Editing Curb extension

{{More citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{short description|Traffic calming measure}}
[[Image:Traffic calming.jpg|thumb|right|A curb extension marked by darkened [[Asphalt concrete|tarmac]] and black posts]]

A '''curb extension''' (or also '''neckdown''', '''kerb extension''', '''bulb-out''', '''bump-out''', '''kerb build-out''', '''nib''', '''elephant ear''', '''curb bulge''', '''curb bulb''', or '''blister''')  is a [[traffic calming]] measure which widens the [[sidewalk]] for a short distance. This reduces the crossing distance and allows pedestrians and drivers to see each other when parked vehicles would otherwise block visibility. The practice of banning car parking near intersections (with or without a curb extension) is referred to as '''[[intersection daylighting|daylighting]]''' the intersection.

A [[Curb (road)|curb]] extension is formed by an angled narrowing of the roadway and a widening of the sidewalk. This is often accompanied by an area of enhanced restrictions (such as a "no stopping" or "no [[parking]]" zone) and the appropriate visual reinforcement. This is achieved using [[paint]]ed road markings (e.g. lines, coloured areas, or [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron]]s), barriers, [[bollard]]s, or the addition of pavement or [[street furniture]] (e.g. planters, [[street light]]s, or [[Bench (furniture)|benches]]).

Curb extensions are often used in combination with other traffic calming measures such as [[chicane]]s, [[speed bump]]s, or [[rumble strip]]s, and are frequently sited to protect formal [[pedestrian crossing]]s. In these cases the "squeeze" effect of the narrowed roadway shortens the exposed distance [[pedestrian]]s must walk.

==Uses==
Curb extensions are used to:
* Increase the visibility of pedestrians by enforcing the "daylighting" of the intersection and encouraging pedestrians to wait in a more visible area.
* Reduce crossing distances for pedestrians.
* Provide space for ramps on the sidewalk where it would otherwise be too narrow.
* Slow down traffic by visually narrowing the roadway and reducing the turning radius of drivers. This is especially useful for calming fast traffic turning from a major to a minor road.
* Shield [[Parallel parking|parallel parked]] vehicles from oncoming traffic.
* Protect passengers embarking and particularly disembarking from [[tram]]s, [[bus]]es, and level-grade urban [[light rail]] systems, particularly when [[retrofitting]] existing [[street]]s. In other words, curb extensions prevent buses from needing to pull over to side of the road to release and receive passengers.
* Provide protection for pedestrians, possibly by including a [[Traffic barrier|pedestrian barrier]], preventing pedestrians from [[running]] straight from the premises over the road.
* Provide room for [[U-turn]]s on [[superstreet]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independenttribune.com/news/neighbors-fear-speeding-traffic-on-new-section-of-george-liles/article_4c7d25a8-0ef4-11e6-968a-e71a8e18014e.html|title=Neighbors fear speeding traffic on new section of George Liles Parkway|last=Plemmons|first=Mark|work=[[Independent Tribune]]|date=April 30, 2016|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref>

Curb extensions are also used when [[retrofit]]ting existing streets to accommodate [[congestion charging]] schemes - hitherto wide (sometimes multi-[[lane]]) roads are deliberately narrowed to ensure that the charging equipment can see passing vehicles, and the charging equipment (and often bollards or other barrier devices) are placed in the expanded sidewalk area (to prevent drivers from circumventing the charging system's [[camera]]s and detectors).

==Design, advantages and disadvantages==
The Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, a body funded by the US Federal Highway Administration,<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.pedbikeinfo.org/about.cfm |website=PedBikeInfo |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref> advises that curb extensions ought not encroach on travel lanes, bicycle lanes, or shoulders, and should not extend more than 1.8&nbsp;m (6&nbsp;ft) from the curb.<ref>Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, "Crossing Enhancements,"  http://www.walkinginfo.org/engineering/crossings-enhancements.cfm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910193250/http://www.walkinginfo.org/engineering/crossings-enhancements.cfm |date=2010-09-10 }}, retrieved 23 June 2010</ref> Some curb extensions are built with the bike lane passing through (making the extension an island, separated from the main sidewalk by a narrow bike lane).

One study has found that pedestrians crossing at curb extensions have to wait for fewer vehicles to pass before a motorist yields to allow them to cross. The study was too small to determine whether other measures of effectiveness were significant, such as percent of pedestrians crossing after a motorist yields.<ref>{{cite web |title= Pedestrian Safety Impacts of Curb Extensions: a Case Study |author=Randal S. Johnson |date=July 2005|url=http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/docs/Reports/PedestrainSafetyCurbExt.pdf?ga=t |accessdate=5 August 2011}}</ref>

Poorly designed curb extensions can pose a hazard to [[cyclist]]s, as they force cyclists from their position at the road side (or in a roadside [[Segregated cycle facilities|bike lane]]) into the narrowed gap. They can also damage vehicles if the curbs extend too close to traffic lanes.<ref>Albany Times Union "MOTORISTS TAKE HIT ON ROAD PROJECT" July 19, 2004, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306101527/http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=6245046] retrieved 29 June 2010</ref>

Author [[Randal O'Toole]] argues that curb extensions are used to discourage the use of automobiles by reducing the number of lanes available for automobiles. In particular, curb extensions can be used to block turn lanes, forcing turning vehicles to remain with the forward moving traffic.<ref>Randal O'Toole "Gridlock"</ref> Curb extensions do prevent drivers from using parking lanes or shoulders as right turn lanes.

However, reducing the crossing distance also reduces the time needed to cross the street. This allows a reduction in the length of the pedestrian phase at signalized intersection, and reduces the time needed to yield to pedestrians at stop sign controlled intersections. This at least partially compensated for any loss in vehicle capacity.<ref>"Road Diets: Making Streets Slim Down Is Good For Pedestrians, Businesses And Even Traffic," Planetizen, http://www.planetizen.com/node/44645</ref>

Curb extensions complicate drainage. They obstruct the gutter, so a catch basin is needed at the uphill end to keep a puddle from forming. An alternate solution is placing a gap in the curb, allowing the stormwater in the gutter to irrigate a [[rain garden]] or [[bioswale]] in the curb extension.<ref>Sustainable Stormwater Management, http://www.portlandonline.com/BES/index.cfm?c=34598, retrieved 28 April 2010</ref>

[[Image:Curb extension Bwy & 33 St jeh.jpg|thumb|Broadway at 33rd Street, [[Manhattan]].]]

To facilitate [[street sweeper|street sweeping]], the internal and external curvatures of the extended curb section are moderately graduated.

Retroactively adding curb extensions to older, established communities has been controversial in some instances, due to the installation of the extensions reducing the availability of on-street parking for some properties, particularly in cases where the curb extension has been installed on its own and not in conjunction with a crosswalk.

==See also==
*[[Bus bulb|Bus bulb / border]], a specific type of curb extension that is used as a bus stop
*[[Sneckdown]], a temporary curb extension caused by snowfall
*[[Intersection daylighting]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/safety/road/road_use/ped_facilities.asp#03 Transport SA (South Australia) explanation of curb extensions]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160519045826/http://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/83921 Portland Dept. of Transportation] - document showing curb extensions and the circumstances of their use.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100910193250/http://www.walkinginfo.org/engineering/crossings-enhancements.cfm#curb-extensions WalkingInfo.org's detailed discussion of curb extensions]
*[https://archive.today/20130115094029/http://www.cityofkingston.ca/residents/transportation/streets/trafficcalming/curbextension.asp Information and policy from Kingston, Ontario]
* [https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/street-design-elements/curb-extensions/ National Association of City Transportation Officials Urban Street Design Guide]

[[Category:Traffic calming]]
[[Category:Road transport]]
[[Category:Pedestrian infrastructure]]