Editing Curb cut

{{Short description|Ramp from elevated sidewalk to road}}
[[File:2024-12-08 10 47 25 A newly-installed pedestrian curb cut at the corner of Aquetong Lane and Lochatong Road in the Mountainview section of Ewing Township, Mercer County, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|A pram ramp with tactile paving that connects a sidewalk to a road]]

A '''curb cut''' ([[American English|U.S.]]), '''curb ramp''', '''depressed curb,''' '''dropped kerb''' ([[British English|UK]]), '''pram ramp''', or '''kerb ramp''' ([[Australian English|Australia]]) is a solid (usually concrete) ramp graded down from the top surface of a [[sidewalk]] to the surface of an adjoining street. It is designed primarily for pedestrian usage and commonly found in urban areas where pedestrian activity is expected. In comparison with a conventional [[curb]] (finished at a right angle {{Convert|4|–|6|in|cm}} above the street surface) a curb cut is finished at an intermediate gradient that connects both surfaces, sometimes with [[tactile paving]].

==History==
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=March 2015}}

Historically speaking, footpaths were finished at right angles to the street surface with conventional stepped curb treatments. Their introduction to help people pushing prams dates back at least as far as the 1930s in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proceedings, Institution of Municipal Engineers, London, Volume 62, Issue 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H0pQAAAAYAAJ&q=dropped+kerbs|access-date=May 31, 2018|last1=Institution Of Municipal Engineers|first1=London|date=1935-07-30}}
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[[Kalamazoo, Michigan]] installed curb cuts in the 1940s as a pilot project introduced by veteran and lawyer Jack H. Fischer to aid employment of veterans with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Stephen|title=The curb ramps of Kalamazoo|url=http://www.independentliving.org/docs3/brown99a.html|publisher=Independent Living Institute|access-date=July 18, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duvall |first1=Jonathan |last2=Sivakanthan |first2=Sivashankar |last3=Daveler |first3=Brandon |last4=Sundaram |first4=S. Andrea |last5=Cooper |first5=Rory A. |date=2022-12-28 |title=Inventors with Disabilities — An Opportunity for Innovation, Inclusion, and Economic Development |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.21300/22.3.2022.5 |journal=Technology & Innovation |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=322 |doi=10.21300/22.3.2022.5 |s2cid=256882735 |issn=1949-8241|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A major project in [[Berkeley, California]] led by the grassroots [[Center for Independent Living]] led to curb cuts up and down Telegraph and Shattuck Avenues creating an extensive path of travel.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Williamson|first1=Bess|title=The People's Sidewalks|url=http://www.boomcalifornia.com/2012/06/the-peoples-sidewalks/|website=Boom: A Journal of California|date=26 June 2012|access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref> Following this, the value of curb cuts was promoted more strongly and their installation was often made on a voluntary basis by municipal authorities and developers. 

Curb cuts in Western countries have been mandated by legislation such as the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|''Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990'']] (ADA) in the United States (which requires that curb cuts be present on all sidewalks) or the [[Disability Discrimination Act 1992|''Disability Discrimination Act 1992'']] in Australia. The legislative requirements in some jurisdictions have been increased from the original requirements in recent times, to the point where existing treatments can now fail to meet the most recent design requirements.<ref>{{cite web |title= Paths: Infrastructure and Asset Management Plan|url=http://www.teatreegully.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Paths_Infrastructure_Asset_Management_Plan.pdf |publisher=City of Tea Tree Gully Council |access-date= 12 November 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220023243/http://www.teatreegully.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Paths_Infrastructure_Asset_Management_Plan.pdf |archive-date= 20 February 2011 |page= 17 |language= en |date= August 2009}}</ref>

When the ramps are used by a broader population than just the disabled (for whom the curb cut requirement was legislated), this new convenience can be seen as a positive [[externality]], and has become known as the [[curb cut effect]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/business/2018/07/curb-space-is-way-too-valuable-for-cities-to-waste-on-parked-cars.html|title=American Cities Are Squandering Some of Their Most Valuable Real Estate: The Curb|archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203952/https://slate.com/business/2018/07/curb-space-is-way-too-valuable-for-cities-to-waste-on-parked-cars.html  |  archive-date = 19 July 2018 | website = Slate |last = Grabar  |first = Henry  |date=19 July 2018 | quote=...mandated by the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act, soon provided a path for all kinds of street users, like kids on bicycles, parents with strollers, and senior citizens with shopping carts. Pedestrians are drawn to using curb cuts, and a street corner would look odd without them. It's a story of how changes made for small groups wind up having positive, unforeseen externalities.}}</ref>

==Users and uses==
[[Image:Curb cut for wheelchair ramp (DSC 3616).jpg|thumb|A curb cut at an intersection]]

Curb cuts at intersections allow for [[people with disabilities]] such as [[wheelchair]] users to move around safely, independently, and with less difficulty. Curb cuts typically feature [[tactile paving]], a pattern of circular bumps that indicate to [[Visual impairment|visually impaired]] pedestrians they are about to enter a roadway.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McParland|first1=Tom|title=Here's What Those Bumps in the Sidewalk Are For|url=http://jalopnik.com/heres-what-those-bumps-in-the-sidewalk-are-for-1792172374|access-date=9 February 2017|work=Jalopnik|publisher=[[Gawker Media]]|date=9 February 2017}}</ref> Curb cuts also benefit other [[pedestrian]]s and wheeled forms of transport, such as people with [[cart]]s or [[cyclist]]s.

==Other applications==
A wider curb cut is also useful for [[motor vehicle]]s to enter a [[driveway]] or [[parking lot]] on the other side of a sidewalk. In the UK this is commonly referred to as a 'crossover'.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Smaller curb cuts may be used along streets, parking areas or sidewalks in the manner of a [[water bar]], redirecting water from the pavement to [[Best management practice for water pollution|stormwater]] infiltration infrastructure, such as a grassed area or [[rain garden]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Design==
Accessible curb cuts transition from the low side of a curb to the high side (usually {{Convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on|disp=or}} change in level). Accessible curb ramps are a minimum of {{convert|1|m|ft|2}} wide. They are [[Grade (slope)|slope]]d no greater than 1:12 (8.33%), which means that for every {{cvt|12|cm|in}} of horizontal distance, they rise no more than {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=16}}. The [[concrete]] curb ramp is sometimes scored with grooves, the texture of which may serve as a warning to vision-impaired persons of the transition to the street. Such grooves also allow for [[Traction (engineering)|traction]] and water [[Surface runoff|runoff]], and may be stained a color that significantly contrasts with the adjacent concrete. If a curb ramp contains flared sides, they are usually no greater than 1:10 (10%) slope.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Pram ramps in Australia are designed according to ''[[Australian Standard]] AS 1428: Design for access and mobility''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Standard AS 1428: Design for access and mobility |url=https://www.standards.org.au/standards-catalogue/standard-details?designation=as-1428-1-2021 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.standards.org.au |language=en}}</ref>

=== Universal design ===
Proponents of [[universal design]] often point to the [[curb cut effect]] as an example when raising awareness of the benefits of this design philosophy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2021 |title=The Curb-Cut Effect and Championing Equity |url=https://www.learningforjustice.org/magazine/fall-2021/the-curbcut-effect-and-championing-equity |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.learningforjustice.org |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Wheelchair ramp]]
* [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|Americans with Disabilities Act]]

== Further reading ==
* [https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/curb-cuts/ 99 Percent Invisible - Curb cuts]

==References==
{{Commons category|Curb cuts}}
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Curb Cut}}
[[Category:Accessible building]]
[[Category:Pedestrian crossings]]
[[Category:Pedestrian infrastructure]]
[[Category:Road infrastructure]]
[[Category:Street furniture]]
[[Category:Accessible transportation]]