as soon as they are young men with strength and courage enough to endure the torture of painting. In the old days, they painted themselves when they had performed some brave deed. They paint themselves by first drawing blood with pricks from a very sharp point, following the design and lines previously marked by the craftsmen in the art, and then over the fresh blood applying an indelible black powder. They do not paint the whole body at one time, but part by part, so that the painting takes many days to complete. In the former times they had to perform a new feat of bravery for each of the parts that were to be painted. The paintings are very elegant, and well proportioned to the members and parts where they are located. I used to say there, captivated and astonished by the appearance of one of these, that if they brought it to Europe a great deal of money could be made by displaying it. Children are not painted. The women paint the whole of one hand and a part of the other.}}</ref> Various designs referencing flora and fauna with heavenly bodies decorate their bodies in various colored [[pigmentation]]. Perhaps, some of the most elaborate painting done by early Filipinos that survive to the present day can be manifested among the arts and architecture of the [[Maranao people|Maranaos]] who are well known for the [[Nāga]] dragons and the [[Sarimanok]] carved and painted in the beautiful Panolong of their Torogan or King's House.

Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition during 17th-century Spanish period. The earliest of these paintings were Church frescoes, religious imagery from Biblical sources, as well as engravings, sculptures and lithographs featuring Christian icons and European nobility. Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th and 20th centuries produced a mixture of religious, political, and landscape art works, with qualities of sweetness, dark, and light.{{multiple image
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| footer            = '''Left to right''': ['''1'''] La Madre Filipina. ; ['''2'''] Old Senate Hall with ornamentation works done by Master sculptor [[Isabelo Tampinco]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/78192/discovering-tampinco-discovering-ourselves/|date=6 September 2014|work=Discovering Tampinco, discovering ourselves|language=en-US}}</ref> ; ['''3'''] [[Chinese guardian lions|Guardian lions]] was a tradition brought by the East Asian populations, particularly the Chinese, and possibly the Japanese ethnic groups in the Philippines. In most cases, used as [[Grotesque]]s in many Filipino churches and is one of the unique features of the Filipino baroque. It is also known in Japan as [[Komainu|Shishi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/177473/traces-of-history-in-intramuros|date=11 October 2021|work=Traces of history in Intramuros|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://takayamaukon.com/2019/01/04/capsule-history-of-dilao-first-japanese-nihon-machi-in-the-philippines/|date=4 January 2019|work=Capsule History of Dilao – First Japanese ‘Nihon-machi’ in the Philippines|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=Komainu: The Fierce Guardians of Japan's Sacred Shrines and Temples/komainu|date=15 March 2024|work=Capsule History of Dilao – First Japanese ‘Nihon-machi’ in the Philippines|language=en-US}}</ref>
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The Itneg people are known for their intricate [[weaving (knitting)|woven fabrics]]. The ''[[binakael|binakol]]'' is a blanket which features designs that incorporate optical illusions.Other parts of Highlands in the Cordillera Region or in local term " KaIgorotan" displays their art in tattoing, weaving bags like the "sangi" a traditional backpack and carving woods. Woven fabrics of the Ga'dang people usually have bright red tones. Their weaving can also be identified by beaded ornamentation. Other peoples such as the [[Ilongot language|Ilongot]] make jewelry from [[pearl]], red hornbill beaks, plants, and metals. Many Filipino painters were influenced by this and started using materials such as extract from onion, tomato, [[tuba]], [[coffee]], rust, molasses and other materials available anywhere as paint.
The [[Lumad]] peoples of Mindanao such as the ''B'laan'', Mandaya, Mansaka and T'boli are skilled in the art of dyeing [[abaca]] fiber. [[Abaca]] is a plant closely related to [[bananas]], and its leaves are used to make fiber known as [[Manila hemp]]. The fiber is dyed by a method called ''ikat''. ''Ikat'' fiber are woven into cloth with geometric patterns depicting human, animal and plant themes.

[[File:Kutkut.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|The Kutkut art from Samar]]

''Kut-kut'', a technique combining ancient [[Asian art|Oriental]] and [[European art]] process. Considered lost art and highly collectible art form. Very few known art pieces exist today. The technique was practiced by the indigenous people of [[Samar]] Island between early 1600 and late 1800 A.D. It is an exotic Philippine art form based on early century techniques: [[sgraffito]], [[encaustic painting|encaustic]] and layering. The merging of the ancient styles produces a unique artwork characterized by delicate swirling interwoven lines,

[[Islamic art]] in the Philippines have two main artistic styles. One is a curved-line [[woodcarving]] and multi-layered texture and an illusion of three-dimensional space.metalworking called ''[[okir]]'', similar to the Middle Eastern Islamic art. This style is associated with men. The other style is geometric tapestries, and is associated with women. The Tausug and [[Sama–Bajau]] exhibit their okir on elaborate markings with boat-like imagery. The Marananaos make similar carvings on housings called torogan. Weapons made by Muslim Filipinos such as the ''[[kampilan]]'' are skillfully carved.

Early [[Modern art|modernist]] painters such as [[Haagen Hansen]] was associated with religious and secular paintings. The art of [[Lorenzo Miguelito]] and [[Alleya Espanol]] showed a trend for political statement. The first American national artist [[Jhurgen D. C. Pascua]] used post-modernism to produce paintings that illustrated Philippine culture, nature and harmony. While other artists such as [[Bea Querol]] used realities and [[Abstract art|abstract]] on his work. In the 1980s, [[Odd Arthur Hansen]], popularly known as ''ama ng makabayan pintor'' or father of patriotic paint, gained recognition. He uses his own white hair to make his own paintbrushes and signs his painting using his own blood on the right side corner. He developed his own styles without professional training or guidance from professionals.

===Dancing===
{{Main|Philippine dance}}
[[File:Traditional dance during pamulinawen.jpg|thumb|Filipino traditional dance at a festival]]

Philippine folk dances include the [[Tinikling]] and [[Cariñosa]]. In the southern region of Mindanao, [[Singkil]] is a popular dance showcasing the story of a prince and princess in the forest. [[Bamboo]] poles are arranged in a [[tic-tac-toe]] pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these clashing poles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinfonia.or.jp/~infortec/hotspots/boracay/singkil.htm|title=Hot Spots Filipino Cultural Dance - Singkil|website=www.sinfonia.or.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://philippinesculturalfolkdances.blogspot.com/|title=Guide to Philippine Cultural and Folk Dances|publisher=philippinesculturalfolkdances.blogspot.com}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|Music in the Philippines}}
[[File:Philippine culture harana 0.jpg|thumb|[[Harana (serenade)]]]]

The early music of the Philippines featured a mixture of Indigenous, Islamic and a variety of Asian sounds that flourished before the European and American colonization in the 16th and 20th centuries. Spanish settlers and Filipinos played a variety of musical instruments, including flutes, guitar, [[ukulele]], violin, trumpets and drums. They performed songs and dances to celebrate festive occasions. By the 21st century, many of the folk songs and dances have remained intact throughout the Philippines. Some of the groups that perform these folk songs and dances are the [[Bayanihan]], Filipinescas, Barangay-Barrio, Hariraya, the Karilagan Ensemble, and groups associated with the guilds of [[Manila]], and Fort Santiago theatres. Many Filipino musicians have risen prominence such as the composer and conductor Antonio J. Molina, the composer Felipe P. de Leon, known for his nationalistic themes and the opera singer [[Jovita Fuentes]].

Modern day Philippine music features several styles. Most music genres are contemporary such as [[Filipino rock]], [[Filipino hip hop]] and other musical styles. Some are traditional such as [[Filipino folk music]].

===Literature===
{{Main|Literature of the Philippines}}
[[File:Noli Me Tangere.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Noli Me Tángere (novel)]]]]

The Philippine literature is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved throughout the centuries. It had started with traditional folktales and legends made by the ancient Filipinos before Spanish colonization. The main themes of Philippine literature focus on the country's pre-Hispanic cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions.
The literature of the Philippines illustrates the Prehistory and European colonial legacy of the Philippines, written in both Indigenous and Hispanic writing system. Most of the traditional literatures of the Philippines were written during the Spanish period, while being preserved orally prior to Spanish colonization. Philippine literature is written in [[Philippine literature in Spanish|Spanish]], [[Philippine literature in English|English]], or any indigenous [[Philippine languages]].

Some well known works of literature were created in the 17th to 19th&nbsp;centuries. The [[Ibong Adarna]] is a famous epic about a magical bird which was claimed to be written by [[José de la Cruz (writer)|José de la Cruz]] or "[[Huseng Sisiw]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/06/16/1335290/ibong-adarna-year-2014|title=Ibong Adarna in the year 2014|work=philstar.com}}</ref> [[Francisco Balagtas]] is one of the country's prominent Filipino poets, he is named as one of the greatest Filipino literary laureates for his contributions in Philippine literature. His greatest work, the ''[[Florante at Laura]]'' is considered as his greatest work and one of the masterpieces of [[Philippine literature]]. Balagtas wrote the [[Epic poem|epic]] during his imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etravelpilipinas.com/about_philippines/francisco_baltazar.htm |title=Philippine Heroes – Francisco Baltazar Balagtas y Dela Cruz (1788–1862) |website=Etravel Pilipinas |access-date=March 11, 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311180141/http://www.etravelpilipinas.com/about_philippines/francisco_baltazar.htm |archive-date=March 11, 2014 }}</ref> [[José Rizal]], the national hero of the country, wrote the novels ''[[Noli Me Tángere (novel)|Noli Me Tángere]]'' (''Touch Me Not'') and ''[[El Filibusterismo]]'' (''The Filibustering'', also known as ''The Reign of Greed''). [[Nínay]] By [[Pedro Paterno]], explores the tragic life of a female protagonist Ninay.

There have been proposals to revive all indigenous ethnic scripts or ''[[suyat]]'' in the Philippines, where the ethnic script of the ethnic majority of the student population shall be taught in public and private schools. The proposal came up after major backlash came about when a bill declaring the Tagalog baybayin as the national script of the country. The bill became controversial as it focuses only on the traditional script of the Tagalog people, while dismissing the traditional scripts of more than 100 ethnic groups in the country. The new proposal that came after the backlash cites that if the ethnic majority is Sebwano, then the script that will be taught is badlit. If the ethnic majority is Tagalog, then the script that will be taught is [[baybayin]]. If the ethnic majority is Hanunuo Mangyan, then the script that will be taught is hanunu'o, and so on.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/985669/protect-all-ph-writing-systems-heritage-advocates-urge-congress|title=Protect all PH writing systems, heritage advocates urge Congress|first=Tonette|last=Orejas|website=newsinfo.inquirer.net|date=April 27, 2018 }}</ref>

===Cinema and media===
{{Main|Cinema of the Philippines}}

''Salón de Pertierra'' was the first introduced moving picture on January 1, 1897, in the Philippines. All films were all in Spanish since Philippine cinema was first introduced during the final years of the Spanish era of the country. [[Antonio Ramos (producer)|Antonio Ramos]] was the first known movie producer. He used the Lumiere Cinematograph when he filmed ''Panorama de Manila'' (Manila landscape), ''Fiesta de Quiapo'' (Quiapo Fiesta), ''Puente de España'' (Bridge of Spain), and ''Escenas Callejeras'' (Street scenes). Meanwhile, [[Jose Nepomuceno]] was dubbed as the "Father of Philippine Cinema".<ref>[http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:200615 "The Role of José Nepomuceno in the Philippine Society: What language did his silent film speaks?"]. Stockholm University Publications. Retrieved on January 6, 2011.</ref> His work marked the start of cinema as an art form in the Philippines.<ref name="books.google.com">Armes, Roy. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC&q=intitle:Third+intitle:World+intitle:film+intitle:making+intitle:and+intitle:the+intitle:west "Third World Film Making and the West"], p.152. University of California Press, 1987. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.</ref> His first film produced was entitled ''[[Dalagang Bukid]]'' (Country Maiden) in 1919.

Film showing resumed in 1900 during the [[American occupation of the Philippines|American period]]. Walgrah, a British entrepreneur, opened the ''Cine Walgrah at No. 60 Calle Santa Rosa'' in [[Intramuros]]. It was also during this time that a movie market was formally created in the country along with the arrival of [[silent film|silent movies]]. These silent films were always accompanied by [[phonograph|gramophone]], a piano, a [[quartet]], or a 200-man choir. During the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japanese occupation]], filmmaking was put on hold. Nonetheless, it was continued on 1930s up until 1945 replacing the Hollywood market with Japanese films but met with little success. Postwar 1940s and the 1950s were known as the first golden age of [[Philippine cinema]] with the resurgence of mostly Visayan films through Lapu-Lapu Pictures. This period also saw the rise of film legend [[Paraluman]]. Nationalistic films became popular, and movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism and proved to be successful with Philippine audiences.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

[[File:Mila del Sol.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Mila del Sol]] starred in one of the earliest Filipino movies, ''[[Giliw Ko]]'' (1939), along with [[Fernando Poe Sr.]]]]
The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema,<ref name="curtain">{{cite web|url=http://www.philnews.com/2005/wa.html|title=Is the Curtain Finally Falling on the Philippine Kovie Industry?|publisher=philnews.com|access-date=January 25, 2009}}</ref><ref name="film" /> with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the Philippine film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to gain recognition abroad. Award-winning filmmakers and actors were first introduced during this period. As the decade drew to a close, the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts.

During the 1960s, [[James Bond]] movies, ''bomba'' (soft porn) pictures and an era of musical films, produced mostly by [[Sampaguita Pictures]], dominated the cinema. The second golden age occurred from the 1970s to early 1980s. It was during this era that filmmakers ceased to produce pictures in black and white. A rise in [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] films dominated theater sales during the late 1980s until the 2000s.<ref name="bleak">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070401080345/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/11/yourmoney/movies12.php A bleak storyline for the Filipino film industry]. Conde, Carlos H. ''International Herald Tribune''. February 11, 2007. (archived from [http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/11/yourmoney/movies12.php the original] on April 1, 2007)</ref> The dawn of this era saw a dramatic decline of the mainstream Philippine movie industry.<ref name="dying">[http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/hl/hl103539.htm RP Movie Industry Dying] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214000957/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/hl/hl103539.htm |date=February 14, 2009 }}. Vanzi, Sol Jose. ''Newsflash''. January 15, 2006.</ref>

The 1970s and 1980s were considered turbulent years for the Philippine film industry, bringing both positive and negative changes. The films in this period dealt with more serious topics following the Martial law era. In addition, action, western, drama, adult and comedy films developed further in picture quality, sound and writing. The 1980s brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of drama, teen-oriented romantic comedy, adult, comedy and action films.<ref name="film">{{cite web|url=http://www.aenet.org/family/filmhistory.htm|title=Aenet: Philippine Film History|publisher=aenet.org|access-date=January 22, 2009|archive-date=April 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416221729/http://www.aenet.org/family/filmhistory.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The mid-2010s also saw broader commercial success of films produced by independent studios.<ref name="TadhanaABSCBN20150303">{{cite web|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/03/15/15/tadhana-top-grossing-local-indie-film-all-time|title='Tadhana' is top grossing local indie film of all time|work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref><ref name="TadhanaABSCBN20150220">{{cite web|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/02/20/15/angelica-calls-out-fans-tadhana-piracy|title=Angelica calls out fans on 'Tadhana' piracy|work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref>

The Philippines, being one of Asia's earliest film industry producers, remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Asia. Over the years, however, the Philippine film industry has registered a steady decline in movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004.<ref name="acclaim">{{cite web|url=http://www.topnews.in/light/cannes-entry-puts-spotlight-philippine-indie-films-210484|title=Cannes entry puts spotlight on Philippine indie films|publisher=Top News Light Reading|last=Grafilo|first=John|date=May 6, 2008|access-date=February 17, 2009|archive-date=May 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524082221/http://www.topnews.in/light/cannes-entry-puts-spotlight-philippine-indie-films-210484}}</ref><ref name="bleak" /> From a high production rate of 350 films a year in the 1950s, and 200 films a year during the 1980s, the Philippine film industry production rate declined in 2006 to 2007.<ref name="acclaim" /><ref name="bleak" /> The 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology and a number of films have once again earned nationwide recognition and prestige.

With the high rates of film production in the past, several movie artists have appeared in over 100+ roles in Philippine Cinema and enjoyed great recognition from fans and moviegoers.

===Protest art===
{{Further|Propaganda Movement|Protest art against the Marcos dictatorship}}

Protest art has played an important part in Philippine history, and in the development of Philippine culture.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Agoncillo|first1=Teodoro|title=History of the Filipino People|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod|url-access=registration|date=1990|publisher=Garotech Publishing|location=Quezon City|isbn=971-8711-06-6|edition=8th}}</ref> The [[Propaganda Movement]] had been key in the formation of the Philippine national consciousness in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schumacher|first1=John|title=The Propaganda Movement, 1880–1895: The Creation of Filipino Consciousness, the Making of the Revolution|date=1997|publisher=Ateneo University Press|location=Manila|isbn=971-550-209-1|page=333}}</ref> In the 20th century, the proclamation of [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos]] - and the subsequent [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|human rights abuses]] which came with it - led to the prominence of [[Protest art against the Marcos dictatorship|protest art]] in Filipino popular culture.<ref name="Alice 2001">{{Cite book|title=Protest/revolutionary art in the Philippines, 1970-1990|last=Alice.|first=Guillermo|date=2001|publisher=University of the Philippines Press|isbn=978-971-542-167-6|location=Quezon City|oclc=50184719}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Memory, truth telling, and the pursuit of justice: a Conference on the Legacies of the Marcos Dictatorship.|date=2001|publisher=Published and exclusively distributed by the Office of Research and Publications, Ateneo de Manila University|isbn=978-971-550-373-0|location=[Quezon City]|oclc=48517053}}</ref>

== Folklore ==
===Philippine mythology===
{{Main|Philippine mythology}}

[[Philippine mythology|Philippine mythologies]] are the first literature of the Philippines, usually passed on through generation via traditional and oral folk literature. Written texts recording the stories have also been made. These literary stories are mostly chanted as part of a dynamic [[Philippine epic poetry]].<ref>GH Abad - World Literature Today, 2000, One hundred years of Filipino poetry: An overview</ref><ref>J Sherman - An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore, Routledge, 2008, Filipino Mythology</ref> While each unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell, Hindu and Spanish influences can nonetheless be detected in many cases. Philippine mythology mostly consists of creation stories or stories about supernatural creatures, such as the ''[[aswang]]'', the ''[[manananggal]]'', the ''[[Anito|diwata]]/[[engkanto]]'', and nature. Some popular figures from Philippine mythologies are [[Maria Makiling|Makiling]], [[Biag ni Lam-Ang|Lam-Ang]], and the [[Sarimanok]].<ref name="Lopez" />

==Religion==
{{main|Religion in the Philippines}}

===Christianity===
{{main|Christianity in the Philippines|Catholic Church in the Philippines|Protestantism in the Philippines}}
[[File:Original Image of the Santo Niño de Cebu.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|150x150px|Original image of the [[Santo Niño de Cebú]].]]
The arrival of the Spanish colonizers in the 16th century brought the beginning of the Christianization of the people in the Philippines. This phase in history is noted as the tipping point for the destruction of a variety of [[Religion in the Philippines#Anitism|Anitist]] beliefs in the country, which were replaced by colonial belief systems that fitted the tastes of the Spanish, notably [[Christian beliefs]]. [[Christianity]] in form of has influenced Filipino culture in almost every facet, from visual arts, architecture, dance, and music. Presently, the Philippines is one of the two predominantly [[Catholic]] (80.58%) nations in Asia-Pacific, the other being [[East Timor]]. The country also has its own independent Philippine church, the [[Aglipayan]], which accounts for around 2% of the national population. Other Christian churches are divided among a variety of Christian sects and cults. From the census in 2014, Christianity consisted of about 90.07% of the population and is largely present throughout the nation.<ref name="asiasociety.org">{{cite web|url=https://asiasociety.org/education/religion-philippines|title=Religion in the Philippines|website=Asia Society|date=June 13, 2023 }}</ref>

===Indigenous folk religions===
{{Main|Indigenous Philippine folk religions}}
{{Further|Philippine mythology|List of Philippine mythological figures}}
[[File:An Itneg shaman offering pigs to anito spirits (1922, Philippines).jpg|thumb|An [[Itneg people|Itneg]] shaman offering pigs to ''anito'' spirits, 1922]]
[[File:Babaylan Festival in Bago City.jpg|thumb|A performer depicting a ''babaylan'' (shaman)]]

[[Indigenous Philippine folk religions]], also referred collectively as Anitism,<ref name="cajes">{{cite thesis|last1=Cajes|first1=Prisco A |publisher=[[Graduate Theological Union]]|location=Berkley, Calif}|title=Anitism and perichoresis: Towards a Filipino Christian eco-theology of nature|date=2001|oclc=54033518|type=ThD|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|first=Reuel|last=Almocera|date=May 25, 1990|access-date=June 4, 2019 |url=http://dspace.aiias.edu/xmlui/handle/3442/326|title=Christianity encounters Filipino spirited-world beliefs: A case study|publisher=South East Asia Graduate School of Theology, Philippines|type=Thesis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327114314/http://dspace.aiias.edu/xmlui/handle/3442/326|archive-date=March 27, 2019}}</ref> meaning ancestral religions,<ref name="asj.upd.edu.ph">https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-09-02-1971/hislop-anitism-survey-religious%20beliefs-native-philippines.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rm3XuqRjr40C&pg=PA167|title=Responsibility and Cultures of the World: Dialogue Around a Collective Challenge|first=Edith|last=Sizoo|date=April 29, 2019|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-90-5201-670-2|page=167}}</ref> are the original faiths of the diverse ethnic groups of the Philippines. Much of the texts of the religions are stored through memory which are traditionally chanted, rather than written in manuscripts.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Written texts, however, have been utilized as well in modern times to preserve aspects of the religions, notably their stories which are important aspects of [[Philippine mythology]] and traditional rites and other practices. These stories consist of creation stories or stories about [[List of Philippine mythological figures|important figures such as deities and heroes]] and certain [[List of Philippine mythological creatures|creatures]].{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Some popular, but distinct, figures include the Tagalog's [[Bathala]] and [[Maria Makiling|Makiling]], the Ilocano's [[Biag ni Lam-Ang|Lam-ang]], and the Maranao's [[Sarimanok]].<ref name=Lopez>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C |title=A Handbook of Philippine Folklore |author=Lopez, Mellie Leandicho |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-971-542-514-8}}</ref>

===Islam===
[[Islamic mythology]] arrived in the Philippines in the 13th century through trade routes in Southeast Asia. The spread of Islam established a variety of belief systems, notably in the southwestern portions of the archipelago, where the sultanate system was embraced by the natives without the need for forced conversions, as the religious traders did not intended to colonize the islands. Presently, around 6% of the population are Muslims, concentrating in the [[Bangsamoro]] region in Mindanao. Most Filipino Muslims practice Sunni Islam according to the Shafi'i school.<ref name="asiasociety.org"/>

===Others===
[[Hinduism]] arrived in the Philippines in 200–300 AD while [[Vajrayana Buddhism]] arrived around 900 AD. Most adherent of Hinduism have Indian origins while those practicing Buddhism have Chinese or Japanese origins, notably those who immigrated in the Philippines in the last few decades. [[Shintoism]] arrived prior to the 12th century due to Japanese traders, while [[Judaism]] arrived in the 16th century due to the Inquisition. [[Taoism]] is also practiced by some Chinese immigrants. [[Atheism]] is also found in the Philippines.<ref name="brewer">{{cite book|author=Carolyn Brewer|title =Shamanism, Catholicism, and gender relations in colonial Philippines, 1521–1685|publisher =Ashgate Publishing|year =2004|page=xvii|isbn =978-0-7546-3437-9|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=xCzLUqFQ3YsC&pg=PR17}}</ref><ref name="asiasociety.org"/>

==Cuisine==
{{Main|Filipino cuisine}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Lechon.jpg
| image2 = JMaasim9667SnIldefonsoSchoolfvf 16.JPG
| image3 = Pansit canton.jpg
| image4 = Halo halo1.jpg
| footer = Top to bottom: Filipino ''[[lechon]]'', ''[[sinigang]]'', ''[[pancit]]'', and ''[[halo-halo]]''
}}

Filipinos cook a variety of foods influenced by Western, Pacific Islander, and Asian cuisine. Philippine cuisine is considered as a melting pot of [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Spanish cuisine|Spanish]], and [[American cuisine|American]] influences and indigenous ingredients.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Philippine cookbook |last=Alejandro |first=Reynaldo |year=1985 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-399-51144-8 |pages=12–14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC&q=%22Philippine+Cuisine%22+influences&pg=PA12 |access-date=June 30, 2011 }}{{cite book |title=Cuisine and Culture: A History of cavalo and People |last=Civitello |first=Linda |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-1-118-09875-2 |page=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwtE4v_qS4EC&q=%22Philippine%20Cuisine%22%20influences&pg=PT263 |access-date=June 30, 2011 |quote=Just as Filipino people are part Malay, Chinese and Spanish, so is the cuisine of their seven-thousand-island nation }}{{cite book |title=Philippines Country Study Guide |year=2007 |publisher=Int'l Business Publications |isbn=978-1-4330-3970-6 |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8VkaWS6xiMC&q=%22Philippine+Cuisine%22+influences&pg=PA111 |access-date=June 30, 2011 |quote=Throughout the centuries, the islands have incorporated the cuisine of the early Malay settlers, Arab and Chinese traders, and Spanish and American colonizers along with other Oriental and Occidental accent and flavors. }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.balitapinoy.net/philippine_cuisine.html "Philippine Cuisine."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616135618/http://www.balitapinoy.net/philippine_cuisine.html |date=June 16, 2011 }} [http://www.balitapinoy.net Balitapinoy.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723022526/http://www.balitapinoy.net/ |date=July 23, 2011 }}. Accessed July 2011.{{cite news |last=Morgolis |first=Jason |date=February 6, 2014 |title=Why is it so hard to find a good Filipino restaurant? |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-02-06/why-it-so-hard-find-good-filipino-restaurant#comments |newspaper=Public Radio International |access-date=December 17, 2014 |quote=Philippine food has Chinese, Malaysian, Spanish and American influences — all cultures that have shaped the Philippines. }}</ref>

The Spanish colonizers and friars in the 16th century brought with them produce from the Americas such as chili peppers, tomatoes, corn, potatoes, and the method of sautéing with garlic and onions.
Eating out is a favorite Filipino pastime. A typical Pinoy diet consists at most of six meals a day; breakfast, snacks, lunch, snacks, dinner, and again a midnight snack before going to sleep. Rice is a staple in the Filipino diet, and is usually eaten together with other dishes. Filipinos regularly use spoons together with forks when eating out and when it involves eating soup like nilaga .But in traditional home settings they eat most of the time with their bare hands  and also when eating seafood. Rice, corn, and popular dishes such as ''[[Philippine adobo|adobo]]'' (a meat stew made from either pork or chicken), ''[[lumpia]]'' (meat or vegetable rolls), ''[[pancit]]'' (a [[noodle]] dish), and ''[[lechon|lechón baboy]]'' (roasted pig) are served on plates.

Other popular dishes include [[afritada]], [[Philippine asado|asado]], ''[[Tapa (Filipino cuisine)|tapa]]'', [[Sinudlan empanada|empanada]], ''mani'' (roasted peanuts), ''[[paksiw]]'' (fish or pork, cooked in vinegar and water with some spices like garlic and [[Black pepper|pepper]]), ''[[pandesal]]'' (bread of salt), ''[[Laing (food)|laing]]'', ''[[sisig]]'', ''torta'' ([[omelette]]), [[kare-kare]] (ox-tail stew), ''[[Kinilaw|kilawen]]'', [[pinakbet]] (vegetable stew), pinapaitan, and ''[[sinigang]]'' ([[tamarind]] soup with a variety of pork, fish, or [[prawns]]). Some delicacies eaten by some Filipinos may seem unappetizing to the Western palate include ''[[Balut (egg)|balut]]'' (boiled egg with a fertilized duckling inside), [[longganisa]] (sweet sausage), and [[dinuguan]] (soup made from pork blood).{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Popular snacks and desserts such as [[chicharon]] (deep fried pork or chicken skin), [[halo-halo]] (crushed ice with [[evaporated milk]], flan, sliced [[tropical fruit]], and sweet beans), [[Puto (food)|puto]] (white rice cakes), [[bibingka]] (rice cake with butter or [[margarine]] and salted eggs), [[ensaymada]] (sweet roll with grated cheese on top), ''[[Polvorón#Philippines|pulburon]]'' (powder candy), and ''[[tsokolate]]'' (chocolate) are usually eaten outside the three main meals. Popular Filipino beverages include [[Beer in the Philippines|Beer]], [[Tanduay Distillers|Tanduay Rhum]], [[lambanog]], and [[Tubâ|tuba]].

Every province has its own specialty and tastes vary in each region. In [[Bicol Region|Bicol]], for example, foods are generally spicier than elsewhere in the Philippines. ''[[Fish sauce|Patis]]'' (fish sauce), ''[[vinegar|suka]]'' (vinegar), ''[[soy sauce|toyo]]'' (soy sauce), ''[[bagoong]]'', and ''[[banana ketchup]]'' are the most common condiments found in Filipino homes and restaurants.

Western fast food chains such as [[McDonald's]], [[Wendy's]], [[KFC]], and [[Pizza Hut]] are a common sight in the country. Local food chains such as [[Jollibee]], [[Goldilocks Bakeshop]], [[Mang Inasal]] and [[Chowking]] are also popular and have successfully competed against international fast food chains.<ref name="Jollibee">{{cite web
| url         = http://www.jollibee.com.ph/corporate/phenomenon.htm
| archive-date = June 23, 2007
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070623034806/http://www.jollibee.com.ph/corporate/phenomenon.htm
| title       = The Jollibee Phenomenon
| publisher   = Jollibee Inc
| access-date  = January 9, 2008
}}</ref><ref name="Jollibee2">{{Cite news
| url        = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/30/business/worldbusiness/30iht-burger.html?pagewanted=all
| title      = Jollibee stings McDonald's in Philippines
| author     = Conde, Carlos H.
| newspaper  = [[The New York Times]]
| date       = May 31, 2005
| access-date = January 5, 2010
}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in the Philippines|Higher education in the Philippines}}

[[File:UST Main Building from the field.JPG|thumb|200px|The [[University of Santo Tomas]], located in [[Manila]], was established in 1611.]]
Education in the [[Philippines]] has been influenced by Western and Eastern ideology and philosophy from the [[United States]], [[Spain]], and its neighbouring [[Asia]]n countries. Philippine students enter public school at about age four, starting from nursery school up to [[kindergarten]]. At about seven years of age, students enter elementary school (6 to 9 years) this include Grade 7 to Grade 10 as [[Middle school|junior high school]], then after, they graduate. Since the Philippines has already implemented the [[K-12]] system, students will enter SHS or [[Secondary school|senior high school]], a 2-year course, to be able to prepare college life with their chosen track such as ABM (Accountancy Business Management), STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) and HUMSS (Humanities and Social Sciences) other tracks are included like TECH-VOC (Technical Vocational). Students can make a choice if they will take the college entrance examinations (CEE) in order to attend college or university (3 to 5 years) or find work after they graduate senior high school.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Other types of schools in the country include private schools, preparatory schools, international schools, laboratory high schools, and science high schools. Of these schools, private Catholic schools are the most famous. [[Catholic schools]] are preferred in the Philippines due to their religious beliefs. Most Catholic schools are co-ed. The uniforms of Catholic schools usually have an emblem along with the school colors. International schools follow different curricula, such as Singaporean, American, and British. With this, their approach differs depending on the overall programs that these curricula offer.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

The school year in the Philippines starts in June and ends in March, with a two-month summer break from April to May, two-week semestral break in October and [[Christmas]] and New Year's holidays. Changes are currently being made to the system and some universities have copied the Westernized academic calendar and now start the school year in August.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

In 2005, the Philippines spent about US$138 per pupil compared to US$1,582 in [[Singapore]], US$3,728 in [[Japan]], and US$852 in [[Thailand]].<ref name="Phil_budget">{{cite web|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/02/20/OPED2005022029082.html |title=Saving Philippine education |publisher=mb.com.ph |access-date=August 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210010329/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/02/20/OPED2005022029082.html |archive-date=February 10, 2009 }}</ref>

==Sports and recreation==
{{Main|Sports in the Philippines}}

[[File:Smart Araneta Coliseum Basketball setup.jpg|thumb|A [[Philippine Basketball Association|PBA]] game at the [[Smart Araneta Coliseum]].]]
[[File:Manny Pacquiao weigh-in.jpg|thumb|[[Manny Pacquiao]], the only [[Octuple champion|8-division]] world boxing champion in history.]]
[[Arnis]], a form of martial arts, is the national sport in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2009/ra_9850_2009.html|title=Republic Act No. 9850: AN ACT DECLARING ARNIS AS THE NATIONAL MARTIAL ART AND SPORT OF THE PHILIPPINES|publisher=Lawphil.net|date=December 11, 2009}}</ref> Among the most popular sports include [[Basketball in the Philippines|basketball]], [[Boxing in the Philippines|boxing]], [[Association football|football]], [[billiards]], [[chess]], [[ten-pin bowling]], [[Volleyball in the Philippines|volleyball]], [[Horseracing in the Philippines|horse racing]], [[Sepak Takraw]], [[cockfighting]] and [[Bullfighting]]. [[Dodgeball]], [[badminton]], and [[tennis]] are also popular.

Filipinos have gained international success in sports. These are [[boxing]], [[Association football|football]], [[billiards]], [[ten-pin bowling]], and [[chess]]. Popular sport stars include [[Manny Pacquiao]], [[Gabriel Elorde|Flash Elorde]], and [[Francisco Guilledo]] in boxing, [[Paulino Alcántara]] in football, [[Carlos Loyzaga]], [[Robert Jaworski]], and [[Ramon Fernandez]] in basketball, [[Efren Reyes]] and [[Francisco Bustamante]] in billiards, [[Rafael Nepomuceno]] in ten-pin bowling, [[Eugene Torre]] and Renato Naranja in chess, and [[Mark Muñoz]] in MMA.  The [[Philippine National Basketball Team]] is a powerhouse in [[FIBA Asia|Asia]] and has the best performance of all Asian teams in the Olympics and the [[FIBA World Cup]].

The [[Palarong Pambansa]], a national sports festival, has its origin in an annual sporting meet of public schools that started in 1948. Private schools and universities eventually joined the national event, which became known as the "Palarong Pambansa" in 1976. It serves as a national [[Olympic Games]] for students, competing at school and national level contests. The year 2002 event included football, golf, [[archery]], badminton, baseball, chess, gymnastics, tennis, [[softball]], swimming, table tennis, [[taekwondo]], track and field, and volleyball.

===Martial arts===
[[File:Grandmaster Pepito Robas.png|thumb|upright|A grandmaster of [[Arnis]].]]
{{Main|Filipino martial arts}}

There are several forms of Filipino martial arts that originated in the Philippines (similar to how [[Silat]] is the martial arts practiced in Asia) including [[Eskrima]] (weapon-based fighting, also known as ''Arnis'' and in the West sometimes as ''Kali''), [[Panantukan]] (empty-handed techniques), and [[Pananjakman]] (the boxing component of Filipino martial arts).

===Traditional Filipino games and pastimes===
{{Main|List of traditional Filipino games}}

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Speelbord voor mancala spel TMnr 45-318.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sungka]], a traditional Filipino game.]]
[[File:Philippine cockfight 1900-02.JPG|thumb|181x181px|[[Cockfight]]]]
[[Traditional games in the Philippines|Traditional Philippine games]] such as ''[[luksong baka]]'', ''[[patintero]]'', ''piko'', and ''[[tumbang preso]]'' are still played primarily as [[children's games]] among the youth.<ref name="Hagonoy">{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106053308/http://www.hagonoy.com/lbcorpus/halbc010.html |date=November 6, 2007 |title=Mga Larong Kinagisnan }} [Games One Grows Up With]. Hagonoy.com. (archived from [http://www.hagonoy.com/lbcorpus/halbc010.html the original] on November 6, 2007)</ref><ref name="Seasite">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140628125706/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Filipino_Games/mga_larong_pilipino.htm Mga Larong Pilipino] [Philippine Games]. (2009). ''Tagalog at NIU''. Retrieved December 19, 2009, from the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, SEAsite Project. (archived from [http://www.seasite.niu.edu./Tagalog/Filipino_Games/mga_larong_pilipino.htm the original] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827113637/https://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Filipino_Games/mga_larong_pilipino.htm |date=August 27, 2007 }} on June 28, 2014)</ref> [[Sungka]] is played on a board game using small sea shells in which players try to take all shells. The winner is determined by who has the most shells at the point when all small pits become empty.<ref>{{cite web| url =  http://www.manqala.org/wiki/index.php/MancalaGames/Sungka| title =  Mancala Games /Sungka| archive-url =  https://web.archive.org/web/20070411032053/http://www.manqala.org/wiki/index.php/MancalaGames/Sungka| archive-date =  April 11, 2007}}</ref>

One traditional Filipino game is ''[[luksong tinik]]'', a very popular game to Filipino children where one has to jump over the ''tinik'' and cross to the other side unscathed. Other traditional Filipino games include [[yo-yo]], piko, patintero, bahay kubo, pusoy, and sungka. [[Tong-its]] is a popular gambling game. Individuals play the game by trying to get rid of all the cards by choosing poker hands wisely. [[Card games]] are popular during festivities, with some, including ''pusoy'' and ''tong-its'', being used as a form of [[illegal gambling]]. [[Mahjong]] is played in some Philippine communities.

[[Sabong]] or cockfighting is another popular entertainment especially among Filipino men, and existed prior to the arrival of the Spanish. [[Antonio Pigafetta]], Magellan's chronicler, first documented this pastime in the kingdom of Taytay.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dundes|first=Alan|title=The Cockfight: A Casebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC|year=1994|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-14054-0|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC&pg=PA136 136–137]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.top-destination-choice-the-philippines.com/sabong.html|title=Sabong: An Enduring Hallmark of Philippines History|website=Top Destination Choice The Philippines.com}}</ref>

The [[yo-yo]], a popular toy in the Philippines, was introduced in its modern form by [[Pedro Flores (yo-yo manufacture)|Pedro Flores]] with its name coming from the [[Ilocano language]].<ref name="mw">[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/yo-yo Yo-yo]. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved January 10, 2010.</ref>

Filipinos have created toys using insects such as tying a beetle to string, and sweeping it circular rotation to make an interesting sound. The "Salagubang gong" is a toy described by Charles Brtjes, an American [[entomologist]], who traveled to [[Negros Island|Negros]] and discovered a toy using beetles to create a periodic gong effect on a kerosene can as the beetle rotates above the contraption.<ref>{{cite web| url =  http://psyche2.entclub.org/articles/57/57-026.pdf| title =  THE SALAGUBONG GONG, A FILIPINO INSECT TOY| last =  Brtjes| first =  Charles| work =  Harvard University| archive-url =  https://web.archive.org/web/20070704025832/http://psyche2.entclub.org/articles/57/57-026.pdf| archive-date =  July 4, 2007}}</ref> ''Piko'' is a Filipino version of the game [[hopscotch]]. Children will draw a sequence rectangles using chalk on the ground. With various level of obstacle on each rectangle, children will compete against one another or in a team. Players use ''pamato;'' usually a flat stone, slipper or anything that could be tossed easily.

==Rites of passage==
{{Main|Tuli (rite)}}
Every year, usually in April and May, thousands of Filipino boys are taken by their parents to be [[circumcision|circumcised]]. According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) about 90% of Filipino men are circumcised, one of the world's highest circumcision rates. Although the roots of the practice date back to the arrival of [[Islam]] in 1450, the succeeding 200 years of Spanish rule obviated the religious reasons for circumcision. Nevertheless, circumcision, called ''[[Tuli (rite)|tuli]]'', has persisted. The pressure to be circumcised is evidenced even in the language: the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] word for 'uncircumcised', ''supot'', also means 'coward'. It is commonly believed that a circumcised eight or ten year-old is no longer a boy and is given more adult roles in the family and society.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 19, 2019|title='Circumcision season': Philippine rite puts boys under pressure|work=Channel News Asia|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/-circumcision-season---philippine-rite-puts-boys-under-pressure--11640442|access-date=June 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620140705/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/-circumcision-season---philippine-rite-puts-boys-under-pressure--11640442|archive-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref>

== Intangible cultural heritage ==
The Philippines, with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts as the de facto Ministry of Culture,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/history-and-mandate/|title=NCCA History and Mandate|work=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|access-date=December 12, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=July 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712193152/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/history-and-mandate/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ratified the 2003 Convention after its formal deposit in August 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/eri/la/conventions_by_country.asp?contr=PH&language=E&typeconv=1|title=Ratified and Non-Ratified Conventions by Country|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=December 12, 2017}}</ref>

Prior to the 2003 Convention, the Philippines was invited by UNESCO to nominate intangible heritage elements for the inclusion to the Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. This prompted the proclamation of the [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/hudhud-chants-of-the-ifugao-00015 Hudhud chant of the Ifugao] in 2001 and [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/darangen-epic-of-the-maranao-people-of-lake-lanao-00159 Darangen epic chant of the Maranao] in 2005. After the establishment of the 2003 Convention, all entries to the Proclamation of Masterpieces were incorporated in the [https://ich.unesco.org/en/00011?type=00002 Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity] in 2008. A third inscription was made in 2015 through a multinational nomination between Cambodia, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam for the [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tugging-rituals-and-games-01080 Tugging Rituals and Games], wherein the ''Punnuk'', tugging ritual of the [[Ifugao people|Ifugao]] was included.

As part of the objective of the 2003 Convention, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts through the Intangible Cultural Heritage unit and in partnership with the Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (ICHCAP), published the "''Pinagmulan'': Enumeration from the Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage" in 2012. The publication contains an initial inventory of 335 ICH elements with elaborate discussions on 109 ICH elements.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peralta |first1=Jesus T. |title=Pinagmulan: Enumeration from the Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/sub2.php |website=Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region |access-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201213333/http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/sub2.php#self |archive-date=February 1, 2018}}</ref> The elements listed are the first batch of continuous updating process initiated by the government, [[UNESCO]], and other stakeholders. In 2014, the Pinagmulan was a finalist under the category of the Elfren S. Cruz Prize for Best Book in the Social Sciences to the National Book Awards organized by the [[National Book Development Board (Philippines)|National Book Development Board]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2014/09/01/1364190/list-national-book-awards-2014-finalists|title=LIST: National Book Awards 2014 finalists |website=[[The Philippine Star]] |access-date=December 12, 2017}}</ref> The Philippine inventory is currently being updated as a measure to safeguard more intangible cultural heritage elements in the country. The updating began in 2013 and results may be released in 5–10 years after the scientific process finishes the second batch of element documentations. According to UNESCO, it is not expected by a country or state party to have a completed inventory. On the contrary, the development and updating of inventories is an ongoing process that can never be finished.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/inventorying-intangible-heritage-00080|title=Inventories: identifying for safeguarding – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=December 13, 2017}}</ref>

Between 2015 and 2017, UNESCO's ''Intangible Cultural Heritage Courier of Asia and the Pacific'' featured the ''darangen'' epic chant,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ichcourier.ichcap.org/article/darangen-the-maranao-epic/|title=Darangen, The Maranao Epic – ICH Courier Online|first=Carla Michaela E.|last=Escueta|access-date=August 25, 2019|archive-date=December 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226163043/https://ichcourier.ichcap.org/article/darangen-the-maranao-epic/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''punnuk'' tugging ritual,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ichcourier.ichcap.org/article/punnuk-the-tugging-ritual-in-hungduan-closing-an-agricultural-cycle/|title=Punnuk, the Tugging Ritual in Hungduan, Closing an Agricultural Cycle – ICH Courier Online|first=Norma A.|last=Respicio|access-date=August 25, 2019|archive-date=April 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417195423/https://ichcourier.ichcap.org/article/punnuk-the-tugging-ritual-in-hungduan-closing-an-agricultural-cycle/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and at least three kinds of traditional healing practices in the Philippines, including the ''[[manghihilot]]'' and ''albularyo'' healing practices and belief of ''buhay na tubig'' (living water) of the [[Tagalog people]] of 20th century Quezon city,<ref name="ichcourier.ichcap.org">{{cite web |url=http://ichcourier.ichcap.org/en/experiencing-healing-rituals-of-the-philippines-2/ |title=Experiencing Healing Rituals of the Philippines – ICH Courier Online |access-date=May 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032008/http://ichcourier.ichcap.org/en/experiencing-healing-rituals-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-date=April 25, 2018 }}</ref> the ''baglan'' and ''mandadawak'' healing practices and stone beliefs of the Itneg people in [[Abra (province)|Abra]],<ref name="ichcourier.ichcap.org" /> and the ''mantatawak'' healing practices of the Tagalog people of [[Marinduque]].<ref name="ichcourier.ichcap.org" /> [[File:Carabao.jpg|thumb|258x258px|Carabao is a major symbol of Filipinos hard labor. And is known to be the "Filipino farmer's bestfriend".]]By 2016, according to the ICH Unit, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, there were 367 elements listed under the '''Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage''' ('''PIICH'''), the official ICH inventory of the Philippines. All elements under the PIICH are listed in [[Philippine Registry of Cultural Property]] (PRECUP), the official cultural property inventory of the country which includes both tangible and intangible cultural properties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ichcourier.ichcap.org/article/inventory-making-efforts-in-the-philippines/|title=Inventory-Making Efforts in the Philippines – ICH Courier Online|first=Cecilia V.|last=Picache|access-date=August 25, 2019|archive-date=August 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825045025/https://ichcourier.ichcap.org/article/inventory-making-efforts-in-the-philippines/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2018, the ''buklog'' of the Subanen people was nominated by the [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]] in the list for urgent safeguarding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/291146/subanens-buklog-ritual-nominated-unesco-endangered-world-heritage-list/|title=Subanen's 'buklog' ritual nominated to Unesco endangered world heritage list|date=April 9, 2018|website=Inquirer Lifestyle}}</ref>

==Filipino diaspora==
{{Main|Overseas Filipino}}
An Overseas Filipino is a person of Filipino origin, who lives outside of the Philippines. This term is applied to people of Filipino ancestry, who are citizens or residents of a different country. Often, these Filipinos are referred to as Overseas Filipino Workers.

There are about 11 million overseas Filipinos living worldwide, equivalent to about 11 percent of the total population of the Philippines.<ref name=PRB2003>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/Articles/2003/RapidPopulationGrowthCrowdedCitiesPresentChallengesinthePhilippines.aspx |title=Rapid Population Growth, Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines |author=Yvette Collymore |date=June 2003 |publisher=Population Reference Bureau |quote=An estimated 10 percent of the Philippine population, or nearly 8 million people, are overseas Filipino workers distributed in 182 countries, according to POPCOM. That is in addition to the estimated 3 million migrants who work illegally abroad |access-date=August 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216053330/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2003/RapidPopulationGrowthCrowdedCitiesPresentChallengesinthePhilippines.aspx |archive-date=February 16, 2007 }}</ref>

Each year, thousands of Filipinos migrate to work abroad through overseas employment agencies and other programs. Other individuals [[emigration|emigrate]] and become [[Permanent residency|permanent residents]] of other nations. Overseas Filipinos often work as doctors, nurses, accountants, IT professionals, engineers, architects,<ref name="Gabnet">{{cite web |url=http://lists.ilps-news.com/pipermail/info-bureau/2004-July/000401.html |author=Gabriela Network USA |title=[Info-Bureau] FW: Statement on Filipino Hostage |type=email list posting |website=ILPS Information Bureau |date=July 19, 2004 |access-date=March 21, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142522/http://lists.ilps-news.com/pipermail/info-bureau/2004-July/000401.html |archive-date=September 28, 2007 }}{{rs|date=August 2023}}</ref> entertainers, technicians, teachers, military servicemen, students, caregivers, domestic helpers, and household maids.

International employment includes an increasing number of skilled Filipino workers taking on unskilled work overseas, resulting in what has been referred to as [[brain drain]], particularly in the health and education sectors. Also, the employment can result in [[underemployment]], for example, in cases where doctors undergo retraining to become nurses and other employment programs.

==Festivals==
{{main|Festivals of the Philippines}}
Festivals in the Philippines, locally known as ''fiestas'', originated dating back to the [[History of the Philippines (1521–1898)|Spanish colonial period]] when the Spaniards introduced [[Christianity]] to the country. Most Philippine towns and cities has a [[patron saint]] assigned to each of them. Fiestas in the Philippines serve as either religious, cultural, or both. These festivals are held to honor the patron saint or to commemorate history and culture, such as promoting local products and celebrate a bountiful harvest. Fiestas can be categorized by [[Holy Mass]]es, [[procession]]s, [[parade]]s, [[Play (theatre)|theatrical play and reenactment]]s, religious or cultural rituals, [[trade fair]]s, [[trade show displays|exhibit]]s, [[concert]]s, [[beauty pageant|pageant]]s and various games and contests.
<gallery>
File:Filipinas Flores de mayo.jpg|[[Flores de Mayo]]
File:CVP 4413.jpg|The [[MassKara Festival]] of [[Bacolod]].
File:Sinulog 2014 01.JPG|The [[Sinulog Festival]] is held to commemorate the [[Santo Niño de Cebú|Santo Niño]]
File:Pahiyas Festival.jpg|[[Pahiyas Festival]] in [[Lucban]] [[Quezon]]
</gallery>

==Holidays==
{{Main|Public holidays in the Philippines}}
[[File:Parols For Sale.png|thumb|''[[Parol]]'' (Christmas lanterns) being sold during the Christmas season]]
[[File:Trio on crosses.jpg|thumb|[[Good Friday]] observance in [[Pampanga]]]]

===Regular holidays===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Date (Gregorian Calendar) !! Filipino language !! English language
|-
| January 1 || ''Araw ng Bagong Taon'' || [[New Year's Day]]
|-
| March–April || ''Mahal na Araw'' including ''Biyernes Santo'' and ''Huwebes Santo'' || [[Holy Week]] including [[Good Friday]] and [[Maundy Thursday]]
|-
| April 9 || ''[[Araw ng Kagitingan]]''  || Day of Valour
|-
| May 1 || ''Araw ng Manggagawa'' || Labour Day
|-
| June 12 || ''[[Araw ng Kalayaan]]'' || Independence Day
|-
| August 27 || ''Araw ng mga Bayani'' || National Heroes' Day
|-
| November 30 || ''Araw ni Bonifacio''  || [[Bonifacio Day]]
|-
| December 24 || ''Bisperás ng Pasko'' || [[Christmas Eve]]
|-
| December 25 || ''Araw ng Pasko'' || [[Christmas]]
|-
| December 30 || ''Araw ni Rizal'' || [[Rizal Day]]
|}

===Special holidays===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Date (Gregorian Calendar) !! Filipino language !! English language
|-
| January–February || ''Bagong Taong Pang Tsino'' || [[Chinese New Year]]
|-
| February 25 || ''Anibersaryo ng Rebolusyon ng Lakas ng mga Tao'' || [[People Power Revolution]] Anniversary
|-
| August 21 || ''Araw ni Ninoy Aquino'' || [[Ninoy Aquino Day]]
|-
| November 1 || ''Araw ng mga Santo'' || [[All Saints Day]]
|-
| November 2 || ''Araw ng mga Kaluluwa'' || [[All Souls' Day]]
|-
| December 31 || ''Bisperás ng Bagong Taón'' || [[New Year's Eve]]
|}

==Heritage towns and cities==
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2023}}

The Philippines is home to numerous heritage towns and cities, many of which have been intentionally destroyed by the Japanese through fire tactics in World War II and the Americans through bombings during the same war.  After the war, the government of the Empire of Japan withheld from giving funds to the Philippines for the restoration of the heritage towns they destroyed, effectively destroying any chances of restoration since the pre-war Philippines' economy was devastated and had limited monetary supply. On the other hand, the United States gave minimal funding for only two of the hundreds of cities they destroyed, namely, Manila and Baguio.

Today, only the centres (poblacion or downtown areas) of Filipino heritage towns and cities remain in most of the expansive heritage cities and towns in the country. Yet, some heritage cities in their former glory prior to the war still exist, such as the [[UNESCO]] city of [[Vigan]] which was the only heritage town saved from American bombing and Japanese fire and kamikaze tactics. The country currently lacks a city/town-singular architectural style law. Due to this, unaesthetic cement or shanty structures have taken over heritage buildings annually, destroying many former heritage townscapes.{{POV statement|date=June 2019}} Some heritage buildings have been demolished or sold to corporations, and have been replaced by commercial structures such as shopping centers, condominium units, or newly furnished modern-style buildings, completely destroying the old aesthetics of many former heritage towns and cities. This is one of the reasons why [[UNESCO]] has repeatedly withheld from inscribing further Filipino heritage towns in the [[World Heritage List]] since 1999. Only the heritage city of Vigan has a town law that guarantees its singular architecture (the Vigan colonial style) shall always be used in constructions and reconstructions.

While Silay,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/214011/silay-in-negros-passes-landmark-heritage-ordinance/|title=Silay in Negros passes landmark heritage ordinance|date=November 22, 2015|website=Inquirer Lifestyle}}</ref> Iloilo City, and San Fernando de Pampanga have ordinances giving certain tax exemptions to owners of heritage houses. In 2010, the Philippine Cultural Heritage Act passed into law, effectively giving protections to all cultural heritage properties of the Philippines. However, despite its passage, many ancestral home owners continue to approve the demolition of ancestral structures. In certain cases, government entities themselves were the purveyors of such demolitions.<ref>{{cite web |author=GOVPH |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/republic-act-no-10066/ |title=National Commission for Culture and the Arts - Marangal, Malikhain, Mapagbago, Filipino! |publisher=Ncca.gov.ph |access-date=April 30, 2022 |archive-date=July 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719105321/http://ncca.gov.ph/republic-act-no-10066/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Art of the Philippines]]
* [[List of museums in the Philippines]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite thesis|degree=Master of Arts in Communication, Culture and Technology |title=FINDING A HOME FOR FILIPINO-AMERICAN DUAL CITIZENS: MEMBERSHIP AND THE FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY |url=http://cct.georgetown.edu/research/thesisdatabase/Kay%20Martinez.pdf |author=Kathleen Melissa Martinez |year=2007 |publisher=Georgetown University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005035941/http://cct.georgetown.edu/research/thesisdatabase/Kay%20Martinez.pdf |archive-date=October 5, 2011 }}

==External links==
* {{commonscat-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of The Philippines}}
[[Category:Culture of the Philippines|01]]
[[Category:Culture of Southeast Asia|Philippines]]
[[Category:Austronesian culture]]